Manufacturing by mechanical machining has historically benefited from the use of cutting fluid. Cutting fluids help to reduce temperature, friction, flush away chips, and hence prolong tool life and improve machining performance. However, uncontrolled use of cutting fluid raises concern in respect of cost and environmental burden. For these reasons, dry machining is used in conjunction with high speed machining to reduce cycle times and simultaneously deliver a greener process. However, for some workpiece materials full implementation of dry machining is not economically viable due to the absence of the essential cooling and lubricating functions delivered by cutting fluids. The most feasible bridging technology is minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) where a very small flow rate of coolant/lubricant is delivered to the cutting zones. In terms of machinability, the application of MQL is promising. However, most studies conducted on MQL focused on the feasibility of MQL application and show-casing the technical benefits. No studies had been identified in literature systematically investigating the relationship between cutting conditions and MQL with the goal of optimising the process. Moreover, the presumed environmental benefits of MQL have not been systematically assessed because Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) derived evaluation models do not explicitly model the impact of machining conditions such as feedrates, cutting velocities and depth of cut.The motivation for this PhD work was to select the optimum machining process variables for maximising effectiveness of MQL, to explore process improvements and to assess the environmental credentials of the process in relation to other forms of cutting environments. In this work, high speed, end milling tests on tool steel were undertaken and 1) Taguchi methods were used to optimise the process, 2) the sensitivity of tool wear to nozzle position was evaluated and 3) the environmental burden of dry, MQL and flood coolants were evaluated based on direct energy needs and process outputs. A fluid soaking device was used to assess the amount of fluid collected or presumed to be delivered to the cutting zone for different nozzle orientations.The Taguchi process optimisation suggested that in HSM the size effect, brought about by a low chip thickness, should be considered in the search for an optimum process window for HSM. A significant and novel finding of this PhD was the dominance of MQL nozzle positioning. The study clearly showed that when machining hardened steel at a high cutting speed and RPM the tool life could be significantly increased by 50% by adjusting the position of the nozzle toward the rake face in relation to the end-milled face. The work opens up new science and provides recommendations as to where to align the nozzle when end milling tool steel at high cutting speeds. The fluid trapping and the blade-wiping angle are key parameters that influenced the effective delivery of MQL when high spindle revolutions per minute are used. These results from the fluid soaking device were found to correlate strongly with observed machining performance evaluations.In terms of modelling, the PhD developed an improved and more generic direct energy model that can be used to determine the environmental burden for direct electrical energy requirements and the energy embodied in other process material outputs. This model addresses the system boundary and activity that within the control of the manufacturing plant. The model was used to evaluate the environmental performance of dry, flood and MQL fluids. The impact of these results and models in optimising environmental performance was also illustrated.The work in this PhD is important to industry in that it contributes to the optimisation of MQL and gives an assessment of the environmental impact. The PhD developed new and significantly important machining science in the positioning of nozzles in MQL machining at higher speeds.

<p>Condition monitoring of critical machine tool components and machining processes is a key factor to increase the availability of the machine tool and achieving a more robust machining process. Failures in the machining process and machine tool components may also have negative effects on the final produced part. Instabilities in machining processes also shortens the life time of the cutting edges and machine tool.</p><p>The condition monitoring system may utilise information from several sources to facilitate the detection of instabilities in the machining process. To avoid additional complexity to the machining system the use of internal sensors is considered. The focus in this thesis has been to investigate if information related to the machining process can be extracted directly from the internal sensors of the machine tool.</p><p>The main contibutions of this work is a further understanding of the direct response from both linear and angular position encoders due the variations in the machining process. The analysis of the response from unbalance testing of turn tables and two types of milling processes, i.e. disc-milling and slot-milling, is presented. It is shown that operational frequencies, such as cutter frequency and tooth-passing frequency, can be extracted from both active and inactive machine axes, but the response from an active machine axis involves a more complex analysis. Various methods for the analysis of the responses in time domain, frequency domain and phase space are presented.</p> / QC 20100518

