The purpose of this paper is to quantify the efficiency with which Taiwan universities utilize their teaching and scale resources. The study estimates the cost efficiency of 46 universities over the period 2001-2003 with 5 input and 4 output using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The present study differs from previous cost and efficiency studies of Taiwan universities in three ways. First, it discusses the scale (land square) in the performance. Second, it considers the combination policy of recent year in Taiwan. The last, this paper is using Malmquist index of 3 years data, which is less discussed in Taiwan. The results show that Taiwan universities have a bad performance in the scale efficiency, and land square of universities do effect the performance, but the location in Taiwan does not. And the established year also does not effect the performance. Second, many private universities have better performance in the technical efficiency from VRS DEA, but the newly established universities do not have scale efficiency very well. Third, compare Taiwan universities with the University of Tsukuba, only National Tsing Hua University can contend with.

In this essay, we use two stage data envelopment analysis (Two-stage DEA) with an application to evaluate the efficiency of six teams from Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) during 2004 to 2005. In the essay, we use three methods to develop the research. First, we use the Window Analysis based on fewer DMUs situation. Second, the modification across different period has been made by Malmquist Index Analysis. Last one is Cross Efficiency; we use it for ranking efficiency performance for those teams during 2004 to 2005. According to above methods, it shows that: 1. the efficiency performance of Brother Elephants, Sinon Bulls, Chinatrust Whales, Uni Lions in the management stage is better than it in the production stage, vice versa Macoto Cobras and La new Bears in the production stage is better than management stage. 2. Each team is over optimal scale in the production stage during 2004 to 2005. 3. The result of overall performance during is shown as following place: Bulls, Elephants, Lions, Cobras, Whales, Bears; the orders in production stage are Cobras, Whales, Bulls, Bears, Elephants, Lions; the orders in management stage are Elephants, Bulls, Lions, Cobras, Bears, Whales. 4. The Malmquist Productivity Index across different period each year indicates that only La new Bears reach 4.7% according average growth rate.

In recent years, the risks created by the import of energy on the security of energy supply has encouraged countries to utilize local resources to a greater extend, and for many countries including Turkey coal is at the top of the local resources. However, it is not sufficient for countries to have an energy resource itself. Intens competition in today&#039 / s globalized system requires the resources to be produced and utilized in the most economical manner. The supply of the resources to the market in a competitive way is possible by employing an efficient operation, which is then possible only through the business units producing these resources working efficiently. In this study, the efficiencies of the eight establishments of the Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI) between 2006 to 2009 were analyzed by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Super Efficiency (SE) and Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index (MI) methodologies. For the analyses, three output oriented models were constructed and used: Production Efficiency, Revenue Efficiency and Work Safety Efficiency models. In determining the input and output data used in the analyses, it was benefited from similar studies searched in the literature, knowledge of business and economics and a series of brainstorming of the expert panel consisting of ten high level representatives of the public and private lignite mining companies as well as that of the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. As a part of the analyses, first the production and revenue efficiencies of the establishments were analyzed by using Constant Return to Scale (CRS) and Variable Return to Scale (VRS) methods of DEA. Within this context, efficient and inefficient establishments for the years between 2006 to 2009, and benchmarks for inefficient establishments to move to becoming efficient were determined. Furthermore, for the production and revenue efficiency models, the target values and improvement potentials for the inefficient establishments in CRS analyses to becoming more efficient were calculated by using benchmarks tables and 2009 realized values of inputs and outputs. Second, the efficiency rankings of the efficient establishments among themselves between 2006 to 2009 were determined by using SE methodology. Third, to provide the dynamic analysis of the development of the establishments&#039 / s efficiency levels in time, the changes of production, revenue and work safety efficiencies of the establishments between 2006 to 2009 were analyzed using the Malmquist Index (MI) methodology. MI analyses included the analysis of the efficiencies in four efficiency components (Technical, Technological, Pure and Scale efficiencies) as well as the calculation of the Total Factor Productivity Indexes of the establishments.

