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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Influence of Copper Binding on the Stability of the SCO Protein from Bacillus subtilis

Davidson, David Eduards 25 September 2007 (has links)
Every aerobic organism expresses cytochrome c oxidase to catalyze reduction of molecular oxygen to water, and takes advantage of this energy releasing reaction to produce an electrochemical gradient used in cellular energy production. The protein SCO (Synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase) is a required assembly factor for the oxidase, conserved across many species. SCO is implicated in the assembly of one of two copper centres (ie., CuA) of cytochrome oxidase. The exact mechanism of SCO’s participation in CuA assembly is not known. SCO has been proposed to bind and deliver copper, or alternatively to act in reductive preparation of the CuA site within the oxidase. In this body of work, the strength and stability of Cu(II) binding to Bacillus subtilis SCO is explored via electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies and by calorimetric methods. An equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.5x10-12 M was determined as an upper limit for the BsSCO-Cu(II) interaction, via differential scanning calorimetry. In the first reported case for a SCO homolog, dissociation kinetics of Cu(II) from BsSCO were characterized, and found to be dependent on both ionic strength and the presence of free Cu(II) in solution. Further differential scanning calorimetry experiments performed at high ionic strength support a two-step model of BsSCO and Cu(II) binding. The implications of this model for the BsSCO-Cu(II) interaction are presented in relation to the mechanism of interaction between SCO and the CuA site of cytochrome c oxidase. / Thesis (Master, Biochemistry) -- Queen's University, 2007-09-21 16:00:23.621
2

Characterization of Small Metal-binding Protein (SmbP) From Nitrosomonas Europaea

January 2010 (has links)
abstract: A novel small metal-binding protein (SmbP), with only 93 residues and no similarity to other known proteins, has been isolated from the periplasm of Nitrosomonas europaea. It is characterized by its high percentage (17%) of histidines, a motif of ten repeats of seven residues, a four α-helix bundle structure, and a high binding affinity to about six equivalents of Cu2+. The goal of this study is to investigate the Cu2+ binding sites in SmbP and to understand how Cu2+ stabilizes the protein. Preliminary folding experiments indicated that Cu2+ greatly stabilizes SmbP. In this study, protein folding data from circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to elucidate the role of Cu2+ in stabilizing SmbP structure against unfolding induced by decreased pH, increased temperature, and chemical denaturants. The significant stabilization effects of Cu2+ were demonstrated by the observation that Cu2+-SmbP remained fully folded under extreme environmental conditions, such as acidic pH, 96 °C, and 8 M urea. Also, it was shown that Cu2+ is able to induce the refolding of unfolded SmbP in acidic solutions. These findings imply that the coordination of Cu2+ to histidine residues is responsible for the stabilization effects. The crystal structure of SmbP without Cu2+ has been determined. However, attempts to crystallize Cu2+-SmbP have not been successful. In this study, multidimensional NMR experiments were conducted in order to gain additional information regarding the Cu2+-SmbP structure, in particular its metal binding sites. Unambiguous resonance assignments were successfully made. Cα secondary chemical shifts confirmed that SmbP has a four α-helical structure. A Cu2+-protein titration experiment monitored by NMR indicated a top-to-bottom, sequential metal binding pattern for SmbP. In addition, several bioinformatics tools were used to complement the experimental approach and identity of the ligands in Cu2+-binding sites in SmbP is proposed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemistry 2010
3

