As recentes técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostra, microextração em fase sólida (SPME) e in tube SPME, apresentam uma série de vantagens em relação aos métodos clássicos de extração (extração líquido-líquido e extração em fase sólida), tais como: não requer instrumentação analítica sofisticada, utilização de pequenas quantidades de solventes orgânicos, rápido processo operacional, permite automação das análises, a reutilização das fases extratoras, e integra em um único sistema a extração, concentração e introdução da amostra no cromatográfico. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a padronização, validação e comparação dos métodos SPME/LC-UV com dessorção off line e in tube SPME/LC-UV, para a análise dos antidepressivos da nova geração (mirtazapina, citalopram, paroxetina, duloxetina, fluoxetina e sertralina) em amostras de plasma para fins de monitorização terapêutica. As variáveis: fase extratora, pH da matriz, tempo e temperatura de extração e de dessorção e força iônica apresentaram grande influência na eficiência do processo SPME. O método SPME/LC-UV padronizado, apresentou limite de quantificação (LQ) de 25 a 50 ng mL-1, ampla faixa de linearidade (LQ ? 500 ng mL-1, r2 > 0,9970) e precisão inter ensaios com coeficientes de variação menor que 15% para todos os analitos. Apesar das baixas taxas de recuperação obtidas, de 8,1% (citalopram) a 17,1% (mirtazapina), o método SPME/LC-UV apresentou seletividade e sensibilidade analítica adequada. As variáveis: pH da matriz, fluxo e número de ciclos aspirar/dispensar e volume de amostra apresentaram grande influência na eficiência do processo in tube SPME. A etapa de precipitação de proteínas do plasma, anterior ao processo de extração, foi necessária para a eliminação dos compostos endógenos. O método in tube SPME/LC-UV padronizado apresentou seletividade adequada, precisão inter ensaios com coeficiente de variação menor que 10%, LQ de 20 a 50 ng mL-1, linearidade na faixa de concentração do LQ a 500 ng mL-1, com r2 > 0,9983 para todos os analitos e recuperação absoluta de 5,32% (mirtazapina) a 43,5% (sertralina). A técnica in tube SPME, quando comparada à SPME, permitiu a automação das análises, menor exposição do analista às amostras biológicas e solventes orgânicos, menor tempo de análise e menor volume de amostra de plasma. A eficácia dos métodos, SPME/LC-UV e in tube SPME/LC-UV, foi comprovada através das análises de amostras de plasma de pacientes em terapia com os antidepressivos, para fins de monitorização terapêutica. / The recent miniaturized sample techniques preparation, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and in tube SPME, present several advantages when compared with classic extraction methods (liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction), such as: it does not require sophisticated analytical instrumentation, use small organic solvent amounts, fast operational process, automation of the analyses, reuse extraction phases, and incorporates, into a single procedure, sample extraction, concentration and sample introduction. The aim of this work is development, validation and comparison of methods SPME/LC-UV with off line desorption and in tube SPME/LC-UV, for analyses of antidepressants of the new generation (mirtazapine, citalopram, paroxetine, duloxetine, fluoxetine and sertraline) in plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring. Variables: extraction phase, matrix pH, time and temperature of extraction and desorption and ionic strength showed great influence in SPME process efficiency. The method SPME/LC-UV presented limit of quantification (LOQ) variety from 25 to 50 ng mL-1, wide range the of linearity (LOQ 500 ng mL-1, r2 > 0.9970) and interassays precision with coefficient of variation lower than 15% for all analytes. Although the low recovery, from 8.1% (citalopram) to 17.1% (mirtazapine), the method SPME/LC-UV presented adequate selectivity and analytical sensitivity. Variables: matrix pH, flow and number of aspirate/dispense cycles and sample volume showed great influence in the in tube SPME process efficiency. The protein precipitation of the plasma steps, previous to the extraction process, was necessary for the endogenous compounds elimination. The method in tube SPME/LC showed adequate selectivity, interassays precision with coefficient of variation lower than 10%, LOQ variety from 20 to 50 ng mL-1, linearity in range concentration from LOQ to 500 ng mL-1, with r2 > 0.9983 for all analytes and recovery from 5.32% (mirtazapine) to 43.5% (sertraline). The technique in tube SPME, compared with the SPME, permitted the automation of the analyses, minor exposition of the analyst to the biological samples and organic solvent, shorter analyses time and minor plasma sample volume. The effectiveness methods, SPME/LC-UV and in tube SPME/LC-UV, was proven through the analyses of plasma samples of patients in therapy with antidepressants, for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Introdução: O tratamento farmacológico é primeira opção para o tratamento da epilepsia, e cerca de 40% dos pacientes não respondem à monoterapia e, sendo necessário o uso de dois ou mais fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) para o melhor controle das crises epilépticas. Nesta situação clínica a lamotrigina (LTG) é o FAE de segunda geração com maior prevalência de uso, em associação com os demais FAE. