Beim Designprozess elektromagnetischer Aktoren ist die zuverlässige Bestimmung der zu erwartenden Verluste von großer Bedeutung. Während ohmsche Verluste sehr einfach bestimmt werden können, stellen Eisen-/Hystereseverluste häufig einen Unsicherheitsfaktor dar. Hier sind Herstellerangaben meist nur für einige wenige Arbeitspunkte bei harmonischem Betrieb vorhanden. Für den Einsatz in numerischen Berechnungen bei der Auslegung und Simulation solcher Aktoren ist eine detaillierte Beschreibung der ferromagnetischen Hysterese notwendig. Zu diesem Zweck werden häufig das Jiles-Atherton-Hysteresemodell und dessen Weiterentwicklungen eingesetzt. Aufgrund der Vielzahl an verfügbaren modifizierten Varianten wurde im Rahmen dieses Beitrages zunächst untersucht, welche Modellversionen zueinander kompatibel sind. So wird die Verwendung statischer und dynamischer Hysteresemodelle sowie die jeweilig dazu passende inverse Modellform bei konsistenter Parametrierung ermöglicht. Weiterhin wird die Parameteridentifikation anhand experimentell ermittelter Hysteresekurven für verschiedene Werkstoffe mit Hilfe der Particle-Swarm-Optimization vorgestellt. / The reliable determination of the expected losses is important for the design process of electromagnetic actuators. While resistive losses can be determined very easily, iron/hysteresis losses often represent an uncertainty factor. Manufacturer’s specifications are usually only available for a few operating points with harmonic excitation. A detailed description of the ferromagnetic hysteresis is necessary for the use in numerical calculations in the design and simulation of such actuators. For this purpose, the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model and its further developments are often used. Due to the large number of available modified variants, at first an examination on which model versions are compatible with each other has been performed. This allows the use of static and dynamic hysteresis models as well as the corresponding inverse model form with consistent parameterization. Furthermore, the parameter identification based on experimentally determined hysteresis curves for different materials is presented using particle swarm optimization.

In der Regel wird die vollständig aktive Magnetlagerung eines Rotors durch zwei Radial- und ein Axialmagnetlager realisiert. Für Anwendungen, bei denen die axiale Ausdehnung des Rotors zur Unterbringung eines zweiten Radiallagers nicht ausreicht, sind alternative Lösungsansätze notwendig. Nachfolgend wird die Auslegung, Simulation und experimentelle Validierung am Beispiel eines Demonstrators in Außenläuferbauweise vorgestellt. Außerdem werden der Bau und die Inbetriebnahme eines Prototyps zur Lagerung eines Computertomographen vorgestellt. / The active magnetic suspension of a rotor is generally realized by two radial and one axial magnetic bearing. For applications in which the axial expansion of the rotor is not sufficient to accommodate a second radial bearing, alternative solutions are required. In the following, the design, simulation and experimental validation are presented using the example of a demonstrator in external rotor design. The construction and commissioning of a prototype bearing for a computer tomograph is also presented.

Die elektromagnetische Dynamik von axialen Magnetlagern ist im besonderen Maße von den eingesetzten Materialien abhängig. Axiale Flussverläufe machen eine Blechung von Stator und Rotor unwirksam und hohe induzierte Spannungen rufen im Magnetkreis wirbelstrombedingte Gegenfelder hervor. Zusätzliche kompensierende Magnetisierungsströme lassen den messbaren Strom der Steuerspule dem kraftbildenden Hauptfluss vorauseilen. Steigende Anforderungen an die Regeldynamik erfordern daher den Einsatz schwach elektrisch leitfähiger Kernmaterialien (Soft Magnetic Composites) oder eine Berücksichtigung der auftretenden Wirbelstromeffekte in der Regelstrecke unter Anwendung von Systemen gebrochenrationaler Ordnung. Beide Optionen werden in diesem Beitrag aus analytischer Sicht gegenübergestellt und ihre Anwendungsfälle diskutiert.

The fundamental research work about the superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) twisting system provides huge potential to eliminate the most important limitation of productivity, that is, the friction in the ring traveler system of the existing ring spinning process. As a continuity of the research work, the functionality of the SMB spinning has been carried out with different angular spindle speeds, yarn counts, and materials in order to determine the influence of the SMB technology. The current paper presents a comparative investigation of the yarn properties, such as yarn tenacity, yarn elongation, yarn evenness, microscopic views, etc., between conventional and SMB ring spun yarn. The intensive analysis confirms that the SMB system enables one to produce satisfactory yarn quality similar to that of conventional ring spun yarn up to 15,000 rpm. The influence of conventional and SMB spinning processes on yarn properties has been further analyzed statistically using an analysis of variance.