O presente estudo buscou avaliar, a partir de informações da Pesquisa Anual Industrial do IBGE, a evolução da Produtividade Total dos Fatores (PTF) para a indústria farmacêutica nacional, objetivando contribuir com o debate acerca dos reajustes de preços do setor no âmbito da resolução Nº 1, de 27 de Fevereiro de 2004 da CMED. Para tanto, foram estimadas as fronteiras de produção estocásticas segundo o modelo implementado em Battese e Coelli (1995) com o emprego da Forma Flexível de Fourrier. A partir da metodologia citada acima, calculou-se os índices PTF de Malmquist para o período compreendido entre 1996 e 2003. Foram construídos seis índices distintos de produtividade para avaliar o setor. Tal construção se deveu à necessidade de se atribuir exogenamente as taxas de depreciação para o cálculo do estoque de capital. Desta forma, três hipóteses distintas (8%, 9% e 10%, seguindo valores dentro do intervalo utilizado pela literatura de ciclos reais no Brasil) foram atribuídas com o objetivo de checar a robustez dos índices. A partir deste conjunto de três séries, foram calculados índices de média geométrica (seguindo a metodologia mais popular entre os autores da literatura de índices de Malmquist) e de média ponderada (cujo peso atribuído foi a participação do Valor da Transformação Industrial de cada empresa em relação ao total do mercado). Dentre os resultados obtidos, vale destacar que, no período investigado, o setor não apresentou variações tecnológicas significativas. Os coeficientes são, numericamente próximos a zero e os índices de variação técnica variam positivamente até 1999 e, posteriormente, apresentam variações negativas que compensam o efeito positivo do período anterior. O mesmo não pode ser dito ineficiência técnica. De acordo com as equações estimadas, a ineficiência não apenas está presente, como predomina a variância do erro idiossincrático. Sua variação não apresenta um padrão decrescente nítido como a tecnologia. Entretanto, quando avaliada de maneira acumulada, os resultados mostram que, em todos os índices elaborados, houve uma perda de eficiência. Os resultados finais dos índices, obtidos a partir da variação da eficiência técnica e da variação técnica, apontam para uma perda de produtividade acumulada nos dois grupos de índices, isto é, tomando como base o ano de 1996. Desta forma, o ano de 2003 apresentou uma perda média de 8% para a média ponderada e de aproximadamente 7% na média geométrica. / The aim of this study is develop a contribution about the prices readjustments in Brazilian Pharmaceutical Industrial Sector, which is regulated by Resolution Nº 1 from 27 February of Brazilian?s Medicines Chamber (CMED). The present work uses information from IBGE?s Industrial Annual Research between 1996-2003. This contribution comes from measuring the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index of this sector. In order to do so, Battese and Coelli?s (1995) stochastic productions frontiers were estimated whit employment of Fourrier Flexible Form. Six different indexes were constructed by the necessity to attribute an exogenous depreciation factor to calculus of capital stock. Therefore, three distinct hypotheses (8%, 9% and 10%) were established to this factor, following the values used by Brazilian Real Business Cycles Literature. Apart from these values, two sets of indexes were constructed: a geometric mean index (following the most popular methodology in the Malmquist Index Literature) and a weighted mean index (the weight used is the relatively participation of each firm at the total Industrial Transformation Value). The results shows that the sector doesn?t have a significant technological variation in the investigated period. The technological coefficients are numerically near to zero and the derivative technological indexes present positive variation until 1999. After this period, the technological indexes present negative variation, so the final effect is quite null. Looking to the technical efficiency, we can?t assume the same result. According to the estimated equation, inefficiency is not only present but it?s effects seem dominate the idiosyncratic error. Moreover, the inefficiency doesn?t show a clear decreasing pattern like technological variation. However, when someone evaluate this variable accumulated, the results show an efficiency lost. The final results of these indexes were got by the technical indexes and technical efficiencies indexes and present an accumulated efficiency lost in two sets of indexes with 1996 as basis. Therefore, 2003 shows an average lost about 8% in weighted mean and about 7% in geometric mean.