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, farmacoepidemiológico, clínico e laboratorial dos pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG, bem como verificar a racionalidade da monitorização terapêutica da LTG. Casuística e Método: Este estudo de caráter observacional e transversal foi realizado com 75 pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG atendidos no Ambulatório de Epilepsia de Difícil Controle (AEDC) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), no período de maio/2011 a abril/2012. As variáveis clínicas analisadas foram a qualidade de vida (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - Qolie-31), o perfil de eventos adversos (AEP - Adverse Events Profile) e a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso (Morisky- Green). Os dados sociodemográficos e farmacoterapêuticos foram coletados através dos prontuários médicos. Além disso, foi realizada a dosagem da concentração plasmática da LTG e dos FAE de primeira geração. Para testar as hipóteses o nível de significância foi fixado em ? = 0,05, e intervalo de confiança de 95%. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do HCFMRP (no 8791/2010). Resultados e Discussão: Identificou-se elevada prevalência de uso de politerapia (97%), 29% dos pacientes apresentaram concentrações plasmáticas de LTG abaixo do intervalo de referência preconizado (< 2,5 mg/L), 45% utilizaram doses mg/kg/dia abaixo do recomendado, e 60% apresentaram comprometimento com a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. Os FAE de primeira geração influenciaram de forma significativa a concentração plasmática de LTG (p< 0,01). A concentração plasmática de LTG apresentou associação com a dose (mg/kg/dia) utilizada pelos pacientes (p = 0,0096). Os eventos adversos mais prevalentes foram sonolência e dificuldade de concentração. Baixos escores foram observados em todos os domínios relacionados à qualidade de vida (Qolie-31), sugerindo comprometimento significativo desse parâmetro humanístico entre os pacientes com epilepsia refratária. A qualidade de vida apresentou associação inversamente significativa com os eventos adversos obtidos pelo AEP (r = -0.69, p<0.01). Conclusão: Os pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG apresentaram elevada prevalência de problemas clínicos, humanísticos e farmacoterapêuticos, o que demonstra a necessidade de implementação de estratégias para otimização do tratamento farmacológico, tais como, implementação efetiva e permanente da monitorização terapêutica de LTG nos serviços de saúde. / Introduction: The pharmacological treatment is the first choice for the treatment of epilepsy and about 40% of patients are not responding to monotherapy. Therefore these require two or more antiepileptic drugs (AED) for better control of seizures. In this clinical situation, lamotrigine (LTG) is the AED of second generation most used in combination with other AED. Objective: To analyze the demographic, pharmacoepidemiological, clinical and laboratorial profile of patients with refractory epilepsy using LTG, as well as, to analyze the rationality of LTG therapeutic monitoring. Casuist and Methods: This observational and cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 adult outpatients with refractory epilepsy in use of LTG attended at the Ambulatory of epilepsy difficult to control (AEDC) of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital (HCFMRP-USP). The patients were invited between May 2011 to April 2012. The clinical variables analyzed by questionnaire were quality of life (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - QOLIE-31), adverse event profile (AEP - Adverse Events Profile) and medication adherence (Morisky-Green). The sociodemographic and pharmacotherapeutic variables were collected through medical records. In addition, it was performed plasma concentration of LTG and of the first generation AED. To test the hypotheses the significance level was set at ? = 0.05, and a confidence interval of 95%. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HCFMRP-USP. Results and Discussion: It was observed high prevalence of use of polytherapy (97%), 29% of patients had LTG plasma concentrations below the recommended reference range (<2.5 mg / L), 45% used doses mg/kg/day lower than recommended, and 60% were not adherent to medication. The first generation AED influenced significantly in the LTG plasma concentration (p <0.01). The LTG dose (mg/kg/day) used by patients presented positive association with LTG plasma concentration (p = 0.0096). The most prevalent adverse events were somnolence and difficulty concentrating. Low scores were observed in all subscales related to quality of life (QOLIE-31), suggesting significant harm of this humanistic parameter among patients with refractory epilepsy. The quality of life was associated inversely with adverse events obtained by AEP (r = - 0.69, p <0:01). Conclusion: Patients with refractory epilepsy using LTG had high prevalence of clinical, humanistic and pharmacotherapeutic problems, which demonstrates the need to implement strategies for optimization of pharmacological treatment, such as, implementation of permanent and effective therapeutic monitoring of LTG in health services.

