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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Symmetry energy and the isoscaling properties of the fragments in multifragmentation of 40Ca+58Ni, 40Ar+58Ni, and 40Ar+58Fe reactions

Iglio, Jennifer Ann 17 September 2007 (has links)
The symmetry energy and the isoscaling properties of the fragments produced in multifragmentation of 40Ar, 40Ca + 58Fe, 58Ni reactions at 25, 33, 45 and 53 MeV/nucleon were investigated within the framework of a statistical multifragmentation model. The isoscaling parameter, α from the hot primary and cold secondary fragment yield distributions, was studied as a function of the excitation energy, isospin (neutronto- proton asymmetry), and fragment symmetry energy. Through changing the symmetry energy in the statistical multifragmentation model to describe the experimental data, it is observed that the isoscaling parameter α decreases with increasing excitation energy and decreases with decreasing symmetry energy. The parameter α is also observed to increase with increasing difference in the isospin of the fragmenting system. The sequential decay of the primary fragments into secondary fragments show very little influence on the isoscaling parameter when studied as a function of excitation energy. However, the symmetry energy has a strong influence on the isospin properties of the hot fragments. The results indicate that the isospin properties of the fragments produced at high excitation energy and reduced density in multifragmentation reactions are sensitive to the symmetry energy, indicating that the properties of hot nuclei at excitation energies, densities, and isospin away from normal ground state nuclei are significantly different than those of normal (cold) nuclei at saturation density.
2

Isospin Dependence of Fragmentation

Soisson, Sarah Nicole 2010 December 1900 (has links)
Multifragmentation reactions have been used to study many of the complexities of the nucleus. Recently, work has been done to tie observables from multifragmentation reactions to astrophysical observables used in supernova explosions. To make this connection, it is necessary to have a highly excited, equilibrated system. The creation of a highly excited system is done for this dissertation by the reaction of one projectile, ³²S, on three targets, ¹¹²⁾¹²⁴Sn and ^natAu at 45 MeV/nucleon. The forward array using silicon technology, FAUST, was used to collect the fragments produced from the excited projectiles. The motivation for this study was to isotopically identify the fragmenting source and to understand the relationship between its N/Z and the resulting fragmentation. This can then be used to constrain theoretical models which predict the evolution of supernova explosions. Using an isotropically identified source, the resulting fragmentation of the projectile has been studied. It is shown that there are dependencies on the fragment mass distribution, fragment charge distribution and source excitation energy from the source N/Z. Looking more specifically at the fragments produced, it was found that there is a parallel velocity anisotropy in the particle emission. This anisotropy is found to be a direct result of the presence of an external Coulomb field. Using DIT+SMM theoretical calculations, the anisotropy has been found to be dependent on the distance at which the projectile breaks up from the target (external Coulomb field). As the parallel velocity is related to the angle of emission, it is of interest to extract out the average kinetic energy of each isotope to determine if there are differences in the average kinetic energy by the angle of emission. It is found that the average kinetic energy is dependent on the emission angle in the quasi-projectile frame. Because of this, care should be taken when comparing between systems to ensure similar regions are being compared. However, the observation that the average kinetic energy changes as a function of the emission angle is not dependent on the presence of an external Coulomb field. Using DIT+SMM calculations, the differences between the average kinetic energy from different angles of emission are seen even when no external Coulomb field is present. These changes are attributed to the angular momentum. In all cases, a statistical framework, supplied by DIT+SMM calculations, can explain many phenomena seen from a fragmenting nucleus. However, the accuracy of the model varies when moving from a neutron-poor to a neutron-rich source.
3

Investigation of thermal bremsstrahlung emission from hot and fragmenting nuclear matter formed in (129) Xe (+) natSn reactions at 50A MeV