O setor sucroenergético é um importante setor dentro da economia brasileira, e também um dos mais significativos para o estado de São Paulo, que em 2015 respondeu por 57% do valor de toda a produção agrícola do estado, segundo dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (2017), além de empregar mais de 220 mil pessoas e gerar cerca de R$ 560 milhões em renda, segundo o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego - MTE (2017). A partir da década de 2000, houve um crescimento expressivo da área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar, tanto em São Paulo quanto no Brasil, se expandindo para regiões anteriormente ocupadas por outras culturas. Nesse período também ocorreu a substituição da colheita manual com uso de fogo pela colheita mecanizada sem uso de fogo. Tendo em vista tais transformações observadas pelo setor sucroenergético, este trabalho propõe o uso do método Análise Envoltória de Dados – DEA a fim de avaliar a eficiência econômica, social e ambiental das microrregiões canavieiras do estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de identificar quais regiões foram eficientes em converter seus fatores de produção em fatores econômicos, sociais e ambientais durante o período de 2007 a 2014. Foram montados quatro modelos considerando os fatores de produção capital, terra e trabalho como inputs para todos eles; já como outputs, foram consideradas variáveis que representassem cada um dos modelos: econômico, social, ambiental e sustentável. Os resultados indicam que, de maneira geral, em determinadas regiões, sobretudo as áreas de expansão, o nível de eficiência é maior que naquelas tradicionais, demonstrando que o setor vem crescendo de maneira mais eficiente nas regiões de expansão, e que as políticas a fim de promover melhores indicadores de sustentabilidade estão apresentando resultados positivos. Contudo, o setor canavieiro ainda necessita de ações voltadas à melhoria de alguns de seus índices de sustentabilidade, sobretudo em relação aos pilares econômicos e sociais, a fim de direcioná-lo a um coerente desenvolvimento sustentável. / The sugarcane industry is an important sector for the Brazilian economy, and also one of the most significant to the state of São Paulo, which in 2015 accounted for 57% of the value of all agricultural production in the state, according to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE (2017), besides employing more than 220 thousand people and generating around R$ 560 million in income, according to the Ministry of Labor and Employment - MTE (2017). Since the 2000s, there has been an expressive growth of the cultivated area with sugarcane, in São Paulo and Brazil, expanding to regions formerly occupied by other crops. During this period, the manual sugarcane harvest by the use of fire was replaced by the mechanized sugarcane harvest, without needing the use of fire. In order to evaluate the economic, social and environmental efficiency of sugarcane microregions in the state of São Paulo, this work proposes the use of the Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA method to identify which regions were efficient in converting their factors of production into economic, social and environmental factors during the period from 2007 to 2014. Four models were constructed considering factors of production - capital, land and labor - as inputs for all of them. In relation to the outputs, it was considered variables that represented each one of the models: economic, social, environmental and sustainable. Generally, the results indicated that in some regions, especially in the expansion areas, the level of efficiency was higher than in the traditional ones, showing that the sector has been growing more efficiently in the expansion regions, and that policies that aimed the promotion of better sustainability indicators are showing positive results. However, the sugarcane industry still needs actions aimed at improving some of its sustainability indices, especially in relation to the economic and social pillars, in order to direct it towards a coherent sustainable development.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Economics / Dennis L. Weisman / This empirical dissertation consists of three essays on mergers and regulation in the U.S. telecommunications industry. An abstract for each of the three essays follows. Essay 1: This study has attempted to measure the productivity growth associated with 25 incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) over the period 1996-2005 using a Malmquist productivity index. The average efficiency scores for our sample companies have not changed significantly between 1996 and 2005, which indicates that the average ILECs shows no measurable improvement in terms of optimizing their input-output combinations over time. We find some empirical evidence of a positive merger effect, although this effect diminishes over time. In addition, we find that non-merged firms underperform in terms of average productivity growth. Essay 2: This study analyzes the merger effects for 25 ILECs over the period 1996-2005 using stochastic frontier analysis with a time-varying inefficiency model. In addition, we conduct a comparison of indices between the stochastic frontier analysis and the Malmquist index method. The empirical results indicate that the sample of telecommunications firms has experienced deterioration in average productivity growth following the mergers. In addition, both approaches suggest that firms that do not merge underperform in terms of average productivity growth. Essay 3: This essay investigates whether the substitution of price cap regulation (PCR), along with other regulatory regimes, for traditional rate of return regulation (RRR) has had a measurable effect on productivity growth in the U.S. telecommunications industry. A stochastic frontier approach, which differs from previous studies, is employed to compute efficiency change, technological progress, and productivity growth for 25 LECs over the period 1988-1998. By examining the relationship between the change in productivity growth and regulatory regime variables, while controlling for other effects, we find that PCR and other regulatory regimes have a positive effect on productivity growth. However, only PCR has a significant and positive effect in both contemporaneous and lagged model specifications.

