This work has involved the study of the magnetic behaviour of small magnetic nanoparticle systems. Due to the reduced size of magnetic nanoparticles they present distinctive properties, such as size and surface effects, that have been analysed in this work, as well as the effect of interactions in such systems. The samples chosen for the study were magnetite particles in the form of a ferrofluid and Co nanoclusters in a nonmagnetic matrix of Cu. Both systems present very narrow particle size distributions, which facilitates the interpretation of the data. The samples have been subjected to basic characterisation, which includes the determination of the distribution of magnetic particle sizes using the magnetisation curves at room temperatures, TEM microscopy and X-ray diffraction, in the case of the ferrofluid samples. For the nanoclusters, a time of flight spectrometer has been used to obtain the number of atoms per cluster. Many of the measurements have been performed at low temperatures, where thermal effects are minimised. For such measurements the samples have been frozen in a zero applied field, so that they have a random distribution of magnetic moments prior to the measurement. The energy barrier distributions have been calculated via the temperature decay of remanence (TDR). From this study, an effective anisotropy constant has been calculated. For the study of the interactions, surface and size effects, magnetisation, susceptibility (ZFC), remanence and delta-M curves, as well as the time dependence of magnetisation have been studied. The attempt frequency of the different particle size systems has been calculated using different techniques. The basic magnetic behaviour can be explained on the basis of the Neel blocking model. It has been found that the systems with the smaller particles have significant surface effects, which are enhanced at lower temperatures. Interactions, which are weak due to the low concentration of magnetic material in the samples (<10%), have been found to be overall demagnetising and the evolution of the magnetic properties with dilution has been explained. As is the case for the surface effects, interaction effects are stronger at low temperatures due the reduction of thermal effects. The experimental results have been compared with calculations from a Montecarlo model for fine particles, which includes the effects of concentration, anisotropy, particle size and temperature.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Glass covered microwires are materials with soft magnetic properties suitable to several technological applications, specially in magnetic sensors. The main feature of these wires, with negative magnetostriction, it is the magnetic domain structure, which are studied in several research centers. In this work it was developed an AC susceptometer capable to operate at room temperature at different applied fields and stress and another one to operate in cryogenic temperatures. The AC susceptibility technique carry out information either about the dynamic magnetic processes as the dissipative one that occur into the samples. In particular, microwires samples with nominal composition of Co68.25Fe4.25Si12.5B15 were studied. These Co-rich microwires exhibit the bamboo-like domain structure, meaning an axially magnetized core surrounded by a circumferentially magnetized shell. The AC susceptibility study on these samples give us information as, for example, that with the increase of the applies stress, there is an increase of the volume of the circumferentially magnetized shell at expenses of the inner core volume. It was also verified that, the magnetic behavior with the reduction of the temperature is similar to that observed when the microwires are axially stressed. This fact is due to the competition between the maganetoelastic and magnetostatic energies. / Microfios amorfos recobertos por vidro são materiais com propriedades magnéticas macias adequadas para várias aplicações tecnológicas, especialmente sensores magnéticos. Uma das principais características desses microfios com magnetostricção negativa é a sua estrutura de domínios magnéticos, que é alvo de diversos estudos em centros de pesquisa pelo mundo. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido e construído um susceptômetro para medidas de susceptibilidade magnética AC em temperatura ambiente e um outro para operar em temperaturas criogênicas. Para o caso de materiais magnéticos, a técnica de susceptibilidade AC traz informações de relevância sobre os processos de magnetização, como a dinâmica dos momentos magnéticos e processos dissipativos que ocorrem no interior da amostra. Em particular, foram estudadas amostras de microfios amorfos recobertos por vidro com composição nominal de Co68.25Fe4.25Si12.5B15. Esses microfios amorfos ricos em cobalto exibem uma estrutura de domínios magnéticos denominada como bamboo, estrutura essa que corresponde a um núcleo magnetizado longitudinalmente envolto por um domínios magnetizados circunferencialmente. O estudo da susceptibilidade magnética trouxe informações de relevância sobre essas amostras, onde conseguimos constatar principalmente que com o aumento da tensão mecânica externa, há um aumento volumétrico dos domínios com magnetização circunferencial as custas do volume do núcleo magnetizado axialmente. Verificou-se ainda com esse estudo, que esses microfios exibem um comportamento magnético em função da temperatura muito parecido com o comportamento magnético frente a tensão mecânica externa. Isso é fruto de uma competição entre as energias magnetoelástica e magnetostática, que são as principais energias envolvidas nesses materiais.