Condition monitoring of critical machine tool components and machining processes is a key factor to increase the availability of the machine tool and achieving a more robust machining process. Failures in the machining process and machine tool components may also have negative effects on the final produced part. Instabilities in machining processes also shortens the life time of the cutting edges and machine tool. The condition monitoring system may utilise information from several sources to facilitate the detection of instabilities in the machining process. To avoid additional complexity to the machining system the use of internal sensors is considered. The focus in this thesis has been to investigate if information related to the machining process can be extracted directly from the internal sensors of the machine tool. The main contibutions of this work is a further understanding of the direct response from both linear and angular position encoders due the variations in the machining process. The analysis of the response from unbalance testing of turn tables and two types of milling processes, i.e. disc-milling and slot-milling, is presented. It is shown that operational frequencies, such as cutter frequency and tooth-passing frequency, can be extracted from both active and inactive machine axes, but the response from an active machine axis involves a more complex analysis. Various methods for the analysis of the responses in time domain, frequency domain and phase space are presented. / QC 20100518

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema para automatizar o planejamento de processo na fabricação de peças por usinagem, adotando uma metodologia semi-generativa, ou híbrida, que se utiliza de informações de arquivos gráficos padrão STEP. O sistema interpreta o arquivo STEP (protocolo de aplicação AP203) de um sistema CAD qualquer e identifica as geometrias existentes no arquivo. Um algoritmo desenvolvido inicialmente para geometrias cilíndricas, possível de ser implementado para outras geometrias, como furos e rasgos de chavetas. Com as informações provenientes do algoritmo de interpretação do STEP, o sistema interage com um banco de dados para planejar as etapas de usinagem do produto. O banco de dados contém informações relativas a máquinas, ferramentas, operações e materiais. Rotinas associadas ao banco de dados permitem a definição e seleção de parâmetros de usinagem e máquina otimizadas a cada etapa do processo, adequadas ao projeto do componente. O sistema é considerado semi-generativo, na medida em que permite ao processista acrescentar novas etapas de processo caso o produto tenha outras features manufaturáveis, que não tenham sido obtidas de forma automática. O resultado do sistema permite a geração do plano de processo otimizado para determinado componente em função das informações disponibilizadas no banco de dados de manufatura. / This work presents the development of a system for process planning automation manufacturing parts by machining. A hybrid methodology was adopted using information from standard STEP graphical files. The system interprets the design of geometries file STEP (ISO application protocol AP203) in a system CAD with an algorithm developed initially for cylindrical geometries, being possible to be implemented for other geometries, as holes and slots. As the information proceeding from the interpretation algorithm of the STEP, the system interacts with the planning the stages of product machining. The data base contains relative information from the machines, tools, operations and materials. Routines associated with the data base allow the definition and election of parameters to optimized process machining and machine to each stage of the process, adjusted to the component project. The process planning system is based in three modules: the algorithm for interpretation STEP files, the data base with the manufacture information and the system graphical interface. The system is considered hybrid, in a sense that allows the user to add new stages to the process in the case that the product has others features manufactured that have not been recognized of automatic form. The result of the system allows the generation of an optimized process plan for determined component in relation to the information available in the manufacture data base.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema para automatizar o planejamento de processo na fabricação de peças por usinagem, adotando uma metodologia semi-generativa, ou híbrida, que se utiliza de informações de arquivos gráficos padrão STEP. O sistema interpreta o arquivo STEP (protocolo de aplicação AP203) de um sistema CAD qualquer e identifica as geometrias existentes no arquivo. Um algoritmo desenvolvido inicialmente para geometrias cilíndricas, possível de ser implementado para outras geometrias, como furos e rasgos de chavetas. Com as informações provenientes do algoritmo de interpretação do STEP, o sistema interage com um banco de dados para planejar as etapas de usinagem do produto. O banco de dados contém informações relativas a máquinas, ferramentas, operações e materiais. Rotinas associadas ao banco de dados permitem a definição e seleção de parâmetros de usinagem e máquina otimizadas a cada etapa do processo, adequadas ao projeto do componente. O sistema é considerado semi-generativo, na medida em que permite ao processista acrescentar novas etapas de processo caso o produto tenha outras features manufaturáveis, que não tenham sido obtidas de forma automática. O resultado do sistema permite a geração do plano de processo otimizado para determinado componente em função das informações disponibilizadas no banco de dados de manufatura. / This work presents the development of a system for process planning automation manufacturing parts by machining. A hybrid methodology was adopted using information from standard STEP graphical files. The system interprets the design of geometries file STEP (ISO application protocol AP203) in a system CAD with an algorithm developed initially for cylindrical geometries, being possible to be implemented for other geometries, as holes and slots. As the information proceeding from the interpretation algorithm of the STEP, the system interacts with the planning the stages of product machining. The data base contains relative information from the machines, tools, operations and materials. Routines associated with the data base allow the definition and election of parameters to optimized process machining and machine to each stage of the process, adjusted to the component project. The process planning system is based in three modules: the algorithm for interpretation STEP files, the data base with the manufacture information and the system graphical interface. The system is considered hybrid, in a sense that allows the user to add new stages to the process in the case that the product has others features manufactured that have not been recognized of automatic form. The result of the system allows the generation of an optimized process plan for determined component in relation to the information available in the manufacture data base.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema para automatizar o planejamento de processo na fabricação de peças por usinagem, adotando uma metodologia semi-generativa, ou híbrida, que se utiliza de informações de arquivos gráficos padrão STEP. O sistema interpreta o arquivo STEP (protocolo de aplicação AP203) de um sistema CAD qualquer e identifica as geometrias existentes no arquivo. Um algoritmo desenvolvido inicialmente para geometrias cilíndricas, possível de ser implementado para outras geometrias, como furos e rasgos de chavetas. Com as informações provenientes do algoritmo de interpretação do STEP, o sistema interage com um banco de dados para planejar as etapas de usinagem do produto. O banco de dados contém informações relativas a máquinas, ferramentas, operações e materiais. Rotinas associadas ao banco de dados permitem a definição e seleção de parâmetros de usinagem e máquina otimizadas a cada etapa do processo, adequadas ao projeto do componente. O sistema é considerado semi-generativo, na medida em que permite ao processista acrescentar novas etapas de processo caso o produto tenha outras features manufaturáveis, que não tenham sido obtidas de forma automática. O resultado do sistema permite a geração do plano de processo otimizado para determinado componente em função das informações disponibilizadas no banco de dados de manufatura. / This work presents the development of a system for process planning automation manufacturing parts by machining. A hybrid methodology was adopted using information from standard STEP graphical files. The system interprets the design of geometries file STEP (ISO application protocol AP203) in a system CAD with an algorithm developed initially for cylindrical geometries, being possible to be implemented for other geometries, as holes and slots. As the information proceeding from the interpretation algorithm of the STEP, the system interacts with the planning the stages of product machining. The data base contains relative information from the machines, tools, operations and materials. Routines associated with the data base allow the definition and election of parameters to optimized process machining and machine to each stage of the process, adjusted to the component project. The process planning system is based in three modules: the algorithm for interpretation STEP files, the data base with the manufacture information and the system graphical interface. The system is considered hybrid, in a sense that allows the user to add new stages to the process in the case that the product has others features manufactured that have not been recognized of automatic form. The result of the system allows the generation of an optimized process plan for determined component in relation to the information available in the manufacture data base.