Orientador: Luiz de Paula do Nascimento / Banca: João Antonio Pereira / Banca: Kátia Luchese Cavalca Dedini / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma análise teórica do desempenho de um sistema de controle ativo de vibrações de rotores utilizando mancais magnéticos. Trata-se de uma alternativa de controle ativo de vibrações de rotores onde um sistema adaptativo "feedforward" é empregado sobreposto ao sistema de controle "feedback" dos mancais magnéticos. O desempenho de algumas arquiteturas de controle, tanto em termos de vibração global como em vibração local do rotor, foi analisado dando ênfase na variação do ganho proporcional e derivativo do controlador PID, que compõe o circuito de controle do mancal magnético ativo. Também foi analisado o efeito da posição e do número de sensores de erro, bem como o efeito do mancal atuador utilizado, sobre o desempenho das estratégias de controle. O sistema de controle foi aplicado em um modelo teórico de rotor desenvolvido pelo método da matriz de impedância. / Abstract: In this work a theoretical analysis of the performance of a system which actively controls vibrations of rotors using magnetic bearings is presented. The proposed system of control is an alternative of active control of rotor vibrations in which an adaptive feedforward system superimposed on the feedback control system of the magnetic bearings is used. The performance of some control architectures was analyzed, in terms of global vibration as in terms of local vibration of the rotor, giving emphasis in the variation of the proportional and derivative gain of the PID controller of the control circuit of the active magnetic bearings. Furthermore, the performance of the vibration control system was analyzed considering the effect of the number and position of the error sensors, as well as the effect of the magnetic bearing employed as actuator. The control system was applied in a theoretical rotor model developed by the matrix impedance method. / Mestre

Sistemas de levitação magnética são inerentemente não-lineares e, quando con- trolados digitalmente, normalmente, esbarram em limitações do hardware empregado. O objetivo desta tese é apresentar aspectos teóricos e práticos durante a aplicação da teoria de controle H1 não-linear em sistemas de levitação magnética. A primeira con- tribuição desta tese é apresentar um procedimento de projeto de um controlador H1 não-linear que utiliza funções de ponderação com dinâmica, obtidas a partir do projeto de um controlador H1 linear. Assim como no caso linear, essas funções de ponderação possibilitam a rejeição de perturbações, ruídos de sensor, aumento da robustez, den- tre outras especificações. A segunda contribuição é apresentar um procedimento de conversão de uma rotina implementada em ponto-flutuante para ponto-fixo, utilizando minimização de norma l1, que foi implementada em um DSP de 32 bits em ponto- fixo. Resultados experimentais também são apresentados, nos quais a performance do controlador não-linear é especificamente avaliada na fase inicial de levitação. / Electromagnetic suspension systems are inherently nonlinear and often face hard- ware limitation when digitally controlled. The goal of this thesis is to present theoretical and practical aspects during the nonlinear H1 control applied on an electromagnetic suspension system. The first contribution is the design of a nonlinear H1 controller, including dynamic weighting functions, obtained from a linear H1 controller. Just as in the linear case, this dynamic weighting functions provide the disturbance and noise sensor rejection, robustness improvement, among other specifications. The second con- tribution is to present a procedure able to translate a floating-point algorithm into a fixed-point algorithm by using l1 norm minimization due to conversion error, which was then implemented into a 32-bit fixed-point DSP. Experimental results are also pre-sented, in which the performance of the nonlinear controller is evaluated specifically in the initial suspension phase.