Submitted by RAFAEL GONÇALVES PELUCO null (rgpeluco@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-14T23:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_RAFAEL_GONÇALVES_PELUCO.pdf: 2157765 bytes, checksum: 38f74aa61e4af5bcb9fff34384c87688 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-20T15:48:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 peluco_rg_dr_jabo.pdf: 2157765 bytes, checksum: 38f74aa61e4af5bcb9fff34384c87688 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T15:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 peluco_rg_dr_jabo.pdf: 2157765 bytes, checksum: 38f74aa61e4af5bcb9fff34384c87688 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-24 / O conhecimento da variabilidade dos atributos do solo é importante para recomendação racional de herbicidas, contribuindo para prática da agricultura de maneira mais sustentável. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a utilização da suscetibilidade magnética e da cor do solo, obtida por espectroscopia de reflectância difusa, para identificação de solos com diferentes potenciais de sorção de herbicida. Para medição da espectroscopia de reflectância difusa, foram coletadas 86 amostras de solo a cada 30 m, em uma transeção de 2600 m, seguindo o espigão da paisagem ao longo da área, e mais 155 pontos em uma malha de densidade amostral de 1 ponto a cada 2,5 ha, na profundidade de 0,00 - 0,25 m totalizando 241 amostras de solo em uma área experimental de 380 ha. A partir dos componentes de cor do solo (matiz, valor e croma) foi calculado um índice de avermelhamento. Foram selecionados 12 pontos da transeção para realização das análises mineralógicas do solo. Para medição da suscetibilidade magnética e determinação dos teores de ferro ditionito (Ferro livre, pedogenético) e oxalato (Ferro amorfo, de baixa cristalinidade), foram coletadas 374 amostras de solo na profundidade de 0,00 - 0,25 m, numa malha com densidade amostral de 1 ponto a cada 2,4 ha, em outra área experimental, desta vez com dimensão de 908 ha. Em todos os pontos amostrais, de ambas as áreas, foram determinados o pH, os teores de matéria orgânica e os teores de argila do solo. O coeficiente de Freundlich para sorção do herbicida imazaquim foi determinado indiretamente a partir do teor de argila, por meio da metodologia da meta-análise. Foram construídos modelos de regressão da suscetibilidade magnética e dos componentes de cor com os demais atributos estudados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, e também foram calculadas as médias de cada atributo conforme as classes de solo e compartimentos geológicos e foi aplicado o teste de Tukey a 5%. A análise da dependência espacial dos dados foi feita por meio da geoestatística, utilizando-se o variograma. Também foram construídos mapas de padrão espacial. Os resultados indicam que o uso da suscetibilidade magnética possibilita a quantificação indireta da sorção do herbicida imazaquim. Solos com maior expressão magnética apresentam características de maior sorção do herbicida imazaquim. A assinatura magnética dos solos pode auxiliar no mapeamento e na identificação de áreas com diferentes potenciais de aplicação de herbicidas. Dentre os componentes da cor, obtidos por espectroscopia de reflectância difusa, o mais eficiente na estimativa do coeficiente de sorção do herbicida imazaquim foi o croma (98% de precisão), seguido pelo matiz (85%) e valor (54%). A cor obtida pela espectroscopia de reflectância difusa foi eficaz na identificação de áreas com diferentes potenciais de sorção do herbicida imazaquim. Estes resultados podem balizar futuros estudos para planejamento estratégico de manejo de herbicidas pré-emergentes em grandes áreas. / The knowledge of the soil attributes variability is important for the herbicides rational recommendation, contributing to the practice of a more sustainable agriculture.The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of magnetic susceptibility and soil color, obtained by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, to identify areas with different herbicide sorption potential. For measuring the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, 86 soil samples were collected every 30m on a transect of 