A estratégia mais amplamente utilizada no tratamento da epilepsia é a farmacoterapia. Entretanto cerca de 30% dos pacientes mesmo utilizando o fármaco adequado para o seu diagnóstico não respondem ao tratamento proposto, sendo então diagnosticados com epilepsia refratária. Entre as drogas antiepilépticas (DAE) utilizadas no tratamento da epilepsia refratária encontra-se o topiramato (TPM). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a concentração plasmática (Cp) do TPM verificando a influência da dose prescrita (mg/Kg/dia), sexo, idade e o uso de outras DAE sobre a mesma, correlacionando-a com a frequência de crises epilépticas, reações adversas, qualidade de vida e adesão a farmacoterapia. Este estudo observacional transversal foi realizado com 37 pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de TPM atendidos no Ambulatório de Epilepsia de Difícil Controle do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. As variáveis de interesse foram qualidade de vida (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - QOLIE-31), reações adversas ao medicamento (RAM) (Liverpool Adverse Event Profile - LAEP), adesão a farmacoterapia (Modified Morisky Scale - MMS), tipo de crise epiléptica, tipo de epilepsia, frequência das crises, características farmacoterapêuticas e sociodemográficas, obtidas por meio de instrumentos na entrevista com o paciente ou em prontuário. Além disso, amostras de sangue de todos os participantes foram coletadas para dosagem da Cp de TPM, lamotrigina e DAEs de primeira geração em uso. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP (nº 030/2014). A idade média dos pacientes foi 40 anos (DP 10,7) e apresentavam prevalentemente epilepsia focal sintomática (73,0%) e crises parciais complexas (67,6%). Em relação ao perfil farmacoterapêutico, 97,3% dos pacientes estavam em politerapia, sendo o esquema farmacoterapêutico mais prevalente a associação entre TPM, carbamazepina e clobazam (29,8%). A Cp de 83,8% dos pacientes em uso de TPM encontraram-se abaixo do intervalo de referência recomendado (5,0 -20,0 mg/L), sendo a Cp média de 3,21 mg/L (DP 2,76). A dose prescrita (mg/Kg/dia) e o uso concomitante de indutores do metabolismo do TPM explicaram 69,0% da variabilidade da Cp do TPM: estimou-se que o aumento na dose de 1,0 mg/Kg/dia tenha promovido o aumento de 0,68 mg/L na Cp do TPM, enquanto o uso de indutores esteve relacionado a uma redução de 2,97 mg/L (p?0,001). Os pacientes com Cp < 5,0 mg/L apresentaram o número médio de crises epilépticas maior do que aqueles com Cp no intervalo de referência (p<0,001). A pontuação média do LAEP foi de 40,5 (DP 10,1) e a sonolência, problemas de memória e o nervosismo e/ou agressividade foram as reações adversas mais prevalentes. Com relação à qualidade de vida o escore médio obtido no QOLIE-31 foi de 47,7 (DP 15,2), sendo que a preocupação com as crises e a função social foram os domínios que apresentaram maior comprometimento na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Ademais, foram encontradas evidências de uma relação inversa entre RAM e a qualidade de vida, sendo que o aumento de um ponto no escore do LAEP reduz o escore do QOLIE-31 em 0,91 pontos. Finalmente, segundo resultados do MMS, 62,2% dos pacientes eram aderentes ao tratamento medicamentoso. Em conclusão a dose prescrita e o uso de DAE indutoras do metabolismo do TPM influenciaram a Cp deste fármaco, a qual afetou o controle das crises epilépticas. Diante disto sugere-se a