Yes / On feature selection, as one of the critical steps to develop a distress prediction model (DPM), a variety of expert systems and machine learning approaches have analytically supported developers. Data envel- opment analysis (DEA) has provided this support by estimating the novel feature of managerial efficiency, which has frequently been used in recent two-stage DPMs. As key contributions, this study extends the application of expert system in credit scoring and distress prediction through applying diverse DEA mod- els to compute corporate market efficiency in addition to the prevailing managerial efficiency, and to estimate the decomposed measure of mix efficiency and investigate its contribution compared to Pure Technical Efficiency and Scale Efficiency in the performance of DPMs. Further, this paper provides a com- prehensive comparison between two-stage DPMs through estimating a variety of DEA efficiency measures in the first stage and employing static and dynamic classifiers in the second stage. Based on experimen- tal results, guidelines are provided to help practitioners develop two-stage DPMs; to be more specific, guidelines are provided to assist with the choice of the proper DEA models to use in the first stage, and the choice of the best corporate efficiency measures and classifiers to use in the second stage.

The environment Federal Institutions of Higher Education is complex. On the one hand, caution is needed when the models are not always able to reproduce dynamics that is characteristic of such organizations, on the other hand, has been demands from various agents of society for performance information of the same approach. This occurs not only in Brazil, because this is a global trend. In addition, the information on the efficiency can support the decisions of managers in the use of institutional resources, which are scarce forward demands for them. However, looking in the operating environment information such as, for example, the Management Reports of Federal Institutions of Higher Education which are components of the Annual Accoutability, they are insufficient or absent. The efficiency of the approach is relevant to the theory, as well as for operations, it is the research of resource allocation in certain alternatives over other possible employment. This dissertation about efficiency, was written to identify and analyze the behavior of the efficient use of resources from the management of an IFES, in the case UFSM, compared to other similar, the period covered between 2007 and 2012. To this we conducted an applied, non-experimental ex post facto and quantitative research. It was identified that the IFES operate with inefficiency, which is divided into technical and scale. Over time this study has already proven that UFSM characterized as IFES intermediate size. With respect to efficiency, this institution was not the most efficient IFES and not the reverse, being that their Malmquist indices indicated an improvement in total factor productivity in recent years. In addition to the results, demonstrating the efficiency scores of IFES, as the main results has the potential DEA Model on the efficient frontier of IFES approach, we get the benchmarks institutions, the slacks and the technological, efficiency and total factor productivity changes evolution. / O ambiente das Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior, enquanto organizações universitárias, é complexo. Se de um lado é necessária a cautela quando da abordagem de modelos que nem sempre conseguem reproduzir dinâmica que é característica de tais organizações, por outro lado, tem-se a reinvindicação de vários agentes da sociedade por informações de desempenho das mesmas. Este fato não ocorre apenas no Brasil, pois essa tem sido uma tendência mundial. Não obstante, as informações acerca da eficiência podem ser ferramentas de apoio às decisões de gestores quando da utilização dos recursos institucionais, que são escassos frente as demandas. No entanto, quando se busca no ambiente operacional informações dessa natureza, como, por exemplo, nos Relatórios de Gestão das respetivas instituições, que são peças componentes das Prestações de Contas Anuais, as mesmas são insuficientes ou ausentes. A abordagem da eficiência é relevante tanto para o campo teórico como para o operacional, pois representa o estudo da alocação de recursos em determinadas alternativas, em detrimento de outras possibilidade de emprego. Assim, esse estudo acerca da eficiência, foi desenvolvido visando identificar e analisar o comportamento da eficiência na utilização de recursos a partir da gestão de uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior, no caso a UFSM, se comparada às demais semelhantes, no período contemplado entre 2007 e 2012. Para tal, conduziu-se uma pesquisa aplicada, do tipo não experimental ex post facto, de natureza quantitativa a partir de dados que compõe os Relatórios de Gestão das IFES. O estudo identificou que as IFES operam com alguma ineficiência total, que pode ser subdividida em gerencial e de escala. No caso da UFSM, com relação ao porte da instituição levando em conta o número de aluno, pode-se comprovar que, ao longo do período, a mesma integrou o grupo das intermediárias. Quanto à eficiência, a respectiva instituição não pertenceu ao grupo das IFES mais eficientes, nem o contrário, mas os Índices Malmquist indicaram que obteve um progresso no fator da produtividade total nos últimos anos. Além dos resultados obtidos para o período que demonstram os scores da eficiência das IFES, como principais resultados se tem as potencialidade do Modelo DEA na abordagem da fronteira eficiente das IFES, composta de benchmarks (melhores práticas), as folgas na alocação dos fatores, a evolução desses fatores quanto ao progresso tecnológico, da eficiência e da produtividade total.