2600m, following the crest of landscape along the area, and more 155 points were collected into a grid of sample density of 1 point per 2.5ha, in the depth 0.00 to 0.25m, totaling 241 soil samples on an experimental area of 380ha. From the soil color components (hue, value and chroma) it was calculated a redness index. We selected 12 points from the transect for carrying out soil mineralogical analysis. For measuring the magnetic susceptibility and the determination of dithionite (Free iron, pedogenic) and oxalate (Amorphous iron, of low crystallinity) iron content, 374 soil samples were collected in the depth 0.00 to 0.25m, into a grid of sample density of 1 point per 2.4ha in another experimental area, which dimension is 908ha. The pH, soil organic matter and soil clay content were determined in all soil sampling points. The Freundlich coefficient for imazaquim herbicide sorption was determined indirectly from the clay content, using the methodology of meta-analysis. Regression models of the magnetic susceptibility and color components with the other soil studied attributes were built. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the attributes average values were also calculated for each soil class and geological compartments and the Tukey test at 5 % was applied. The spatial dependence analysis of data was performed using geostatistics by the variograms. Spatial pattern maps were also constructed. The results indicate that use of magnetic susceptibility enables the indirect quantification of imazaquim herbicide sorption. Soils with higher magnetic expression have characteristics of increased imazaquim herbicide sorption. The soil magnetic signature can assist in mapping and identifying areas with different potential of herbicides application. Among the components of the color obtained by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, the more efficient estimate of the herbicide imazaquim sorption coefficient, was chroma (98% accuracy), followed by hue (85%) and by value (54%). The color obtained by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was effective in identifying areas with different imazaquim herbicide sorption potential. These results can beacon future studies for strategic planning management of pre-emergent herbicides over large areas.

Foi desenvolvido uma ponte de indutâncias mútuas, auto-balanceada, para medidas automáticas e simultâneas das partes real (x\') e imaginária (x\") da susceptibilidade magnética AC, na faixa de freqüências de 20 Hz e 1 KHz e temperaturas de 2K a 300K. O sistema é balanceado em um elo de realimentação digital que assegura um sinal, em fase e quadratura, continuamente nulo. A amplificação do sinal é feita através de um amplificador \"lock-in\" de duas fases, cujas saídas comandam dois DAC multiplicadores, gerando o sinal composto que é usado para balancear a ponte. O valor absoluto da susceptibilidade é medida movendo as bobinas primária e secundárias de tal forma que a amostra fique posicionada ora em um dos secundários, ora em outro. A resolução da parte numérica é 1 em 4000. A sensibilidade alcançada foi de 10-7 emu para amostras de 10-2cm-3 em um campo de excitação de amplitude 15 Gauss. A interface com um microcomputador ainda não foi desenvolvida. / An automatic self-balanced mutual inductance bridge has been designed to measure the real (x\') and imaginary (x\") parts of the magnetic AC susceptibility simultaneously in the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 KHz and temperatures between 2K to 30OK. The system is based on a digitally controlled feedback loop, which ensures continuous balanced operation, in phase as well in quadrature. The signal amplification chain is made of a dual-phase lock-in amplifier, whose outputs command two DAC multipliers, generating the composite balance signal for nulling the bridge. The absolute value of the susceptibility is measured by moving the primary and secondary coils in such a way to place the sample in the center of both secondary coils. The resolution of the numerical part is 1 in 4000. Sensivities of the order of 10-7 emu for samples of 10-2cm-3 in a primary field of 15 gauss have been obtained. The interface with a desktop computer has not been developed yet.