Ortega Comino, Raquel 27 June 2003 (has links)
No description available.
4

Effets d'isospin et noyaux chauds

Gagnon-Moisan, F. 10 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
La décomposition rapide (t<10-21 seconde) du noyau en plusieurs fragments, appelée multifragmentation, est théoriquement associée à une transition de phase de type liquide-gaz. Depuis plusieurs années, les physiciens tentent d'observer une preuve expérimentale de ce phénomène. Afin d'y parvenir, il a été suggéré d'étudier une signature propre du mécanisme par lequel une telle transition procéderait: la décomposition spinodale. La signature de ce mécanisme est la production de fragments de tailles égales. La méthode proposée pour observer cette signature est celle des corrélations en charge à l'aide du calcul des probabilités intrinsèques. La 5ième campagne d'expériences du multidétecteur INDRA a été réalisée au GANIL afin d'obtenir la statistique nécessaire pour avoir un signal positif avec un niveau de confiance de 5σ. Les systèmes 124Xe+112Sn et 136Xe+124Sn ont été étudiés à 32 et 45 AMeV afin d'étudier l'influence du ratio N/Z sur la transition de phase dans les noyaux. La présence d'événements avec une distribution en charge très étroite, conformément à l'hypothèse d'une décomposition spinodale a été confirmée. L'impact de la densité neutronique sur la configuration de la voie de sortie des fragments, dans les collisions centrales a été mis en évidence : un système initialement riche en neutrons produit davantage de fragments et moins de particules qu'un système initialement pauvre. Finalement, une étude du ratio N/Z des fragments en fonction de leur énergie cinétique, dans le but d'obtenir une contrainte expérimentale sur l'énergie de symétrie est réalisée.
5

Relaxation en forme et multifragmentation nucléaire

Bouriquet, Bertrand 11 October 2001 (has links) (PDF)
Ce travail concerne la caractérisation des réactions de multifragmentation induites dans les collisions centrales de Xe+Sn à 32 MeV /A mesurées avec le détecteur INDRA. Cette caractérisation informe sur le degré d'équilibration. Un aspect crucial pour ces études est la sélection des événements. Dans cette étude deux approches ont été utilisées pour la sélection des collisions d'intérêt. La première approche s'appuie sur des sélecteurs de centralité (angle de flot, angle d'émission du plus gros fragment, multiplicité totale de particules chargées). La seconde approche qui constitue une innovation dans le domaine de la physique nucléaire est l'utilisation des cartes auto-organisées de Kohonen. Cette méthode permet un classement en topologie des événements sans utiliser explicitement des variables reliées à la forme. Les deux méthodes de sélection indiquent la coexistence d'au moins deux niveaux de dissipation dans les collisions les plus centrales. La méthode des cartes auto-organisées permet de déconvoluer ces processus. L'échantillon associé au processus de multifragmentation et à la plus grande conversion de l'énergie initiale représente 5% (250 mb) de la section efficace totale de réaction. Quelle que soit la méthode de sélection la forme moyenne de la source est allongée dans la direction du faisceau. Ce résultat signe une relaxation incomplète du degré de liberté de forme. Les données expérimentales sont comparées avec un modèle de multifragmentation statistique (SMM) incluant la déformation de la source et une énergie collective d'expansion. La caractérisation des réactions de multifragmentation en terme de taille, d'énergie d'excitation d'énergie collective d'expansion et de déformation est indépendante du mode de sélection utilisé. De cette comparaison on déduit que 70% de l'énergie disponible et 83% des nucléons du système initial ont été équilibré durant la réaction.
6

Approches stochastiques de la dynamique des collisions nucléaires.

Boilley, D. 09 September 1993 (has links) (PDF)
Afin d'étudier l'influence des fluctuations sur différents phénomènes physiques liés aux collisions entre ions lourds, une équation de Langevin a été obtenue à partir d'un modèle microscopique. Les paramètres entrant dans cette équation sont entièrement déterminés à partir de grandeurs microscopiques caractérisant la matière nucléaire. Cette équation a été appliquée à des phénomènes physiques aux énergies intermédiaires. Une première partie concerne les mouvements collectifs de faible amplitude, à savoir les résonnances géantes. Les effets de mémoire dans le terme decollisions de l'équation de Boltzmann ont été étudiés. Une approche formelle à l'influencedes fluctuations sur plusieurs modes couplés est aussi proposée. Une deuxième partie concerne les mouvements collectifs de grande amplitude où une étude détaillée de la fission thermique est faite . Le taux de fission est calculé et confronté aux résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, un travail préliminaire sur la multifragmentation est proposé.
7