Structural and biochemical characterization of the irganomercurial Lyase MerB

Abdelgawwad, Haytham Mohamed Gamaleldin Wahba 06 1900 (has links)
Le mercure est présent dans l'environnement à cause de phénomènes naturels (volcans) ou des activités humaines (combustion de combustibles fossiles). Le mercure existe sous forme de mercure élémentaire (Hg0), ionique (HgII) ou organique tel le méthylmercure (MeHg). Ces diverses formes sont en flux constant les uns avec les autres dans le cycle biogéochimique naturel. De par leur grande hydrophobicité et leur capacité à pénétrer les membranes biologiques, les composés organomercuriels contituent la forme la plus toxique de mercure retrouvée dans l’environnement Des niveaux élevés de MeHg ont d’ailleurs été détectés dans la chaire de poissons de nombreuses régions du monde. Conséquemment, une consommation de produits de la mer contaminés représente un grave danger pour la santé humaine. Certaines bactéries isolées à partir d'environnements contaminés par le mercure ont évolué vers un système qui leur permet de convertir efficacement les composés mercuriels présents autant sous forme ionique qu’organique en un mercure élémentaire moins toxique. Cette résistance au mercure s’explique par l'acquisition d'un élément génétique connu sous le nom d’opéron mer. L’opéron mer code entre autre pour deux enzymes importants : la lyase organomercurielle MerB et la réductase mercurielle MerA. MerA catalyse la réduction du HgII conduisant à la formation du mercure élémentaire Hg0 qui est un composé volatile et moins toxique. MerB, quant à elle, catalyse la protonolyse de la liaison carbone-mercure de composés organomercuriels pour produire un composé réduit de carbone et du mercure ionique (HgII). Au vu des effets des organomercuriels et de la réduction de HgII, MerA et MerB sont considérés comme des enzymes clés pouvant servir à la biorestauration des cours d'eau contaminés par les organomercuriels. Une compréhension claire des détails mécanistiques de la façon dont MerA et MerB fonctionnent ensemble au niveau atomique est donc cruciale dans la mise en œuvre de biotechnologies implicant l’opéron mer dans les efforts de bioremédiation. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN)et la cristallographie aux rayons X pour caractériser la structure et le mécanisme enzymatique de MerB de E. coli. Sur la base d’études structurales précédentes de MerB de E. coli, trois résidus (Cys96, Asp99 et Cys159) ont été identifiés comme constituant la triade catalytique nécessaire au clivage de la liaison carbone-Hg. En guise de suivi aux études antérieures, mon projet consiste d’abord à utiliser la cristallographie aux rayons X afin de définir les rôles de Cys96, Asp99 et Cys159 dans la liaison du substrat et dans le clivage. Deux approches ont été mises en œuvre pour atteindre cet objectif. Tout d'abord, les mutants MerB ont été testés pour définir le rôle des résidus catalytiques. Deuxièmement, les inhibiteurs de MerB et d'autres substrats non organicomercuriels potentiels ont été utilisés pour explorer le site actif de MerB. Une sérine se retrouve à la position de Asp99 dans quatre variants de MerB répertoriés chez les bactéries. Pour mieux comprendre le rôle de Asp99, nous avons comparé la sérine présente dans le variants MerB de Bacillus megaterium (MerB2) et introduit un variant D99S à la protéine MerB du type sauvage d’E. coli (MerB D99S). Nous avons pu constater que la forme purifiée de MerB D99S se caractérisait par une couleur rose après avoir visualisé sa structure cristalline aux rayons X, révélant la présence d'un métal lié au niveau de son site actif. Les analyses par spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS) et par fluorescence des rayons X indiquèrent que MerB D99S se liait au cuivre au niveau du site actif. En outre, les analyses par résonance paramagnétique électronique (EPR) et des études de RMN ont identifié la forme CuII du cuivre. L'addition de substrats organomercuriels a pu déplacer le CuII entrainant ainsi une diminution de l’activité catalytique de MerB D99S. En revanche, MerB2 n'a pu être co-purifié avec le cuivre, bien que la structure aux rayons X du complexe MerB2-Hg soit pratiquement identique à la structure du complexe MerB D99S-Hg. Ceci suggère que le résidu Asp99 est essentiel au clivage des liaisons carbone-Hg de composés organiques du mercure et dirige la spécificité de la liaison au métal. De plus, la liaison cuivre-MerB D99S propose un lien possible entre l'évolution de MerB et son homologue structural, la protéine NosL. Dans la seconde approche, nous nous sommes intéressés au site actif de MerB en testant sa liaison à des composés organostanniques et à des composés organoplombiques avec un inhibiteur de MerB connu sous le nom de triéthylétain (TET) qui se lie au résidu Asp99 sans s’associer aux cystéines du site actif. Une liaison similaire a été observée avec un autre inhibiteur à savoir le triméthylplomb (TML). Quant au diméthylétain (DMT), il inhibe MerB à l'aide d'un mécanisme alternatif en se liant d'abord à Asp99 puis à Cys96 conduisant à un changement critique dans le site actif perturbant ainsi l’interaction π-cation entre Trp95 et Arg155. D’autres inhibiteurs comme le diéthylétain (DET) et le diéthylplomb (DEL) ont été caractérisés comme étant un substrat de MerB où les deux groupes éthyle ont été clivés pour donner les produits ioniques SnIV PbIV qui se lient au site actif de manière similaire à HgII. DMT, DET et DEL présentent une affinité pour la liaison à MerB supérieure à celle de son substrat initial MeHg. Ces résultats suggèrent que les composés organomercuriels ne sont pas les seuls substrats pour MerB et Asp99 est le premier résidu à se lier aux composés organométalliques suivis de la liaison à Cys96 et