monitorização terapêutica como uma ferramenta para a otimização da farmacoterapia e da resposta clínica. / The most widely used strategy in epilepsy treatment is pharmacotherapy. However, near 30% of all patients, even though receiving the appropriate drug, do not respond to recommended treatment. Among the antiepileptic drugs (AED) used for the treatment of refractory epilepsy there is topiramate (TPM). The aim of this study was to evaluate TPM\'s plasma concentration (Cp) and to verify the influence of some variables [prescribed dose (mg/Kg/day), sex, age and other AED in use] on it, as well as correlate TPM\'s Cp with the frequency of epileptic crises, adverse events, quality of life and adherence to pharmacotherapy. This cross-sectional study enrolled 37 patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy in use of TPM attended at the Epilepsy of Difficult Control\'s ambulatory of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital. The investigated variables were quality of life (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - QOLIE-31), adverse drug reactions (ADR) (Liverpool Adverse Event Profile - LAEP), adherence to pharmacotherapy (Modified Morisky Scale - MMS), type of epileptic crisis, type of epilepsy, frequency of crises, pharmacotherapeutic and sociodemographic characteristics, all of them obtained through medical records and/or face to face interview. Moreover, blood samples of all patients were collected in order to measure Cp of TPM, lamotrigine and first generation AEDs in use. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto-USP (nº 030/2014). The patients\' mean age was 40 years (SD 10.7) and they showed predominantly symptomatic focal epilepsy (73.0%) and partial complex seizures (67.6%). Considering the pharmacotherapeutic profile, 97.3% of them were under polytherapy, in which the most prevalent regimen consisted in the combination of TPM, carbamazepine and clobazam (29.8%). From all patients in use of TPM, the mean Cp for this drug was 3.21 mg/L (SD 2.76) and 83.8% presented values below the recommended reference range (5.0 mg/L). The prescribed dose (mg/Kg/day) and concomitant use of TPM\'s metabolism inducers explained 69.0% of TPM\'s Cp variability: it was estimated that an increment of 1.0 mg/Kg/day in the dosage of TPM has lead to an increase of 0.68 mg/L in its Cp, while the use of inducers was related to a decrease of 2.97 mg/L (p?0.001). Patients with Cp < 5.0 mg/L showed a larger mean number of crises than those whose Cp was within the reference range (p<0.001). The LAEP\'s mean score was 40.5 (SD 10.1) and somnolence, memory problems and nervousness and/or agitation were the most common adverse events. Regarding quality of life, QOLIE-31\'s mean score was 47.7 (SD 15.2), wherein concern about the crisis and social role were the areas related to greater impairment in patients\' quality of life. Furthermore, we found evidences of an inverse relationship between ADR and quality of life in which the one point increase in LAEP score reduced QOLIE-31 score in 0.91 point. Finally, according to MMS results, 62.2% of patients were adherent to their treatment. In conclusion prescribed dose and concomitant use of AEDs that induced TPM\'s metabolism influenced on this drug\'s Cp, which seemed to affect epileptic seizures control. Thus, we suggest the use of therapeutic drug monitoring of TPM as a tool for pharmacotherapy optimization so as to improve the clinical response in these patients.