Etude de la multifragmentation du systeme Au+Au entre 40 et 100 MeV/A: expansion et flot radial

Lavaud, Franck 28 September 2001 (has links)
Mon travail de thèse, concernant les collisions centrales Au+Au entre 40 et 100 MeV/A, se place dans le cadre d'une analyse comprenant le dépouillement et l'interprétation des résultats de la 4ème campagne de mesure du multidétecteur INDRA. La première phase de cette étude, dite de "dépouillement", a permis de reconstruire, à partir des données brutes des deux premiers étages de détection d'INDRA (chambre d'ionisation, Silicium), les énergies cinétiques et la charge des fragments détectés. Pour la première fois, il a été possible de mettre en évidence et de corriger les effets de non-linéarité dans la chaîne d'acquisition <br />d'INDRA. A l'issue de ce travail, je me suis attaché à selectionner les collisions centrales. <br />Pour ce faire, et dans le souci de ne pas biaiser les interprétations physiques résultantes, j'ai mis en oeuvre deux méthodes distinctes: sélection en paramètre d'impact ainsi qu'une analyse en composante principale. Une étude comparative de ces deux outils mathématiques a été entreprise donnant lieu à des résultats très instructifs.<br /><br /><br />L'interprétation des résultats a fait appel à plusieurs types de modèles lesquels impliquant la validité de certaines hypothèses (équilibre thermodynamique, existence d'un volume de "freeze-out"). L'emploi de modèles statistiques (SMM, MMMC) a permis <br />d'extraire la taille du système émetteur, dit "source unique", ainsi que son énergie d'excitation. L'anisotropie des distributions en énergie cinétiques des fragments, a permis de <br />mettre en évidence, en fonction de l'énergie incidente de la collision, une déformation de la source, mais également de reconstruire les énergies thermique et collective entrant en jeu. Une nouvelle comparaison des données à l'aide de modèles dits "dynamique" (QMD,CMD) a été également entreprise. A l'issu de cette étude, des critiques portant sur la validité d'une approche telles SMM ou MMMC ont pu être émises remettant en jeu le fondement de l'interprétation physique du flot collectif couramment employé.
8

Reações nucleares de alta energia (\" Spallation\") e sua aplicação em cálculo de sistemas nucleares acionados por  Fonte / High energy nuclear reactions (\"Spallation\") and their application in calculation of the acceleration driven systems (ADS)