A agropecuária brasileira tem crescido nas últimas décadas e os ganhos de produtividade tem sido importante neste bom desempenho do setor. O presente trabalho tem dois objetivos principais. O primeiro deles foi mensurar o crescimento desta produtividade total dos fatores na agropecuária brasileira estadual, decompondo o crescimento da PTF em progresso tecnológico e eficiência técnica. O segundo objetivo foi analisar o efeito do crescimento da PTF da agropecuária brasileira sobre os preços agrícolas, no Brasil, de 1970 a 2006. O crescimento desta produtividade foi mensurado a partir dos insumos terra, trabalho e capital na função de produção translog sob orientação do produto, a partir do método de Fronteira Estocástica de Produção e do índice de produtividade de Malmquist. Para avaliar o efeito do crescimento da PTF sobre os preços agrícolas foi construído o índice de preços agrícolas utilizando-se o Índice de preços de Laspeyres para estimar o vetor autoregressivo em painel (panel- VAR), acrescentando as variáveis produtividade total dos fatores (PTF), salário rural, financiamento agrícola e renda per capita domiciliar. Além disso, foi aplicado o teste de causalidade, no sentido de Granger, e estimada a função impulso resposta. A base de dados utilizada foi, obtida do Censo Agropecuário, a nível estadual, para os anos de 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995 e 2006. Os resultados indicaram que a taxa de crescimento da PTF foi crescente no Brasil e nos estados, sendo que, na maior parte das vezes, é explicada pelo progresso tecnológico, positivo e crescente para todos os estados. A eficiência técnica variou ao longo dos anos, apresentado taxas de crescimento médias positivas para a maioria dos estados. Em média, os estados estiveram situados abaixo da fronteira de produção da agropecuária brasileira. São Paulo foi o estado com maior nível de eficiência técnica. Embora a taxa de crescimento médio anual tenha sido positiva ao longo do período analisado, a eficiência reduziu para todos os estados analisados em 2006. Da análise dos efeitos do crescimento da PTF sobre os preços agrícolas, a PTF tem causalidade, no sentido de Granger, sobre os preços agrícolas. Na função impulso resposta, o choque inicial na variável PTF reduziu os preços nos primeiros anos. Assim, o crescimento da PTF do setor agropecuário contribuiu para o aumento da oferta de produtos, reduzindo os preços agrícolas. A maior disponibilidade de alimentos e, com a redução dos preços dos alimentos, os consumidores, principalmente os de renda mais baixa puderam ter maior acesso aos alimentos. / The Brazilian agriculture has grown in recent decades and productivity gains have been important in this good performance of the sector. This work had two main objectives. The first one was measure the growth of this total factor productivity in agriculture by the Brazilian\'s states, decomposing TFP growth by technological progress, technical efficiency and economies of scale. The second objective was to analyze the effect of TFP growth of Brazilian agriculture on agricultural prices. The growth in productivity was measured from the inputs like labor, gross and capital in the translog production function, from the Stochastic Frontier Analysis and of the outputoriented Malmquist productivity index. To analyze the effect of TFP growth on agricultural prices was constructed an index of agricultural prices through the Laspeyres price index to estimate the vector autoregressive panel (panel-VAR) and establish the relationships between TFP, rural wages, agricultural finance and income per capita household. The Granger causality test and the impulse response function were used to the data panel. The database used obtained from the Agricultural Census, at the state level for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995 and 2006. The results showed that the growth rate of TFP has been growing in Brazil and in the states, and technological progress explained most of the growth being positive and growing for all states. Technical efficiency varied over the years, presented positive average growth rates for most states. The states were located below the production frontier of Brazilian agriculture and São Paulo was the state with the highest level of technical efficiency. Although the average annual growth rate has been increasing over the period analyzed, the efficiency decreased to all state analyzed in 2006. The results also showed that TFP growth has causality in the sense of Granger, on agricultural prices. In the impulse response function, the initial shock in TFP decreased prices in the early years. Thus, TFP growth of the agricultural sector contributed to the increased supply of agricultural products, reducing agricultural prices. The greater availability of food and with reducing food prices, consumers, especially those from lower income might had greater access to food.