A estratégia mais amplamente utilizada no tratamento da epilepsia é a farmacoterapia. Entretanto cerca de 30% dos pacientes mesmo utilizando o fármaco adequado para o seu diagnóstico não respondem ao tratamento proposto, sendo então diagnosticados com epilepsia refratária. Entre as drogas antiepilépticas (DAE) utilizadas no tratamento da epilepsia refratária encontra-se o topiramato (TPM). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a concentração plasmática (Cp) do TPM verificando a influência da dose prescrita (mg/Kg/dia), sexo, idade e o uso de outras DAE sobre a mesma, correlacionando-a com a frequência de crises epilépticas, reações adversas, qualidade de vida e adesão a farmacoterapia. Este estudo observacional transversal foi realizado com 37 pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de TPM atendidos no Ambulatório de Epilepsia de Difícil Controle do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. As variáveis de interesse foram qualidade de vida (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - QOLIE-31), reações adversas ao medicamento (RAM) (Liverpool Adverse Event Profile - LAEP), adesão a farmacoterapia (Modified Morisky Scale - MMS), tipo de crise epiléptica, tipo de epilepsia, frequência das crises, características farmacoterapêuticas e sociodemográficas, obtidas por meio de instrumentos na entrevista com o paciente ou em prontuário. Além disso, amostras de sangue de todos os participantes foram coletadas para dosagem da Cp de TPM, lamotrigina e DAEs de primeira geração em uso. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP (nº 030/2014). A idade média dos pacientes foi 40 anos (DP 10,7) e apresentavam prevalentemente epilepsia focal sintomática (73,0%) e crises parciais complexas (67,6%). Em relação ao perfil farmacoterapêutico, 97,3% dos pacientes estavam em politerapia, sendo o esquema farmacoterapêutico mais prevalente a associação entre TPM, carbamazepina e clobazam (29,8%). A Cp de 83,8% dos pacientes em uso de TPM encontraram-se abaixo do intervalo de referência recomendado (5,0 -20,0 mg/L), sendo a Cp média de 3,21 mg/L (DP 2,76). A dose prescrita (mg/Kg/dia) e o uso concomitante de indutores do metabolismo do TPM explicaram 69,0% da variabilidade da Cp do TPM: estimou-se que o aumento na dose de 1,0 mg/Kg/dia tenha promovido o aumento de 0,68 mg/L na Cp do TPM, enquanto o uso de indutores esteve relacionado a uma redução de 2,97 mg/L (p?0,001). Os pacientes com Cp < 5,0 mg/L apresentaram o número médio de crises epilépticas maior do que aqueles com Cp no intervalo de referência (p<0,001). A pontuação média do LAEP foi de 40,5 (DP 10,1) e a sonolência, problemas de memória e o nervosismo e/ou agressividade foram as reações adversas mais prevalentes. Com relação à qualidade de vida o escore médio obtido no QOLIE-31 foi de 47,7 (DP 15,2), sendo que a preocupação com as crises e a função social foram os domínios que apresentaram maior comprometimento na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Ademais, foram encontradas evidências de uma relação inversa entre RAM e a qualidade de vida, sendo que o aumento de um ponto no escore do LAEP reduz o escore do QOLIE-31 em 0,91 pontos. Finalmente, segundo resultados do MMS, 62,2% dos pacientes eram aderentes ao tratamento medicamentoso. Em conclusão a dose prescrita e o uso de DAE indutoras do metabolismo do TPM influenciaram a Cp deste fármaco, a qual afetou o controle das crises epilépticas. Diante disto sugere-se a