Neste trabalho, é descrito uma ponte de indutâncias mútuas que pode ser usada para medidas automáticas de susceptibilidade magnética AC, em freqüências até 1 kHz. Este susceptômetro utiliza um novo e alternativo arranjo para o \"probe\". O conjunto de bobinas, mantido em temperatura ambiente, é movimentado de tal forma a posicionar a amostra no centro de cada uma das bobinas secundárias. A amostra, cuja posição é fixa, tem sua temperatura controlada por um criostato de fluxo de Hélio. O acoplamento magnético do \"probe\" com materiais na vizinhança foi minimizado com o uso de uma blindagem magnética. Este \"probe\" tem uma sensibilidade de 10-7 emu com um campo magnético AC de 8 G rms e freqüência de 100 Hz. Neste trabalho, são apresentados também alguns resultados de susceptibilidade magnética AC, obtidos em supercondutores de alto Tc e compostos intermetálicos de terras raras. A relação entre transporte de cargas e propriedades magnéticas, de poliparafenileno (PPP) dopado com FeCl3 e poli(o-metoxianilina) (POMA) dopada com TFA e HCl, foi estudada utilizando as técnicas de Susceptibilidade Magnética AC (SMAC), Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Os resultados obtidos para o PPP foram interpretados em termos de três contribuições: presença do polaron paramagnético, cuja mobilidade aumenta com o aumento da temperatura; íons Fe3+ coordenados em sítios de baixa simetria da molécula FeCl3; e íons Fe3+ fortemente acoplados via interação de troca. A dependência com a temperatura do sinal de RPE da POMA pode ser entendido em termos da dinâmica dos polarons. O estreitamento da linha de RPE, devido a dopagem do material, pode ser explicada por dois processos diferentes. Em baixas temperaturas, predomina a interação de troca polaron-polaron, modulada pelas autuações de spin. Em altas temperaturas o \"motional narrowing\" é provocado pelo aumento de mobilidade do polaron. Em temperaturas intermediárias, é observado um efeito anômalo: a largura de linha cresce abruptamente, produzindo um pico em torno de 220 K. Este pico pode ser associado a contribuição não secular para a largura de linha. Acredita-se que o espalhamento do polaron por moléculas de oxigênio, promova um aumento no mecanismo de relaxação spin-rede. Os resultados de RMN para o 1H e 19F mostram que as componentes espectrais da largura de linha, são associadas com as fases amorfa e cristalina da POMA. Neste material, a taxa de relaxação spin-rede do 1H aumenta mais de uma ordem de grandeza com a dopagem. Isto pode ser explicado por um mecanismo de relaxação envolvendo acoplamento hiperfino núcleo-polaron. / A mutual inductance bridge which may be used for automatic measurement of ac magnetic susceptibilities from 4 K to room temperature, at frequencies up to 1 kHz, is described. The susceptometer employs an alternative and new arrangement for the probe. The coil set is kept at room temperature and moves in such a way to place the sample in the center of each of the secondary coils. The sample, motionless, has its temperature controlled by a helium flow refrigerator. Use of a magnetic shield minimizes coupling of the probe with nearby materials. This probe has a sensitivity of 10-7 emu in an ac magnetic field of 8G rms and frequency of 100 Hz. Typical results of ac magnetic susceptibility, obtained in high Tc, superconductors and rare earth intermetallic compounds are shown. AC Magnetic Susceptibility, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) were used to study the relation between charge transport and magnetic properties of polyparaphenylene (PPP) doped with FeCl3 and poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) doped with TFA and HCl. The results obtained in PPP can be interpreted in terms of three major contributions: the presence of the paramagnetic polaron, whose mobility increases with increasing temperature, Fe3+ ions coordinated in the low symmetry site of the FeCl3 molecule, and Fe3+ ions strongly coupled via exchange interaction. The temperature behavior of the EPR of POMA can be understood in terms of the dynamics of the polaron. Line narrowing, induced by doping the material, can be explained by two different processes. At low temperature, polarons are coupled via exchange interaction and the exchange narrowing of the line is caused by thermal spin fluctuations. At high temperature, motional narrowing is the most efficient mechanism. At intermediate temperatures, an anomalous effect is observed: linewidth increase abruptly, showing a peak at 220 K. This peak can be associated to the non-secular contribution to the line width. It is assumed that the spin-lattice relaxation mechanism is enhanced, at this temperature, due to the polaron scattering by paramagnetic oxygen molecules. 1H and 19F NMR data shows that the linewidth spectral components are associated with the amorphous and crystalline phases of the POMA. 1H spin-lattice relaxation rates, in this material, increases more than one order of magnitude after doping. This can be explained by a relaxation mechanism involving nucleus-polaron hyperfine coupling.