Cys159. Ces observations suggèrent un agrandissement de l’éventail d'applications possibles pour MerB dans la bioremédiation de certains sites contaminés par des composés organométalliques tels les organoplombiques et organostanniques. Mot-clé: Organomercuriallyase, Merb, organoplombiques. Organostanniques, protéine de liaison cuivre, carbone liaison métallique clivage, méthylmercure, Organomercuriels, biorestauration, résonance magnétique nucléaire, la cristallographie aux rayons X. / Mercury is introduced into the environment from either natural occurrences (volcanoes) or from human activities (combustion of fossil fuels). Mercury exists as elemental mercury (Hg0), ionic mercury (HgII) or organic mercury like methylmercury (MeHg) and these forms are in constant flux with each other as part of the natural biogeochemical cycle. Organomercurial compounds like MeHg are the most toxic form because of their hydrophobicity and their ability to efficiently permeate membranes and bioaccumulate in organisms. High levels of MeHg have been found in fish in many areas around the world, and therefore human consumption of contaminated seafood represents a serious danger for human health. Bacteria isolated from mercury-contaminated environments have evolved a system that allows them to efficiently convert both ionic and organic mercury compounds to the less toxic elemental mercury. The mercury resistance is due to the acquisition of a transferable genetic element known as the mer operon. The mer operon encodes for several proteins including two enzymes, the organomercurial lyase MerB and the mercuric ion reductase MerA. MerB catalyzes the protonolysis of the carbon-mercury bond of organomercurial compounds to produce a reduced-carbon compound and inorganic ionic mercury HgII. MerA catalyzes the reduction of HgII to elemental mercury Hg0, which is volatile and less toxic. Due to their ability to cleave MeHg and reduce the resulting HgII product, MerB and MerA are considered crucial to bioremediation efforts to clean up MeHg from contaminated waterways. A clear understanding of the mechanistic details of how MerB and MerA function together at the atomic level is crucial for appropriate utilization of the mer system in bioremediation efforts. We have been using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to structurally and mechanistically characterize E. coli MerB. Based on previous structural studies of E. coli MerB, three residues (Cys96, Asp99 and Cys159) have been identified as a catalytic triad which is required for carbon-Hg bond cleavage. As a follow up to the earlier studies, my project involves using X-ray crystallography to define the roles of Cys96, Asp99 and Cys159 in substrate binding and cleavage. Two different approaches were implemented to fulfill this goal. Firstly, MerB mutants were tested to define the role for the catalytic residues. Secondly, MerB inhibitors and other potential non-organomercurial substrates were used to probe MerB active site. The Cys,-Asp-Cys catalytic triad found in E.coli MerB is conserved in all MerB variants except four variants where aspartic acid is replaced by a serine. To understand the role of Asp99, we compared a serine-containing MerB variant (Bacillus megaterium MerB2) and an E. coli MerB mutant (MerB D99S) to wild type E. coli MerB. Interestingly, the purified MerB D99S protein was found to contain a pink color. X-ray crystal structure indicated the presence of a bound metal in the active site of MerB D99S. Analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence indicated that MerB D99S binds copper in the active site. Further, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and NMR studies identified the copper as CuII. Addition of organomercurial substrate displaces bound CuII but MerB D99S shows diminished catalytic activity. In contrast, MerB2 did not co-purify with copper although the X-ray structure of MerB2-Hg complex is virtually identical to the structure of the MerB D99S-Hg. This suggests that the aspartic acid residue is crucial for the cleavage of carbon-Hg bonds of organomercurials as well as metal-binding specificity. Furthermore, the binding of copper to the MerB D99S protein suggests a possible evolutionary link between MerB and its structural homolog, the copper-binding protein NosL. In the second approach, we probed the active site of MerB through testing its binding to organotin and organolead compounds. The known MerB inhibitor triethyltin (TET) binds to Asp99 without binding to any of the active site cysteines. A similar binding has been observed with trimethylead (TML). Dimethyltin (DMT) inhibits MerB using an alternative mechanism. It first binds to Asp99 then Cys96, which induces a dramatic change in the active site by disrupting a cation-π interaction between Try95 and Arg155. In contrast, diethyltin (DET) and diethylead (DEL) were found to be substrates for MerB, where both ethyl groups were cleaved and the SnIV and PbIV products bound to the active site in a similar manner to HgII. DMT, DET and DEL show higher binding affinity to MerB than its initial substrate MeHg. These results suggest that organomercurials may not be the only substrates for MerB and Asp99 is the first residue to bind to organometals followed by subsequent binding to Cys96 and Cys159. In addition, these observations suggest that there are other possible applications for employing MerB in bioremediation of organolead and organotin contaminated sites while other organometals may have implications when using MerB in bioremediation systems. Keyword: Organomercuriallyase, MerB, Organolead. Organotin, Copper binding protein, Carbon metal bond cleavage, Methylmercury, Organomercuriels, Bioremédiation, Nuclear magnetic resonance, X ray crystallography.
4