Inconel 718 has widespread use in critical industries like aerospace, marine, and power generation. However, its challenging machinability, characterized by tool chipping/failure, and poor surface quality, remains a significant concern. Despite numerous efforts to enhance tool performance in machining hard-to-machine materials, the issue of sudden tool failure and chipping persists. This study presents an innovative in-situ tool treatment method, complemented by an optimized recoating strategy, aimed at tackling these challenges. The approach involves the application of a lubricating soft metallic Al-Si alloy coating to the tool’s faces, which can be recoated when needed. During subsequent Inconel machining, the Al-Si layer deposited on the tool melts due to high temperatures. The molten material fills microcracks on the tool surface, preventing their propagation. Moreover, the tool can slide on the beneficial tribo-films Al-Si layer which reduces friction, sticking, seizure, and built-up edge formation, resulting in decreased tool wear and chipping. The newly developed pre-machined recoating method has yielded promising outcomes, reducing cutting force and significantly improving tool lifespan compared to the PVD benchmark and uncoated tools. Additionally, this novel method enhances surface quality and minimizes undesirable microstructural alterations induced by machining. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Chipping and excessive tool wear pose significant challenges in machining high-strength alloys like Inconel 718, limiting their applicability across various industries. According to research, conventional strategies used to deal with the machining challenges posed by Inconel 718 have not produced the best results. The goal of this research is to overcome the machining issues associated with such a difficult-to-cut material innovatively by depositing soft metallic coatings as a solid lubricant to enhance the machining performance. In this study, a cost-effective novel in-situ deposition technique with recoating capability as an alternative to conventional coatings is presented to achieve this goal. This innovative approach aims to improve tool performance during Inconel 718 machining significantly. This study also provides a thorough insight into the application of solid lubricants in machining, discussing their mechanisms, effectiveness, constraints, and potential to boost productivity and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, comprehensive investigations have been conducted to gain deeper insights into the prevalent wear mechanisms and surface treatments that can lead to improved machining performance for Inconel 718.