Geophysical methods are frequently applied in conjunction with exploration efforts to increase the understanding of the surveyed area. Their purpose is to determine the nature of the geophysical response of the subsurface, which can reveal the lithological and structural character. By combining geophysical measurements with the drill core data, greater clarity can be achieved about the structures and lithology of the borehole. The purpose of the project was to give the student an opportunity to discover borehole logging operations and to have a greater understanding of the local geology, in particular the iron mineralizations in the apatite iron ore intersected by the boreholes. In order to do this, the student participated in performing a geophysical borehole survey and analyzing the results. These were combined with a drill core log in order to cross plot the results and increase understanding. / Geofysiska metoder används ofta i samband med prospektering för att öka förståelsen av området. Utförda från ytan ger de en relativt god tolkning av vad som kan finnas på djupet och är även kostnadseffektiva jämfört med provborrning. Borrhålsloggning sker däremot efter att själva hålet borrats och ändamålet är ofta att utöka förståelsen om området omedelbart kring det loggade hålet. Genom att kombinera geofysisk fältdata med tolkning av borrkärnan kan man erhålla en ökad förståelse för borrhålets strukturer och litologi. Syftet med det här projektet var att utöka studentens förståelse inom borrhålsloggning, samt att avgöra hur relevant metoden är för att identifiera järnmineraliseringar i apatitjärnmalmen som kännetecknar norra Bergslagen

Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequences provide a unique proxy-record enabling detailed reconstruction of Quaternary palaeoenvironments. Environmental magnetic methods are often used to read the natural archives. The loess-palaeosol sequences exposed in two sections located in southern Moravia and a sequence from central Bohemia were studied in a frame of this Diploma Thesis. Variations of bulk magnetic susceptibility, measured in the sediments, show similar pattern as in the Chinese loess-palaeosol bodies - i.e. palaeosols reveal higher magnetic susceptibility in comparison with loess due to magnetic enhancement. The magnetic enhancement is driven by weathering during pedogenic processes related to the formation of ultra-fine magnetite particles. The magnetite content is controlling the sediment magnetic behavior. The magnetic enhancement rate indicates more intense pedogenic processes in the Moravia in comparison with Bohemia. Magnetic fabric in studied loess, represented by space orientation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid, indicates dominating glacial wind palaeocurrents across the southern Moravia blowing from W or SW, respectively. The magnetic fabric in the central Bohemian sequence has revealed a dominant control of running water and re-deposition of the loess material...

The aeolian sediment loess, which consists of mineral dust, is one of the most detailed terrestrial record of both global and regional climate changes. As climate changes in the past cover a much wider range of climate variability than humans have directly recorded, the soil memory of loess is vital for understanding the Earth’s climate system. By examining past climate records and analyzing past climate changes and factors that have instigated changes, inferences regarding future climate can be made. Therefore, the aim of this research was to define the specific depositional and post-depositional conditions of a loess sequence in Primel-Tr gastel, Brittany, north-western France. This was done by examining the magnetic susceptibility (MS), and loss on ignition (LOI) of 63 samples from the Primel-Tr gastel sequence. The result suggests that the lower part was formed during a relatively long, cold and dry period, with significant temperature oscillations, resulting in several periglacial phases. The data also shows an increase in the MS signal for the middle units, which then gradually decreases simultaneously as there is a sharp rise in the proportion of organic matter (OM). This is followed by a steep drop and finally an overall increase in OM, which suggests that this period has been characterized by both stadial and interstadial phases. The upper part displays a general increase in MS values, as well as increased organic matter, which implies a milder climate with increased temperatures. The study provides the first comprehensive estimate of the regional climate variability and provides a base towards a more comprehensive and overarching understanding of our climate system.

