Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-28 / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as anormalidades da esclera, coroide e retina de coelhos induzidas pela dieta hipercolesterolêmica, além da possibilidade de prevenção dessas anormalidades com administração sistêmica de rosiglitazona. Para isto, 54 coelhos new zealand foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: grupo-controle (GC) recebeu dieta normal; grupo 1 recebeu dieta hipercolesterolêmica; grupo 2 recebeu dieta hipercolesterolêmica associada à administração diária de 3 mg de rosiglitazona a partir do 14º dia do início do experimento; e grupo 3 recebeu dieta hipercolesterolêmica associada à administração diária de 3 mg de rosiglitazona desde o início do experimento. Os coelhos foram pesados e submetidos à dosagem sérica de colesterol total, triglicerídeos, high density lipoprotein (HDL) colesterol e glicemia de jejum no início do experimento, no 14º dia e no momento da eutanásia (42º dia). A esclera e coroide foram submetidas à análise histológica e histomorfométrica. A retina foi submetida à análise imuno-histoquímica com o anticorpo monoclonal anticalretinina (CR) e anticorpo anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Quando positivo para o marcador anticalretinina, duas análises quantitativas foram realizadas. Na primeira, foram contadas todas as células ganglionares imunorreativas. Na segunda, todas as células e elementos celulares imunorreativos foram avaliados pelo exame de morfometria de cores. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste nãoparamétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Shapiro-Wilks-Testand. Valores abaixo de 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Os resultados referentes ao peso demonstraram significativo aumento nos grupos 1 e 3 em relação ao GC no 14º dia (p<0,009), enquanto no 42º dia os grupos 1, 2 e 3 apresentaram representativamente mais peso que o GC (p<0,023). Quanto às variáveis laboratoriais, destacaram-se o aumento significativo da glicose e colesterol total de G1 em relação ao controle (p<0,001), assim como o acentuado aumento da HDL no G3 em relação aos demais grupos (p<0,001), no 14º dia. A HDL manteve-se expressivamente elevada no G3 em relação aos demais grupos no momento da eutanásia (p<0,001). À análise histomorfométrica da esclera e coroide obteve-se normalidade do GC. Por outro lado, o G1 mostrou marcante aumento da espessura da esclera e coroide em relação ao GC (p=0,008), enquanto que no G3 houve espessamento de esclera e coroide menor que no G1 (p=0,048). Elevado número de histiócitos foi observado na parede escleral do grupo submetido à dieta hipercolesterolêmica (G1), seguido de forma decrescente por G2, G3 e GC. A análise imuno-histoquímica da retina com o anticorpo monoclonal anticalretinina ressaltou número mais alto de células ganglionares imunorreativas no G1 que no G3 (p=0,002). O exame de morfometria de cores revelou significativa imunorreatividade das células e elementos celulares do G1 em relação aos outros grupos (p<0,001). Nesta análise evidenciou-se também acentuada imunorreatividade das células e elementos celulares de G2 e G3 em relação ao GC (p≤0,002). GFAP foi negativo em todos os grupos. Neste modelo, os achados permitem concluir que a hipercolesterolemia provoca anormalidades precoces histomorfométricas e imuno-histoquímicas do complexo esclerocoriorretiniano; e a ativação dos receptores do PPAR gama-ocular, a partir da dieta oral de rosiglitazona, foi efetiva em atenuar tais anormalidades nessas estruturas. / The purpose of this study is to evaluate scleral, choroid and retinal abnormalities in rabbits induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet and the prevention of these abnormalities after oral administration of rosiglitazone in rabbits. Fifty-four new zealand rabbits were divided into four groups: the control group (CG) was fed a normal diet; group 1 G1), a hypercholesterolemic diet; group 2 (G2) a hypercholesterolemic diet associated with daily administration of 