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Background: Circadian rhythm disturbance is commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In mammals, these rhythms are orchestrated by the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Our previous study in the Tg2576 AD mouse model suggests that inflammatory responses, most likely manifested by low GABA production, may be one of the underlying perpetrators for the changes in circadian rhythmicity and sleep disturbance in AD. However, the mechanistic connections between SCN dysfunction, GABA modulation, and inflammation in AD is not fully understood. Objective: To reveal influences of amyloid pathology in Tg2576 mouse brain on metabolism in SCN and to identify key metabolic sensors that couple SCN dysfunction with GABA modulation and inflammation. Methods: High resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR in conjunction with multivariate analysis was applied for metabolic profiling in SCN of control and Tg2576 female mice. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect neurons, astrocytes, expression of GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) and Bmal1. Results: Metabolic profiling revealed significant metabolic deficits in SCN of Tg2576 mice. Reductions in glucose, glutamate, GABA, and glutamine provide hints toward an impaired GABAergic glucose oxidation and neurotransmitter cycling in SCN of AD mice. In addition, decreased redox co-factor NADPH and glutathione support a redox disbalance. Immunohistochemical examinations showed low expression of the core clock protein, Bmal1, especially in activated astrocytes. Moreover, decreased expression of GAT1 in astrocytes indicates low GABA recycling in this cell type. Conclusion: Our results suggest that redox disbalance and compromised GABA signaling are important denominators and connectors between neuroinflammation and clock dysfunction in AD.

Strukturelle Untersuchungen mittels Lösungs-NMR Spektroskopie sind für supramolekulare Maschinen mit Molekulargewichten von mehr als 150 kDa nur beschränkt möglich. Die Festkörper-NMR mit Probenrotation im sogenannten magischen Winkel (MAS) stellt dagegen eine molekulargewichtsunabhängige Methode dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Methode entwickelt, die die MAS NMR Spektroskopie an supramolekularen Komplexen in Lösung erlaubt. Proteinlösungen bilden demnach durch MAS und dessen Ultrazentrifugationseffekt homogene Proteinsedimente aus, in denen die rotatorische Diffusion großer Proteinkomplexe überwiegend aufgehoben ist. Auf diese Weise können klassische Festkörper-NMR Methoden angewandt werden, ohne dass Präzipitations- oder Kristallisationsverfahren erforderlich sind. In Kombination mit Proteindeuterierung, Protonendetektion sowie paramagnetischer Relaxationsverstärkung ermöglichte diese neuartige Methode die Zuordnung von Rückgrat-Amidresonanzen des 20S Proteasoms mit einem Molekulargewicht von 1,1 MDa. Weiterhin wurde diese Methode zur Untersuchung des kleinen Hitzeschockproteins alpha-B-Crystallin und dessen Cu(II)-Bindungseigenschaften genutzt. Das Chaperon (600 kDa) spielt eine wesentliche Rolle in der zellulären Proteinhomeostase. Verschiedenste NMR Techniken und andere biophysikalische Methoden zeigen, dass die konservierte alpha-Crystallin-Domäne ein Cu(II)-Ion nahe der Monomer-Monomer Interaktionsfläche mit pikomolarer Affinität bindet. Die Cu(II)-induzierte Freilegung von Substrat-Interaktionsflächen und Veränderungen in der dynamischen Quartärstruktur modulieren so die oligomere Architektur und die Chaperonaktivität von alpha-B-Crystallin. Die hier erstmals beschriebene MAS NMR Spektroskopie von sedimentierten Biomolekülen legt einen wichtigen Grundstein für zukünftige Struktur- und Dynamikuntersuchungen an großen molekularen Maschinen. / Structural investigations of large biomolecules by solution-state NMR are challenging in case the molecular weight of the complex exceeds 150 kDa. Magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR is a powerful tool for the characterization of biomolecular systems irrespective of their molecular weight. In this work, an approach was developed, which enables the investigation of supramolecular modules by MAS NMR. Protein solutions can yield fairly homogeneous sediments due to the ultracentrifugal forces during MAS. Since rotational diffusion is impaired, typical solid-state NMR techniques can thus be applied without the need of precipitation or crystallization. This new approach in combination with protein deuteration, proton-detection and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement enabled the observation and the assignment of backbone amide resonances of a 20S proteasome assembly with a molecular weight of 1.1 MDa. Similarly, the approach was used to characterize the small heat-shock protein alpha-B-crystallin with respect to its Cu(II)-dependent chaperone activity. The chaperone (600 kDa) plays an essential role in cellular protein homeostasis. We show that the conserved alpha-crystallin core domain is the elementary Cu(II)-binding unit specifically coordinating one Cu(II) ion near to the dimer interface with picomolar binding affinity. We suggest that Cu(II)-binding unblocks potential client binding sites and alters quaternary dynamics of both the dimeric building block as well as the higher-order assemblies of alpha-B-crystallin. In summary, MAS NMR employed to biomolecules in solution is a very promising tool to explore structural and dynamic properties of large biological machines with no upper size limit.

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