The goal of this project is explore and study the ways of metal detecting and create a metal detector for industrial use. When the device were inventing, a lot of methods were studied and the impulse detect method were chosen as the most perspective way of metal detecting, thanks to a huge electronics parts possibilities. After experiences with preceding device was necessary to redesign it. Main target of this thesis is to increase the computing power of detector. For this purpose will device need a new microcontroller. Device will communicate with PC trough a USB port. The device will have a battery which allows device to run for a few hours. Processing of measured data will be make even with DFT which will lead to better analyze of mass and type of conductor under device.

Masters of Science / Rare-earth (RE) compounds have been an attractive subject, based on the unique electronic structures of the rare-earth elements. In particular, the RETX (RE = rare-earth, T = 3d/4d/5d, transition metals, and X = p – block elements) series is a large family of intermetallic compounds which crystallizes in different crystal structure depending on the constituents. Most of these compounds crystalize in the hexagonal, orthorhombic, and tetragonal crystal structure. On the other hand, the family of compounds RET2X2 adopted the tetragonal crystal structure of the ThCr2Si2 or the CaBe2Be2 with different space groups. Owing to the different crystal structure, these compounds show versatile magnetic and electrical properties such as Kondo effect, complex magnetic behaviour, valence fluctuation, unconventional and conventional superconductivity, heavy fermion behaviour, Fermi and non – Fermi liquid behaviour, metamagnetism, spin – glass, memory effect, crystal electric field (CEF), magnetoresistance and magnetocaloric effect. The history of magnetism reveals that it is closely related to practical applications and magnetic materials from the most vital components in many applications. These are memory devices, permanent magnets, transformer cores, magneto-mechanical devices and magneto-electronic devices. Recent additions to this list include magnetic refrigeration through the studies of magnetocaloric effect as well as spintronics. Magnetic refrigeration (MR) is an emerging technology and shows real potential to enter conventional markets and the principles of MR obeys the magnetocaloric effect (MCE), which is based on the effect caused by a magnetic field on the materials that accept the property of varying the magnetic entropy, as well as its temperature when varying the magnetic field. In this thesis, we report giant magnetocaloric effect and magnetic properties of NdPd2Al2 and RECuGa (RE = Nd, Dy, and Ho) compounds. These investigations were done through measurements of X – ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic susceptibility, ((T)), magnetization, (M(H)), isothermal magnetization, (M(H, T)), heat capacity, (Cp(T)) and electrical resistivity, ((T)). MCE has been studied from the isothermal magnetization and heat capacity measurements.The first chapter of the thesis describes the theoretical background from which the experimental results have been analyzed and interpreted. This is followed by the chapter which presents experimental details and methodology carried out in this thesis. Chapter three presents the results and discussion of the transport, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of NdPd2Al2 compounds. XRD studies confirm the tetragonal CaBe2Ge2 – type structure with space group P4/nmm (No. 129). The results of (T), (T) and Cp(T) indicate a putative antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase transition at low temperature at, TN = 3 K. On the other hand, (T) data at high temperatures follow the Curie – Weiss relationship giving an effective magnetic moment close to that expected for the trivalent Nd3+ ion. The magnetization results indicate metamagnetic – like transition at a low field that bears a first-order character which corroborates with the Below – Arrott plots. Giant MCE was obtained for the NdPd2Al2 compound similar to those reported for potential magnetic refrigerant materials. Chapter four discusses the magnetic and thermodynamic properties of the series of compounds RECuGa where RE = Nd, Dy, and Ho. XRD studies indicate the orthorhombic CeCu2 – type crystal structure with space group Imma (No. 74) for all three compounds. Magnetic measurements indicate a putative AFM phase transition below 𝑇𝑁 = 7.1, 8.5, and 3.7 K for Nd, Dy, and Ho compounds, respectively. The high-temperature (T) data for all three compounds follow the Curie – Weiss relationship giving an effective magnetic moment close to that expected for the trivalent rare-earth ion. Again, large MCE were obtained for all three compounds similar to those reported for materials that can be used as magnetic refrigerant materials.