3 mg of rosiglitazone from day 14 after the beginning of the diet; and group 3 G3), a hypercholesterolemic diet associated with daily administration of 3 mg of rosiglitazone since the beginning of the experiment. The rabbits were weighed and underwent the following examinations: seric dosages of total cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol HDL, and fasting glycemia at the beginning of the experiment, on the 14th day and on the 42nd, the euthanasia day. The sclera and choroid underwent histologic and histomorphometric analyses and the retina underwent immunohistochemical analysis with anti-calretinin (CR) and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody. When positive for the anti-calretinin marker, two quantitative analyses were performed. In the first analysis, all immunoreactive ganglion cells were counted. In the second analysis, all immunoreactive cells and cell elements were studied with the color morphometry method. The data were evaluated using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and the Shapiro – Wilk tests. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The results obtained showed a significant weight increase in Groups 1 and 3 in relation to CG on Day 14 (p<0.009). Additionally, a significant weight increase was observed in G1, G2 and G3 in relation to CG on Day 42 (p<0.023). The lab results showed a significant increase in glucose and total cholesterol in G1 in relation to CG (p<0.001) on Day 14, as well as a significant HDL increase in G3, when compared with the other groups (p<0.001) on Day 14. HDL in G3 was significantly high when compared to the other groups, on the euthanasia day (p<0.001). The results obtained regarding weight showed a significant increase in Groups 1, 2 and 3 in relation to CG on Day 14 (p<0.01) and Day 42 (p<0.02). The lab results showed a significant increase in glucose and total cholesterol in Groups 1, 2 and 3 in relation to CG (p<0.01) on Day 14, as well as a significant increase in HDL in G3 when compared with the other groups, on euthanasia day (p<0.01). The histomorphometric analysis of CG sclera and choroid presented normal results. Conversely, G1 showed a significant increase in sclera and choroid thickness in relation to CG (p= 0,008), whereas G3 showed thickness lower than in G1 (p=0,048). A larger number of histiocytes were observed on the scleral wall of the group that was fed the hypercholesterolemic diet (G1), followed, in a descending order, by groups 2 and 3, and the control group. The immunohistochemical analysis of the retina with the anti-calretinin monoclonal antibody showed that G1 presented a larger number of immunoreactive ganglion cells than G3 (p = 0.002). The color morphometry showed significant immunoreactivity of G1 cells and cell elements when compared with the other groups (p<0.001). A significant immunoreactivity of G2 and G3 cells and cell elements in relation to CG was also observed (p<0.002). GFAP results were negative in all groups. The findings of this proposed study model suggest that hypercholesterolemia induces early histomorphometric and immunohistochemical abnormalities in the sclerochorioretinal complex and that the activation of PPAR gamma in ocular cells attenuated these abnormalities with the administration of the oral rosiglitazone diet. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Yes / Microperimetry, also referred to as fundus perimetry or fundus-driven perimetry, enables simultaneous acquisition of visual sensitivity and eye movement data. We present sensitivity data collected from 60 participants with normal vision using gaze-contingent perimetry. A custom designed spatially dense test grid was used to collect data across the visual field within 13° of fixation. These data are supplemental to a study in which we demonstrated a spatial interpolation method that facilitates comparison of acquired data from any set of spatial locations to normative data and thus screening of individuals with both normal and non-foveal fixation (Denniss and Astle, 2016)[1].