Beyond the limit

Mainz, Andi 26 October 2012 (has links)
Strukturelle Untersuchungen mittels Lösungs-NMR Spektroskopie sind für supramolekulare Maschinen mit Molekulargewichten von mehr als 150 kDa nur beschränkt möglich. Die Festkörper-NMR mit Probenrotation im sogenannten magischen Winkel (MAS) stellt dagegen eine molekulargewichtsunabhängige Methode dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Methode entwickelt, die die MAS NMR Spektroskopie an supramolekularen Komplexen in Lösung erlaubt. Proteinlösungen bilden demnach durch MAS und dessen Ultrazentrifugationseffekt homogene Proteinsedimente aus, in denen die rotatorische Diffusion großer Proteinkomplexe überwiegend aufgehoben ist. Auf diese Weise können klassische Festkörper-NMR Methoden angewandt werden, ohne dass Präzipitations- oder Kristallisationsverfahren erforderlich sind. In Kombination mit Proteindeuterierung, Protonendetektion sowie paramagnetischer Relaxationsverstärkung ermöglichte diese neuartige Methode die Zuordnung von Rückgrat-Amidresonanzen des 20S Proteasoms mit einem Molekulargewicht von 1,1 MDa. Weiterhin wurde diese Methode zur Untersuchung des kleinen Hitzeschockproteins alpha-B-Crystallin und dessen Cu(II)-Bindungseigenschaften genutzt. Das Chaperon (600 kDa) spielt eine wesentliche Rolle in der zellulären Proteinhomeostase. Verschiedenste NMR Techniken und andere biophysikalische Methoden zeigen, dass die konservierte alpha-Crystallin-Domäne ein Cu(II)-Ion nahe der Monomer-Monomer Interaktionsfläche mit pikomolarer Affinität bindet. Die Cu(II)-induzierte Freilegung von Substrat-Interaktionsflächen und Veränderungen in der dynamischen Quartärstruktur modulieren so die oligomere Architektur und die Chaperonaktivität von alpha-B-Crystallin. Die hier erstmals beschriebene MAS NMR Spektroskopie von sedimentierten Biomolekülen legt einen wichtigen Grundstein für zukünftige Struktur- und Dynamikuntersuchungen an großen molekularen Maschinen. / Structural investigations of large biomolecules by solution-state NMR are challenging in case the molecular weight of the complex exceeds 150 kDa. Magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR is a powerful tool for the characterization of biomolecular systems irrespective of their molecular weight. In this work, an approach was developed, which enables the investigation of supramolecular modules by MAS NMR. Protein solutions can yield fairly homogeneous sediments due to the ultracentrifugal forces during MAS. Since rotational diffusion is impaired, typical solid-state NMR techniques can thus be applied without the need of precipitation or crystallization. This new approach in combination with protein deuteration, proton-detection and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement enabled the observation and the assignment of backbone amide resonances of a 20S proteasome assembly with a molecular weight of 1.1 MDa. Similarly, the approach was used to characterize the small heat-shock protein alpha-B-crystallin with respect to its Cu(II)-dependent chaperone activity. The chaperone (600 kDa) plays an essential role in cellular protein homeostasis. We show that the conserved alpha-crystallin core domain is the elementary Cu(II)-binding unit specifically coordinating one Cu(II) ion near to the dimer interface with picomolar binding affinity. We suggest that Cu(II)-binding unblocks potential client binding sites and alters quaternary dynamics of both the dimeric building block as well as the higher-order assemblies of alpha-B-crystallin. In summary, MAS NMR employed to biomolecules in solution is a very promising tool to explore structural and dynamic properties of large biological machines with no upper size limit.

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