The master’s thesis is focused on online diagnostics of the machining process. In the theoretical part are presented maintenance possibilities of machine tools. A whole chapter is devoted to vibrodiagnostics, which describes vibration sensors, their attachment to the measured object and methods of vibration signal processing. The practical part lies in creating a software diagnostic solution for chosen PLC and sensors. The functionality of the proposed system was verified during experimental machining, which also provided valuable data for the correct setting of the system.

The object of this work is to apply the measuring probe in the process of the machining and explore the use of the measuring probes. For the practical of the measurement was use measuring probes, the program supplied with the measuring probes, machining centers and the resulting data were evaluated on a PC. Finally, work is to evaluate the measurements and describe the appropriateness of the application.

Le travail proposé s’inscrit dans le contexte général de la maîtrise des propriétés des matériaux en relation avec les conditions d’usinage. Cette étude s'intéresse en particulier aux relations entre Microstructure et Usinage. La problématique développée dans ce travail concerne la mise en forme des alliages cuivre-béryllium à usinabilité améliorée (C17300) qui ont la réputation d’être versatiles à l'usinage, en dépit de propriétés mécaniques macroscopiques comparables. La mise en évidence de ces variations d'usinabilité et la recherche des causes et des solutions est l'objectif principal. Après la description du matériau d'étude et des méthodes de caractérisation, l'usinage des alliages C17300 est conduit en réalisant le suivi des efforts et des températures au cours d'une opération de coupe orthogonale stricte. Les résultats expérimentaux, à la fois de la caractérisation multi-échelle et de l'usinage des nuances industrielles dans un état de livraison et de remise en solution, sont présentés. Ils permettent de mettre en œuvre et de valider un modèle analytique de coupe. La question de l'influence de l'usinage sur la microstructure de la pièce usinée est complétée par le développement d'alliages modèles à dureté contrôlée élaborés en interne. Une caractérisation très précise de ces alliages (en surface, en sous-surface et dans les copeaux) permet d’évaluer l’impact de la microstructure initiale sur leur usinabilité. Enfin, une discussion confronte l'ensemble des résultats obtenus. Grâce à l'utilisation du modèle analytique validé, des informations essentielles (temps de contact, temps de transit et température au sein des bandes de cisaillement) permettent de mettre en évidence des phénomènes diffusionnels en cours d'usinage. L'adaptation de différents modèles de diffusion assistée permet d'expliquer les phénomènes observés. Pour clôturer l'étude, de nouveaux chemins de mise en forme des C17300 sont proposés, afin d'assurer l'obtention de propriétés mécaniques excellentes avec une usinabilité améliorée / The document presented hereby study the relationship existing between machining and materials behaviors, especially from a microstructure's perspective. The main purpose of this study is to understand the variability of cutting process of copper-beryllium alloys with improved machining capabilities, despite the fact that their macroscopic mechanical properties are even. After a description of those alloys and the characterization methods used in the present work, the machining of different materials are presented. The stresses and temperatures reached during orthogonal cutting are recorded and will describe the machinability. Experimental results of machining alloys which are in different metallurgical states are then presented. Those results will help the implementation of an analytical model of chips formation. The influence of machining process on work pieces and chips produced by orthogonal cutting of copper-beryllium alloys are then completed by a study of model materials developed in this work. Those alloys presenting well defined microstructure still possess the same hardness despite different thermo-mechanical treatments including mechanical deformation and ageing. A very detailed microstructure analysis of those model materials shows the influence of initial microstructure on their machinability. Diffusion mechanisms are put in light thanks to the information delivered by the analytical model (interaction time, transit time and temperature obtained through the different shear bands). Those assisted diffusion mechanisms explain the material behaviour during the orthogonal cutting. At last, better ways of material forming are exposed in order to have simultaneously excellent mechanical properties and excellent machinability for copper-beryllium alloys