<p>Complement factor H (CFH) is a major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, its impact on AMD pathobiology is unresolved. Here, the role of CFH in the development of AMD pathology in vivo was interrogated by analyzing aged Cfh+/- and Cfh-/- mice fed a high fat, cholesterol-enriched diet. Strikingly, decreased levels of CFH led to increased sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) deposit formation, specifically basal laminar deposits, following high fat diet. Mechanistically, our data show that deposits are due to CFH competition for lipoprotein binding sites in Bruch’s membrane. Interestingly and despite sub-RPE deposit formation occurring in both Cfh+/- and Cfh-/- mice, RPE damage accompanied by loss of vision occurred only in old Cfh+/- mice. We demonstrate that such pathology is a function of excess complement activation and C5a production, associated with monocyte recruitment, in Cfh+/- mice versus complement deficiency in Cfh-/- animals. Due to the CFH dependent increase in sub-RPE deposit height we interrogated the potential of CFH as a novel regulator of Bruch’s membrane lipoprotein binding and show, using human Bruch’s membrane explants, that CFH removes endogenous human lipoproteins in aged donors. Interestingly, although the CFH H402 variant shows altered binding to BrM, this does not affect its ability to remove endogenous lipoproteins. This new understanding of the complicated interactions of CFH in AMD-like pathology provides an improved foundation for the development of targeted therapies for AMD.</p> / Dissertation

Ackmann, Charlotte Osmotische Induktion des Komplementfaktors C9 in retinalen Pigmentepithelzellen Universität Leipzig, Dissertation 98 Seiten, 208 Literaturangaben, 28 Abbildungen, 8 Tabellen Die altersbedingte Makuladegeneration (AMD) ist die häufigste Ursache für Erblindung bei Erwachsenen in den industrialisierten Ländern. Die AMD ist unter anderem eine chronisch entzündliche Erkrankung, bei der die Aktivierung der alternativen Komplementkaskade eine Rolle spielt. Daneben erhöht Bluthochdruck, der auch durch eine salzreiche Ernährung getriggert wird, das Risiko an einer AMD zu erkranken. Untersucht wurde die Genexpression des Komplementfaktors C9 unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen in humanen retinalen Pigmentepithel (RPE)-Zellen sowie deren Wirkung auf die physiologischen Eigenschaften der Zellen. Gezeigt wird, dass die Expression des C9 Gens in humanen RPE-Zellen spezifisch durch Hyperosmolarität, Hypoxie und oxidativen Stress induziert wird. Die Menge an C9 Protein wurde durch Hyperosmolarität leicht aber signifikant erhöht. Die hyperosmotische Induktion der C9 mRNA ist abhängig von der Aktivierung der Signalproteine p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK, PI3K, sowie der Transkriptionsfaktoren STAT3 und NFAT5 während für die Hypoxie-induzierte C9 mRNA Expression nur eine Beteiligung des Transkriptionsfaktors STAT3 nachgewiesen wurde. Die Aktivierung verschiedener Signalwege durch Hyper-osmolarität und Hypoxie lässt vermuten, dass eine hohe Kochsalzaufnahme auch unter normoxischen Verhältnissen die Eigenschaften RPE-Zellen verändert. Hyperosmolarität hemmt die Proliferation und Migration der RPE-Zellen, während chemische Hypoxie nur die Proliferationsrate verringert. Die Wirkung einer erhöhten extrazellulären NaCl-Konzentration auf die C9 mRNA Expression wird über zwei Mechanismen vermittelt: über die Erhöhung der extrazellulären Osmolarität und über die Veränderung des NaCl-Gradienten über der Plasmamembran. Die NaCl Wirkung über den veränderten NaCl-Gradienten lässt vermuten, dass eine übermäßige Aufnahme von Kochsalz nicht nur über die Erhöhung des Blutdruckes die Pathogenese der AMD stimuliert, sondern dass Kochsalz auch eine direkte stimulierende Wirkung auf RPE-Zellen besitzt. Diese Vermutung könnte erklären, weshalb hoher Blutdruck ein Risikofaktor der AMD ist, aber Medikamente zur Behandlung des Bluthochdruckes das Risiko der AMD nicht verändert.

<p>Age-related macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of vision loss in the world. While identification of various environmental risk factors including but not limited to smoking, ethnicity, and diet have been reported to contribute to the complex etiology of AMD, age and genetics remain the largest susceptibility factors in its pathogenesis. Initially, with the identification of the common Y402H variant in CFH, approximately 35% of the genetic determinants of AMD had been identified with the majority remaining unknown. Therefore, we set forth to A) identify additional AMD susceptibility genes that contribute to AMD through the use to next generation sequencing technologies and B) to assess associated alleles for pathogenicity in the attempt to interpret their functional contributions to AMD outcome as observed via patient serum and zebrafish analysis. In doing such, we have identified both common and rare variants that contribute to the heritability of AMD. Additionally, we report one of the first instances of a rare variant significantly increasing disease onset and a gene with increased rare mutational burden in AMD patients. All together adding to our understanding of the genetics of AMD and potentially leading to putative therapeutic targets.</p> / Dissertation

Student Number : 9804058J - MSc dissertation - School of Information and Electrical Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / This paper presents the implementation of usability engineering into a device to meet the requirements of a Visually Impaired Person (VIP). Users of such a device may suffer from conditions such as Macular Degeneration, Diabetes and HIV/AID’s related disorders. Since these disorders affect a person’s vision, the device enlarges the desired text to reduce the effects of loss of vision. Other functionality may include image manipulation and colour modification. A usability engineering framework is incorporated into the design as well as accommodating user requirements in the design process. Usability principles are implemented, hence meeting the aims of effectiveness, efficiency, learnability, satisfaction and context of use. The device is examined via heuristic evaluation and usability testing from specialists and end users, with comments, ratings and times recorded. Research indicates that this device successfully implements usability engineering techniques and provides a cost effective, highly functional device for the VIP.