monitorização terapêutica como uma ferramenta para a otimização da farmacoterapia e da resposta clínica. / The most widely used strategy in epilepsy treatment is pharmacotherapy. However, near 30% of all patients, even though receiving the appropriate drug, do not respond to recommended treatment. Among the antiepileptic drugs (AED) used for the treatment of refractory epilepsy there is topiramate (TPM). The aim of this study was to evaluate TPM\'s plasma concentration (Cp) and to verify the influence of some variables [prescribed dose (mg/Kg/day), sex, age and other AED in use] on it, as well as correlate TPM\'s Cp with the frequency of epileptic crises, adverse events, quality of life and adherence to pharmacotherapy. This cross-sectional study enrolled 37 patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy in use of TPM attended at the Epilepsy of Difficult Control\'s ambulatory of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital. The investigated variables were quality of life (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - QOLIE-31), adverse drug reactions (ADR) (Liverpool Adverse Event Profile - LAEP), adherence to pharmacotherapy (Modified Morisky Scale - MMS), type of epileptic crisis, type of epilepsy, frequency of crises, pharmacotherapeutic and sociodemographic characteristics, all of them obtained through medical records and/or face to face interview. Moreover, blood samples of all patients were collected in order to measure Cp of TPM, lamotrigine and first generation AEDs in use. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto-USP (nº 030/2014). The patients\' mean age was 40 years (SD 10.7) and they showed predominantly symptomatic focal epilepsy (73.0%) and partial complex seizures (67.6%). Considering the pharmacotherapeutic profile, 97.3% of them were under polytherapy, in which the most prevalent regimen consisted in the combination of TPM, carbamazepine and clobazam (29.8%). From all patients in use of TPM, the mean Cp for this drug was 3.21 mg/L (SD 2.76) and 83.8% presented values below the recommended reference range (5.0 mg/L). The prescribed dose (mg/Kg/day) and concomitant use of TPM\'s metabolism inducers explained 69.0% of TPM\'s Cp variability: it was estimated that an increment of 1.0 mg/Kg/day in the dosage of TPM has lead to an increase of 0.68 mg/L in its Cp, while the use of inducers was related to a decrease of 2.97 mg/L (p?0.001). Patients with Cp < 5.0 mg/L showed a larger mean number of crises than those whose Cp was within the reference range (p<0.001). The LAEP\'s mean score was 40.5 (SD 10.1) and somnolence, memory problems and nervousness and/or agitation were the most common adverse events. Regarding quality of life, QOLIE-31\'s mean score was 47.7 (SD 15.2), wherein concern about the crisis and social role were the areas related to greater impairment in patients\' quality of life. Furthermore, we found evidences of an inverse relationship between ADR and quality of life in which the one point increase in LAEP score reduced QOLIE-31 score in 0.91 point. Finally, according to MMS results, 62.2% of patients were adherent to their treatment. In conclusion prescribed dose and concomitant use of AEDs that induced TPM\'s metabolism influenced on this drug\'s Cp, which seemed to affect epileptic seizures control. Thus, we suggest the use of therapeutic drug monitoring of TPM as a tool for pharmacotherapy optimization so as to improve the clinical response in these patients.