Rossi, Pedro Carlos Russo 25 February 2011 (has links)
Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo das reações nucleares de alta energia que são fundamentais na definição do termo fonte dos reatores nucleares subcríticos acionados por fonte externa. Estas reações nucleares, também conhecidas como \"spallation\", consistem na interação de hádrons de alta energia com os núcleons do núcleo atômico. A fenomenologia destas reações consiste em duas etapas, sendo que à primeira, o próton interage através de espalhamentos múltiplos, em um processo denominado cascata intra-nuclear seguido da etapa na qual o núcleo excitado oriundo da cascata intranuclear ou evapora partículas de forma a atingir estados energéticos moderados ou fissiona, em um processo conhecido como competição entre evaporação e fissão. Neste trabalho os principais modelos nucleares, os modelos de Bertini e Cugnon, são revistos, pois estes modelos são fundamentais para propósito de projeto devido à falta de dados nucleares avaliados para estas reações. A implementação e validação dos métodos de cálculo para o projeto destas fontes são realizadas. A implementação da metodologia é realizada utilizando o programa MCNPX ( \"Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended\"), dedicado para cálculos de transporte destas partículas e a validação é realizada mediante uma cooperação internacional junto a um projeto coordenado de pesquisa da Agencia Internacional de Energia Atômica e trabalhos disponíveis. O objetivo é qualificar os cálculos relacionados às reações nucleares e os canais de desexcitação envolvidos. O CRISP, um código nacional para a descrição da fenomenologia das reações envolvidas, também foi estudado e os modelos implementados no código foram revistos e melhorados de forma a dar continuidade ao seu processo de qualificação. Devido às limitações dos principais modelos na descrição de produção de nuclídeos leves, a reação de multi-fragmentação foi estudada. As discrepâncias nos cálculos de produção destes nuclídeos são atribuídas à falta do canal de multi-fragmentação estatística do núcleo. A implementação deste canal foi realizada para a aplicação em reações de altas energias junto ao código CRISP de forma a reproduzir a produção de nuclídeos leves, bem como sua validação mediante a comparação com dados experimentais disponíveis para este fenômeno, obtendo com isso uma melhor reprodução de todo o espectro de produção de nuclídeos do processo. / This work presents a study of high energy nuclear reactions which are fundamental to dene the source term in accelerator driven systems. These nuclear reactions, also known as spallation, consist in the interaction of high energetic hadrons with nucleons in the atomic nucleus. The phenomenology of these reactions consist in two step. In the rst, the proton interacts through multiple scattering in a process called intra-nuclear cascade. It is followed by a step in which the excited nucleus, coming from the intranuclear cascade, could either, evaporates particles to achieve a moderate energy state or ssion. This process is known as competition between evaporation and ssion. In this work the main nuclear models, Bertini and Cugnon are reviewed, since these models are fundamental for design purposes of the source term in ADS, due to lack of evaluated nuclear data for these reactions. The implementation and validation of the calculation methods for the design v of the source is carried out to implement the methodology of source design using the program MCNPX (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended), devoted to calculation of transport of these particles and the validation performed by an international cooperation together with a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) of the International Atomic Energy Agency and available jobs, in order to qualify the calculations on nuclear reactions and the de-excitation channels involved, providing a state of the art of design and methodology for calculating external sources of spallation for source driven systems. The CRISP, is a brazilian code for the phenomenological description of the reactions involved and the models implemented in the code were reviewed and improved to continue the qualication process. Due to failure of the main models in describing the production of light nuclides, the multifragmentation reaction model was studied. Because the discrepancies in the calculations of production of these nuclides are attributes to the lack of reaction channel and the implementation of this channel was carried out for applications in high energy reactions with the CRISP code to reproduce the production of light nuclides, as well, as its validation by comparison with experimental data available for this phenomenon. Thus, obtaining a better reproduction of the whole spectrum of production of nuclides in the process.
9

Etude des effets de la masse et de l'isospin dans le processus de la multifragmentation

Kezzar, Khalid 27 April 2005 (has links) (PDF)
L'étude des effets isotopiques dans le processus de la multifragmentation du projectile spectateur a été effectuée en utilisant le spectromètre ALADiN auprès de l'accélérateur GSI à Darmstadt. Des réactions aux énergies relativistes avec des faisceaux stables d'197Au et 124Sn et des faisceaux radioactifs de 124La et 107Sn ont été utilisés pour couvrir une large gamme en masse et en N/Z. La mesure du vecteur moment et l'identification des fragments du projectile ayant une charge Z>1 entrant dans l'acceptance de l'aimant ALADiN ont été obtenues avec une grande efficacité et résolution en utilisant le dispositif ALADiN amélioré en association avec le détecteur de neutrons LAND. L'étude des propriétés globales de la multifragmentation a montrée une dépendance en N/Z en accord avec les prédictions du modèle statistique de la multifragmentation. L'effet pair-impair dans la multifragmentation du projectile spectateur a été investigé pour pouvoir trouver une interprétation à sa manifestation à hautes énergies d'excitation. Un accord qualitatif a été obtenu pour les mesures de la températures avec les précédentes données et les prédictions théoriques.
10