Liu, Ke. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-198). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

INTRODUCTION: Retinal Pigment Epithelia (RPE) degeneration is a key event in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RPE dysfunction in AMD is thought to occur through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage. The transcriptional co-activators, PGC-1α and PGC-1β, are important regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and anti-oxidant capacity. Our group has previously shown that the PGC-1α protein promotes RPE oxidative metabolism and that overexpression of the PGC-1α gene protects cells from AMD-associated pro-oxidants. On the other hand, PGC-1β gene expression has been found to be upregulated in patients with neovascular AMD, and in-vitro overexpression of PGC-1β damages cells and induces pro-oxidant conditions. OBJECTIVE: Given the divergence of PGC-1α and PGC-1β functions in RPE and their clinical relevance in AMD pathogenesis, this project will seek to investigate the impact of the upregulation of PGC-1α and PGC-1β in RPE metabolism. PGC-1α will be upregulated through treatment with compound ZLN005. A new methodology for PGC-1β expression will be developed to closely modulate in-vitro PGC-1β induction. METHODS: In-vitro experiments were performed on the ARPE-19 cell line. Cells were treated with 10µM of ZLN005 for 24 hours. Oxidative stress was induced by exposure to H2O2 and NaIO3 under serum-free conditions. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were used to quantify cell death. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western Blot were performed to measure changes in gene and protein expression respectively. Superoxide production by the mitochondria was measured to evaluate ROS levels within the cell. Intravitreal injections of 20µM ZLN005 were performed on eight-week old male C57BL/6J mice. After 24 and 72 hours of treatment, the mice were euthanized and the enucleated eyes were dissected to obtain the RPE and neural retina layers. Total RNA was extracted from these layers and qPCR was performed to measure gene expression. A tetracycline-inducible PGC-1β plasmid was designed and transfected into ARPE-19 cells. The cells were exposed to 0.01-100µg/ml doxycycline for 48-hours and qPCR was used to measure gene expression. Transfected cells were treated with ZLN005 and cell death upon exposure to oxidative stress was quantified. RESULTS: Gene expression analysis on ARPE-19 cells treated with ZLN005 showed robust upregulation of PGC-1α, PGC-1β and their associated transcription factors and enzymes. Induction of PGC-1α at the protein level was also confirmed. ZLN005 efficiently protected ARPE-19 cells from H2O2 and NaIO3 cytotoxicity and its protection was negated in PGC-1α-silenced cells. Treatment with ZLN005 also decreased mitochondrial superoxide production. ZLN005 intravitreal injections were safely administered to the animals and did not cause cataracts or other damage to the ocular tissues. While statistical significance in gene expression changes was limited due to the small sample size, anti-oxidants GPX1 and TXN2, and electron transport chain gene, ATP50, were found to be potentially induced in the neuro-retina, while FOXO3 was found to be downregulated. Evaluation of our novel tetracycline-inducible PGC-1β adenoviral vector showed that upregulation of PGC-1β was efficiently controlled by the addition of doxycycline to transfected cells. Upon exposure to H2O2, transfected cells treated with doxycycline experienced greater cell death than transfected cells not exposed to doxycycline. ZLN005 treatment was able to decrease cell death in both conditions. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that ZLN005 efficiently protects RPE cells from oxidative damage through selective induction of PGC-1α. While still preliminary, the in-vivo study indicates that ZLN005 is safe to be injected into the eye and may be able to increase the expression of mito-protective and anti-oxidant genes in the neuronal retina. In addition, our design of the tetracycline inducible PGC-1β plasmid allows for tight control over PGC-1β expression through doxycycline addition. Upregulation of PGC-1β at levels similar to those observed in clinical conditions caused increased pro-oxidant induced cell death and treatment with ZLN005 was able to protect against cell death. / 2021-06-30T00:00:00Z