Introdução: O tratamento farmacológico é primeira opção para o tratamento da epilepsia, e cerca de 40% dos pacientes não respondem à monoterapia e, sendo necessário o uso de dois ou mais fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) para o melhor controle das crises epilépticas. Nesta situação clínica a lamotrigina (LTG) é o FAE de segunda geração com maior prevalência de uso, em associação com os demais FAE. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, farmacoepidemiológico, clínico e laboratorial dos pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG, bem como verificar a racionalidade da monitorização terapêutica da LTG. Casuística e Método: Este estudo de caráter observacional e transversal foi realizado com 75 pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG atendidos no Ambulatório de Epilepsia de Difícil Controle (AEDC) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), no período de maio/2011 a abril/2012. As variáveis clínicas analisadas foram a qualidade de vida (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - Qolie-31), o perfil de eventos adversos (AEP - Adverse Events Profile) e a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso (Morisky- Green). Os dados sociodemográficos e farmacoterapêuticos foram coletados através dos prontuários médicos. Além disso, foi realizada a dosagem da concentração plasmática da LTG e dos FAE de primeira geração. Para testar as hipóteses o nível de significância foi fixado em ? = 0,05, e intervalo de confiança de 95%. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do HCFMRP (no 8791/2010). Resultados e Discussão: Identificou-se elevada prevalência de uso de politerapia (97%), 29% dos pacientes apresentaram concentrações plasmáticas de LTG abaixo do intervalo de referência preconizado (< 2,5 mg/L), 45% utilizaram doses mg/kg/dia abaixo do recomendado, e 60% apresentaram comprometimento com a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. Os FAE de primeira geração influenciaram de forma significativa a concentração plasmática de LTG (p< 0,01). A concentração plasmática de LTG apresentou associação com a dose (mg/kg/dia) utilizada pelos pacientes (p = 0,0096). Os eventos adversos mais prevalentes foram sonolência e dificuldade de concentração. Baixos escores foram observados em todos os domínios relacionados à qualidade de vida (Qolie-31), sugerindo comprometimento significativo desse parâmetro humanístico entre os pacientes com epilepsia refratária. A qualidade de vida apresentou associação inversamente significativa com os eventos adversos obtidos pelo AEP (r = -0.69, p<0.01). Conclusão: Os pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG apresentaram elevada prevalência de problemas clínicos, humanísticos e farmacoterapêuticos, o que demonstra a necessidade de implementação de estratégias para otimização do tratamento farmacológico, tais como, implementação efetiva e permanente da monitorização terapêutica de LTG nos serviços de saúde. / Introduction: The pharmacological treatment is the first choice for the treatment of epilepsy and about 40% of patients are not responding to monotherapy. Therefore these require two or more antiepileptic drugs (AED) for better control of seizures. In this clinical situation, lamotrigine (LTG) is the AED of second generation most used in combination with other AED. Objective: To analyze the demographic, pharmacoepidemiological, clinical and laboratorial profile of patients with refractory epilepsy using LTG, as well as, to analyze the rationality of LTG therapeutic monitoring. Casuist and Methods: This observational and cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 adult outpatients with refractory epilepsy in use of LTG attended at the Ambulatory of epilepsy difficult to control (AEDC) of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital (HCFMRP-USP). The patients were invited between May 2011 to April 2012. The clinical variables analyzed by questionnaire were quality of life (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - QOLIE-31), adverse event profile (AEP - Adverse Events Profile) and medication adherence (Morisky-Green). The sociodemographic and pharmacotherapeutic variables were collected through medical records. In addition, it was performed plasma concentration of LTG and of the first generation AED. To test the hypotheses the significance level was set at ? = 0.05, and a confidence interval of 95%. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HCFMRP-USP. Results and Discussion: It was observed high prevalence of use of polytherapy (97%), 29% of patients had LTG plasma concentrations below the recommended reference range (<2.5 mg / L), 45% used doses mg/kg/day lower than recommended, and 60% were not adherent to medication. The first generation AED influenced significantly in the LTG plasma concentration (p <0.01). The LTG dose (mg/kg/day) used by patients presented positive association with LTG plasma concentration (p = 0.0096). The most prevalent adverse events were somnolence and difficulty concentrating. Low scores were observed in all subscales related to quality of life (QOLIE-31), suggesting significant harm of this humanistic parameter among patients with refractory epilepsy. The quality of life was associated inversely with adverse events obtained by AEP (r = - 0.69, p <0:01). Conclusion: Patients with refractory epilepsy using LTG had high prevalence of clinical, humanistic and pharmacotherapeutic problems, which demonstrates the need to implement strategies for optimization of pharmacological treatment, such as, implementation of permanent and effective therapeutic monitoring of LTG in health services.

Cost containment measures within hospital systems push for earlier discharges on stable patients. Due to patient placement difficulties and costs associated with skilled facilities, antibiotic use in home health care settings is becoming a common occurrence. This trend will likely increase as care continues to shift to outpatient areas. Lack of sufficient serum drug concentrations needed in severe infections and increasing resistance to many of the oral options often necessitates the use of the intravenous (IV) route. Home health care practitioners may have minimal information on patients or limited experience with IV antibiotics that may impact quality of care. This review summarizes key points relevant to IV antibiotics routinely used by home health prescribers, nurses, technicians, and care managers. This review will focus on antibacterial agents including vancomycin, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, daptomycin, tigecycline, and telavancin. Appropriate dosing, indications, adverse events, monitoring parameters, and feasibility of using IV antibiotics are discussed.

No description available.

In this study, four different chromatographic column chemistries (octadecylsilane/ C18, pentafluorophenyl/ PFP, octadecylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene/ PRP and underivatized silica/ HILIC) were compared under optimal conditions to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of the phases for use in the determination of pain management drugs by LC-MS. Furthermore, different column scaffoldings, traditional silica, porous shell, and porous polymer, were also compared. The drugs included in this study included buprenorphine, fentanyl, methadone, naloxone, oxycodone, and tramadol. Factors such as peak area, peak resolution, theoretical plates, and reproducibility were compared among the columns and analytes using a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Because of the lipophilic nature of these drugs, the C18 columns tended to offer the best performance; however, PFP and PRP columns were viable alternatives. Finally, HILIC separation was also suitable for most of the compounds under study; often providing higher peak areas (sensitivity) likely associated with higher organic (% B) conditions, thus favoring mass spectrometric detection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore viability of other non-C18 stationary phases such as PRP and HILIC for this drug class.