A avaliação do investimento público pode ser um importante instrumento para nortear a destinação de recursos e, assim, obter melhor desempenho na promoção do desenvolvimento na economia de um país. Nesse sentido, são necessárias técnicas adequadas para avaliar o desempenho das empresas, sobretudo das pequenas empresas. Com base em novos procedimentos de avaliação, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a eficiência dos investimentos públicos direcionados pelo Programa de Inovação Tecnológica em Pequenas Empresas (PIPE), do programa da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Estado de São Paulo, nas empresas financiadas pela FAPESP e conduzida, inicialmente, por meio de uma survey com o propósito de coletar dados necessários para alimentar as técnicas Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) e Índice de Malmquist. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, formulou-se um modelo conceitual composto por oito hipóteses. A pesquisa de campo contemplou uma amostra de 148 projetos vinculados a 113 pequenas empresas. Os resultados foram apresentados em cinco etapas: etapa I - a evolução dos recursos financeiros destinado ao programa PIPE durante o período de 1997-2008; etapa II - análise qualitativa dos projetos nos parâmetros sobre tipo, tipologia, modelo inovativo, estratégia e localização; etapa III - análise univariada e bivariada das variáveis; etapa IV - análise de eficiência dos projetos e empresas sob a perspectiva das áreas de conhecimento e setores econômico; etapa V - a integração do DEA-Malmquist para as empresas fomentadas na fase III do programa PIPE. Utilizou-se dois teses estatísticos para validar as hipóteses: o teste de Mann-Whitney e o teste do Qui-Quadrado. Os resultados possibilitam identificar, para o órgão fomentador, melhorias no processo de análise dos projetos e, ainda, para novos empresários, recomendações com base nos projetos de eficiência máxima. / Evaluation of public investment can be an important tool to guide correctly the allocation of resources and thus achieve better performance in promoting development in the economy of a country. Accordingly, appropriate techniques are needed to evaluate the performance of businesses, particularly small businesses. Based on recent evaluation techniques, this research aims at analyzing the efficiency of public investment targeted by the Programa de Inovação Tecnológica em Pequenas Empresas (PIPE), a program of the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). The study was conducted in FAPESP financed companies of São Paulo and led initially by means of a survey in order to collect the data needed to feed the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Index. To achieve this purpose, formulated a conceptual model composed with eight research hypotheses. The field research was performed with a sample of 148 projects linked to 113 small businesses. The results were presented in five stages: Stage I - the evolution of financial resources for the PIPE program during the period 1997-2008, stage II - qualitative analysis of project parameters on type, typology, innovation models, strategy and location; stage III - univariate and bivariate analysis of variables; stage IV - efficiency analysis of projects and companies from the perspective of knowledge areas and economic sectors; stage V - the integration of the DEA-Malmquist encouraged companies to phase III of the PIPE program. Used two test to validate the statistical assumptions: the Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square test. The results enable us to identify, for the national developers, improvements to the analysis of projects and also for new entrepreneurs, recommendations based on projects for maximum efficiency.