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have delivered many novel insights about the etiology of many common heritable diseases. However, in most disorders studied by GWAS, the known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the disease do not account for a large portion of the genetic factors underlying the condition. This suggests that many of the undiscovered variants contributing to the risk of common diseases have weak effects or are relatively rare. This thesis introduces novel adaptations of techniques for improving detection power for both of these types of risk variants, and reports the results of analyses applying these methods to real datasets for common diseases. Chapter 2 describes a novel approach to improve the detection of weak-effect risk variants that is based on an adaptive sampling technique known as Distilled Sensing (DS). This procedure entails utilization of a portion of the total sample to exclude from consideration regions of the genome where there is no evidence of genetic association, and then testing for association with a greatly reduced number of variants in the remaining sample. Application of the method to simulated data sets and GWAS data from studies of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) demonstrated that, in many situations, DS can have superior power over traditional meta-analysis techniques to detect weak-effect loci. Chapter 3 describes an innovative pipeline to screen for rare variants in next generation sequencing (NGS) data. Since rare variants, by definition, are likely to be present in only a few individuals even in large samples, efficient methods to screen for rare causal variants are critical for advancing the utility of NGS technology. Application of our approach, which uses family-based data to identify candidate rare variants that could explain aggregation of disease in some pedigrees, resulted in the discovery of novel protein-coding variants linked to increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in African Americans. The techniques presented in this thesis address different aspects of the "missing heritability" problem and offer efficient approaches to discover novel risk variants, and thereby facilitate development of a more complete picture of genetic risk for common diseases.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a retinal eye disease that is the leading cause of blindness in those over 50 years of age throughout the developed world. Oxidative and metabolic dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been shown to play an important role in AMD. However, the mechanism of dysfunction in the RPE is poorly understood. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α and β (PGC1A and PGC1B) are coactivators that interact with transcription factors to regulate mitochondria metabolism. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that one of the isoforms, PGC1A, protects RPE cells from oxidative stress through the upregulation of transcription factors that regulate important antioxidant enzymes. There is experimental and clinical evidence that demonstrates that PGC1B may play a deleterious role in the RPE cell. The objective of this study is to characterize the pathological effect of PGC1B on the RPE cell. PGC1B was overexpressed in the human retinal pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE-19) and expression of the PGC1 isoforms and their main gene targets was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cell death was evaluated under basal and pro-oxidant conditions by quantification of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from the RPE cell. The effect of PGC1B gain of function on the RPE pro-angiogenic function was evaluated using the choroid explant sprouting assay and by testing the proliferative, migratory, and tube formation potential of RPE-derived conditioned media on the rhesus monkey chorioretinal cell line (RF/6A). Quantitative PCR analysis showed that overexpression of PGC1B in ARPE-19 cells leads to increased mitochondrial metabolism and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression, causing oxidative stress. After treatment with H2O2, PGC1B overexpression caused ARPE-19 cells to become more susceptible to cytotoxicity. The ex vivo choroid sprouting assay demonstrated that PGC1B overexpression in RPE is pro-angiogenic. However, cell proliferation as measured by MTT and the cell migration assay provided conflicting results on the pro-angiogenic effect of PGC1B. Previous research has demonstrated that oxidative stress in the RPE cell plays a role in AMD progression. It has been demonstrated in this study that PGC1B expression leads to increased mitochondrial metabolism and repression of antioxidant enzymes needed to prevent oxidative stress and dysfunction in the RPE cell. While experiments to test the effect of PGC1B on angiogenesis provided conflicting results, a different endothelial cell model may be better suited in demonstrating the pro-angiogenic effect of PGC1B. The hope is that the information provided from this study may be used to further our understanding of AMD and lead to the development of therapeutic targets to combat the effects of AMD.