Le protocole TICE (Taxol, Ifosfamide, Carboplatine et Etoposide) représente le traitement standard du cancer germinal réfractaire en première ligne ou en rechute de mauvais pronostic. Une étude de phase II a été réalisée consistant en une adaptation de posologie du carboplatine (utilisé à haute dose) basée sur un suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique (TDM) de ses concentrations ultrafiltrables (UF) alors que les pratiques habituelles se limitent à des doses calculées à partir d'une valeur cible de l'aire sous la courbe (AUC) des concentrations UF et la clairance UF prédite du patient. Les analyses pharmacocinétiques effectuées dans le cadre de cette thèse ont permis de démontrer la faisabilité du TDM ainsi que sa performance dans la maîtrise de l'AUC du carboplatine utilisé dans le protocole TICE. Cependant, la réalisation de cette pratique est limitée, dans certains hôpitaux, par les contraintes matérielles et humaines liées à l'obtention des concentrations UF par l'ultrafiltration des prélèvements plasmatiques. Une méthodologie a donc été développée et validée pour permettre la réalisation du TDM à partir des concentrations plasmatiques totales. Par ailleurs, l'étude pharmacocinétique réalisée pour l'étoposide, médicament associé au carboplatine dans la phase d'intensification de ce protocole, indique que le calcul actuel de la dose en fonction de la surface corporelle s'accompagne d'une variabilité interindividuelle limitée de l'exposition et qu'il n'y a pas lieu de pratiquer un TDM pour ce médicament. Enfin, l'implication de différents facteurs génétiques correspondant, d'une part, à la toxicité auditive du carboplatine et, d'autre part, à la pharmacologie de l'étoposide a été aussi évaluée. En conclusion, ces travaux permettront d'améliorer la prise en charge des patients traités par ce protocole à haute dose de carboplatine et étoposide et, au-delà de cette indication thérapeutique, notre connaissance de ces deux médicaments cytotoxiques importants. / The TI-CE protocol ((Taxol, Ifosfamide, Carboplatin and Etoposide) is the standard treatment of germ cell tumor refractory to first-line chemotherapy or relapsed germ cell tumor having unfavorable prognostic features. A phase II study was conducted and consisted in adapting the dose of (high dose) carboplatin using therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of unbound concentrations instead of the usual method of dose individualization based on a target area under the curve (AUC) of unbound concentrations and predicted unbound clearance. Pharmacokinetic analyses carried out in the context of this thesis have demonstrated the feasibility of conducting the TDM as well as its performance in terms of controlling the variability of AUC of carboplatin in the TI-CE protocol. However, the use of this practice is limited, in some hospitals, by material and human constraints related to the ultrafiltration of plasma samples to obtain unbound concentrations. A method was developed and validated to enable the use of total plasma concentrations for the TDM instead of unbound concentrations. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic study of etoposide, used in combination with carboplatin during the dose intensification phase of the protocol, showed that the usual dose calculation method based on body surface area is associated with a low interindividual variability of exposure and that TDM is, therefore, not necessary for this drug. Finally, the role of different genetic factors in the ototoxicity of carboplatin and in the pharmacology of etoposide was also assessed. In conclusion, these analyses help to improve the level of care of patients treated with this protocol of high dose carboplatin and etoposide as well as our current knowledge of these two important cytotoxic drugs.

Pharmacogenetics is the study of variability in drug response attributed to genetic variation. Olanzapine (OLA) is a widely used antipsychotic drug for schizophrenia treatment. The pharmacokinetics of OLA display large inter-individual variation leading to multiple-fold differences in drug exposure between patients at a given dose. This variation in turn gives rise to the need of individualized dosing in order to avoid concentration-dependent adverse effects and therapeutic failure. The observed variability has been partially explained by environmental and physiological factors. Genetically determined differences in drug metabolism represent a less studied source of variability. Precluded contribution by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 calls for evaluation of the other major OLA metabolizing enzymes. The objective of this thesis was to study pharmacogenetic influence of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 1 and 3, CYP1A2 and uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4 on therapeutic OLA exposure. We conducted genetic association studies applying gene re-sequencing and genotyping of candidate and tagging SNPs. Patients carrying the FMO1*6 allele displayed increased dose-adjusted concentrations (C/Ds) of OLA, in serum as well as cerebrospinal fluid. Patients who were homozygous for the FMO3 K158-G308 compound variant showed reduced C/Ds of OLA N-oxide metabolite, but no alteration in OLA exposure. This compound variant is expected to have clinical relevance primarily for non-African populations, since low frequencies were detected among native Africans. Deviation in OLA exposure was observed in carrier of a rare FMO3 mutation, predicted in silico to affect gene splicing. Reduced OLA exposure was observed in UGT1A4*3 carriers. The CYP1A2 -163(A) (CYP1A2*1F) variant was not associated with increase in CYP1A2-catalyzed OLA metabolism or reduction in OLA exposure. Correlations were detected for two cis-acting variants within the inter-genetic region of the CYP1A cluster and a trans-acting variant located upstream the locus encoding aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The inconsistent data reported for CYP1A2*1F could be explained by presence of ethnic specific haplotype structures incorporating the -163(A) variant. A continuously improved understanding of the wide range of factors that can influence pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics will increase the likelihood of achieving optimal treatment response for individual patients.