Sistemas de levitação magnética são inerentemente não-lineares e, quando con- trolados digitalmente, normalmente, esbarram em limitações do hardware empregado. O objetivo desta tese é apresentar aspectos teóricos e práticos durante a aplicação da teoria de controle H1 não-linear em sistemas de levitação magnética. A primeira con- tribuição desta tese é apresentar um procedimento de projeto de um controlador H1 não-linear que utiliza funções de ponderação com dinâmica, obtidas a partir do projeto de um controlador H1 linear. Assim como no caso linear, essas funções de ponderação possibilitam a rejeição de perturbações, ruídos de sensor, aumento da robustez, den- tre outras especificações. A segunda contribuição é apresentar um procedimento de conversão de uma rotina implementada em ponto-flutuante para ponto-fixo, utilizando minimização de norma l1, que foi implementada em um DSP de 32 bits em ponto- fixo. Resultados experimentais também são apresentados, nos quais a performance do controlador não-linear é especificamente avaliada na fase inicial de levitação. / Electromagnetic suspension systems are inherently nonlinear and often face hard- ware limitation when digitally controlled. The goal of this thesis is to present theoretical and practical aspects during the nonlinear H1 control applied on an electromagnetic suspension system. The first contribution is the design of a nonlinear H1 controller, including dynamic weighting functions, obtained from a linear H1 controller. Just as in the linear case, this dynamic weighting functions provide the disturbance and noise sensor rejection, robustness improvement, among other specifications. The second con- tribution is to present a procedure able to translate a floating-point algorithm into a fixed-point algorithm by using l1 norm minimization due to conversion error, which was then implemented into a 32-bit fixed-point DSP. Experimental results are also pre-sented, in which the performance of the nonlinear controller is evaluated specifically in the initial suspension phase.

L’estimation fonctionnelle basée sur les espaces de Hilbert à noyau reproduisant demeure un sujet de recherche actif pour l’identification des systèmes non linéaires. L'ordre du modèle croit avec le nombre de couples entrée-sortie, ce qui rend cette méthode inadéquate pour une identification en ligne. Le critère de cohérence est une méthode de parcimonie pour contrôler l’ordre du modèle. Le modèle est donc défini à partir d'un dictionnaire de faible taille qui est formé par les fonctions noyau les plus pertinentes.Une fonction noyau introduite dans le dictionnaire y demeure même si la non-stationnarité du système rend sa contribution faible dans l'estimation de la sortie courante. Il apparaît alors opportun d'adapter les éléments du dictionnaire pour réduire l'erreur quadratique instantanée et/ou mieux contrôler l'ordre du modèle.La première partie traite le sujet des algorithmes adaptatifs utilisant le critère de cohérence. L'adaptation des éléments du dictionnaire en utilisant une méthode de gradient stochastique est abordée pour deux familles de fonctions noyau. Cette partie a un autre objectif qui est la dérivation des algorithmes adaptatifs utilisant le critère de cohérence pour identifier des modèles à sorties multiples.La deuxième partie introduit d'une manière abrégée le palier magnétique actif (PMA). La proposition de contrôler un PMA par un algorithme adaptatif à noyau est présentée pour remplacer une méthode utilisant les réseaux de neurones à couches multiples / Function approximation methods based on reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces are of great importance in kernel-based regression. However, the order of the model is equal to the number of observations, which makes this method inappropriate for online identification. To overcome this drawback, many sparsification methods have been proposed to control the order of the model. The coherence criterion is one of these sparsification methods. It has been shown possible to select a subset of the most relevant passed input vectors to form a dictionary to identify the model.A kernel function, once introduced into the dictionary, remains unchanged even if the non-stationarity of the system makes it less influent in estimating the output of the model. This observation leads to the idea of adapting the elements of the dictionary to obtain an improved one with an objective to minimize the resulting instantaneous mean square error and/or to control the order of the model.The first part deals with adaptive algorithms using the coherence criterion. The adaptation of the elements of the dictionary using a stochastic gradient method is presented for two types of kernel functions. Another topic is covered in this part which is the implementation of adaptive algorithms using the coherence criterion to identify Multiple-Outputs models.The second part introduces briefly the active magnetic bearing (AMB). A proposed method to control an AMB by an adaptive algorithm using kernel methods is presented to replace an existing method using neural networks

The new concept of a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) system can be implemented as a twisting element instead of the existing one in a ring spinning machine, thus overcoming one of its main frictional limitations. In the SMB, a permanent magnet (PM) ring rotates freely above the superconducting ring due to the levitation forces. The revolution of the PM ring imparts twists similarly to the traveler in the existing twisting system. In this paper, the forces acting on the dynamic yarn path resulting from this new technology are investigated and described with a mathematical model. The equation of yarn movement between the delivery rollers and the PM ring is integrated with the Runge-Kutta method using MATLAB. Thus, the developed model can estimate the yarn tension and balloon form according to different spindle speeds considering the dynamic behavior of the permanent magnet of the SMB system. To validate the model, the important relevant process parameters, such as the yarn tension, are measured at different regions of the yarn path, and the balloon forms are recorded during spinning with the SMB system using a high speed camera.

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