Reações nucleares de alta energia (\" Spallation\") e sua aplicação em cálculo de sistemas nucleares acionados por  Fonte / High energy nuclear reactions (\"Spallation\") and their application in calculation of the acceleration driven systems (ADS)

Pedro Carlos Russo Rossi 25 February 2011 (has links)
Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo das reações nucleares de alta energia que são fundamentais na definição do termo fonte dos reatores nucleares subcríticos acionados por fonte externa. Estas reações nucleares, também conhecidas como \"spallation\", consistem na interação de hádrons de alta energia com os núcleons do núcleo atômico. A fenomenologia destas reações consiste em duas etapas, sendo que à primeira, o próton interage através de espalhamentos múltiplos, em um processo denominado cascata intra-nuclear seguido da etapa na qual o núcleo excitado oriundo da cascata intranuclear ou evapora partículas de forma a atingir estados energéticos moderados ou fissiona, em um processo conhecido como competição entre evaporação e fissão. Neste trabalho os principais modelos nucleares, os modelos de Bertini e Cugnon, são revistos, pois estes modelos são fundamentais para propósito de projeto devido à falta de dados nucleares avaliados para estas reações. A implementação e validação dos métodos de cálculo para o projeto destas fontes são realizadas. A implementação da metodologia é realizada utilizando o programa MCNPX ( \"Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended\"), dedicado para cálculos de transporte destas partículas e a validação é realizada mediante uma cooperação internacional junto a um projeto coordenado de pesquisa da Agencia Internacional de Energia Atômica e trabalhos disponíveis. O objetivo é qualificar os cálculos relacionados às reações nucleares e os canais de desexcitação envolvidos. O CRISP, um código nacional para a descrição da fenomenologia das reações envolvidas, também foi estudado e os modelos implementados no código foram revistos e melhorados de forma a dar continuidade ao seu processo de qualificação. Devido às limitações dos principais modelos na descrição de produção de nuclídeos leves, a reação de multi-fragmentação foi estudada. As discrepâncias nos cálculos de produção destes nuclídeos são atribuídas à falta do canal de multi-fragmentação estatística do núcleo. A implementação deste canal foi realizada para a aplicação em reações de altas energias junto ao código CRISP de forma a reproduzir a produção de nuclídeos leves, bem como sua validação mediante a comparação com dados experimentais disponíveis para este fenômeno, obtendo com isso uma melhor reprodução de todo o espectro de produção de nuclídeos do processo. / This work presents a study of high energy nuclear reactions which are fundamental to dene the source term in accelerator driven systems. These nuclear reactions, also known as spallation, consist in the interaction of high energetic hadrons with nucleons in the atomic nucleus. The phenomenology of these reactions consist in two step. In the rst, the proton interacts through multiple scattering in a process called intra-nuclear cascade. It is followed by a step in which the excited nucleus, coming from the intranuclear cascade, could either, evaporates particles to achieve a moderate energy state or ssion. This process is known as competition between evaporation and ssion. In this work the main nuclear models, Bertini and Cugnon are reviewed, since these models are fundamental for design purposes of the source term in ADS, due to lack of evaluated nuclear data for these reactions. The implementation and validation of the calculation methods for the design v of the source is carried out to implement the methodology of source design using the program MCNPX (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended), devoted to calculation of transport of these particles and the validation performed by an international cooperation together with a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) of the International Atomic Energy Agency and available jobs, in order to qualify the calculations on nuclear reactions and the de-excitation channels involved, providing a state of the art of design and methodology for calculating external sources of spallation for source driven systems. The CRISP, is a brazilian code for the phenomenological description of the reactions involved and the models implemented in the code were reviewed and improved to continue the qualication process. Due to failure of the main models in describing the production of light nuclides, the multifragmentation reaction model was studied. Because the discrepancies in the calculations of production of these nuclides are attributes to the lack of reaction channel and the implementation of this channel was carried out for applications in high energy reactions with the CRISP code to reproduce the production of light nuclides, as well, as its validation by comparison with experimental data available for this phenomenon. Thus, obtaining a better reproduction of the whole spectrum of production of nuclides in the process.

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