Frederico José de Santa-Anna Nery, o barão de Santa-Anna Nery, nasceu em Belém do Pará no dia 28 de maio de 1848. Após seus 14 anos de idade, passou a viver na Europa, onde desenvolveu diversas atividades, destacando-se como jornalista. Tornou-se redator-chefe de diversos jornais e revistas em Paris onde fixou residência a partir de 1874 que tinham o intuito de divulgar o Brasil e, secundariamente, os demais países da chamada América Latina na Europa. Deste modo, esta tese se propõe a analisar a significação histórica da experiência de Santa-Anna Nery como propagandista do Brasil na Europa em fins do século XIX. Buscase, nesse contexto, compreender de que forma o personagem em foco atuou como agente ou reprodutor de uma ideia de Brasil na Europa. Para tanto, a análise de sua trajetória, de sua formação e de seus círculos sociais, que lhe auxiliaram em sua missão patriótica, se mostraram metodologicamente necessários. Ao viver e participar da transição entre o princípio da nacionalidade e da ideia nacional, Santa-Anna Nery representou esses intelectuais pequeno-burgueses que transformaram o patriotismo em nacionalismo quando forneceram à consciência nacional, encarnado na língua, na religião, no folclore, na raça, no território, os critérios da definição de nacionalidade. Auxiliando, e muito, na divulgação e consolidação da latinização da nação e do território brasileiro. Por fim, defende-se que o esquecimento deste autor por parte da historiografia brasileira republicana deve-se ao fato de ele ter tido estreitas relações tanto com a antiga monarquia, quanto com a Igreja Católica; além de seu suposto envolvimento com o chamado jacobinismo, durante o governo de Prudente de Moraes. A sondagem feita na vida e obra do autor pode contribuir para tirar uma espécie de véu do período que envolve o apagar do Império e o despertar da República no Brasil / Frederico José de Santa-Anna Nery, Baron of Santa-Anna Nery, was born in Belém (the capital of Brazilian state Pará) on May 28, 1848. At fourteen, he moved to Europe and then worked in several activities, succeeding as a journalist. Became editor-in-chief of a variety of newspapers and magazines in Paris where he settled since 1874 designed for promoting Brazil as well as the other countries of the so-called Latin America in Europe. So, this thesis aims to analyze the historical significance of the experience of Santa-Anna Nery as a propagandist of Brazil in Europe in the late nineteenth century. The quest, in this context, is to grasp how the concerned character acted as an agent or as a reproducer of a certain concept of Brazil in Europe. For this purpose, the analysis of his trajectory, his training and his coteries, that assisted him in his \"patriotic\" mission, proved to be necessary methodologically. Living and taking part of the transition between the \"principle of nationality\" and the \"national idea\", Santa-Anna Nery represented the \"petty-bourgeois intellectuals\" that turned \"patriotism\" into nationalism by providing to the \"national consciousness\" embodied in language, religion, folklore, race, territory the criteria of the definition of nationality. This process greatly helped the promotion and setting of the \"Latinization\" of the country and of the Brazilian territory. Lastly, it is argued that the neglect of this author by the Brazilian republican historiography is due to the fact he had close relations with both the old monarchy and the Catholic church, apart from his alleged implication with the so-called \"Jacobinism\" during the government of the president Prudente de Moraes. The survey conducted in the author\'s life and work can contribute to remove the veil of the period between the fading of the Empire and the awakening of the Republic in Brazil

La Révolution a longtemps donné l’image d’un trou noir au milieu de l’histoire littéraire, jugement que la recherche s’attache à reconsidérer depuis quelques décennies. L’étude de la carrière de Marie-Joseph Chénier (1764-1811), poète tragique renommé en son temps et frère cadet d’André Chénier, permet de mieux comprendre les continuités et les ruptures qui l’ont traversée. Entré dans le monde des lettres durant les dernières années de l’Ancien Régime, Chénier se fait soudain connaître à l’automne 1789 avec une pièce créée après un long affrontement contre la censure, Charles IX, qui met la liberté artistique, et singulièrement celle du théâtre, au centre des événements politiques. La scène semble devoir garantir à l’écrivain une influence sans précédent. Chénier tente ainsi au fil de ses tragédies suivantes d’accompagner l’évolution de la Révolution, non sans distance critique, tout en s’engageant dans la vie publique, d’abord chez les Jacobins, puis à la Convention. Il deviendra une figure importante des institutions culturelles, notamment grâce aux hymnes qu’il compose pour la quasi-totalité des fêtes révolutionnaires entre 1790 et 1795. Marqué personnellement par la Terreur, Chénier met sa vocation dramatique entre parenthèses après le 9 Thermidor. Il délaisse alors les lettres pour s’investir de manière prioritaire dans la reconstruction culturelle et politique de la République post-montagnarde. La réputation du poète, objet de haines politiques tenaces, en souffrira durablement. Son parcours est ainsi représentatif des transformations qui touchent le statut et l’action d’un homme de lettres sous la Révolution, tout comme des obstacles d’un nouveau genre auxquels il se heurte. / For a long time, the French Revolution has been seen as a black hole in the universe of literary history, a vision that scholars have yet been reconsidering in the past decades. The study of the literary career of Marie-Joseph Chénier (1764-1811), a tragic poet reputed in his time and the younger brother of André Chénier, offers the possibility for a better understanding of the many ruptures and continuities that the period underwent. Marie-Joseph Chénier enters the literary world at the very end of the Ancien Régime and unexpectedly makes himself a name in the fall of 1789 with a theatre play that he succeeds in putting on stage despite censorship: Charles IX, a tragedy in which he places artistic freedom and more specifically that of theatre at the heart of political events. The stage seems due to secure the author an unprecedented influence. Chénier attempts in this context to accompany in his later tragedies the evolution of the Revolution albeit not without some critical distance and together with an involvement in public life, first among the Jacobins then within the Convention. He thus becomes an important figure of the cultural institutions of his time notably through the anthems that he composes for nearly all the revolutionary festivals between 1790 and 1795. The events during the Terror have a lasting personal impact on Chénier who then decides to mark a pause in his theatrical vocation after 9 Thermidor. He abandons the literary world and focuses on the cultural and political reconstruction of the new Republic that follows the fall of the Montagnards. Chénier is subjected to tenacious political hatred that will lastingly affect his reputation as a poet. To that respect his life and career are representative of the transformations that inform the status and work of a man of letters under the Revolution. They also illustrate the new kinds of obstacles met by authors in that period.

Frederico José de Santa-Anna Nery, o barão de Santa-Anna Nery, nasceu em Belém do Pará no dia 28 de maio de 1848. Após seus 14 anos de idade, passou a viver na Europa, onde desenvolveu diversas atividades, destacando-se como jornalista. Tornou-se redator-chefe de diversos jornais e revistas em Paris onde fixou residência a partir de 1874 que tinham o intuito de divulgar o Brasil e, secundariamente, os demais países da chamada América Latina na Europa. Deste modo, esta tese se propõe a analisar a significação histórica da experiência de Santa-Anna Nery como propagandista do Brasil na Europa em fins do século XIX. Buscase, nesse contexto, compreender de que forma o personagem em foco atuou como agente ou reprodutor de uma ideia de Brasil na Europa. Para tanto, a análise de sua trajetória, de sua formação e de seus círculos sociais, que lhe auxiliaram em sua missão patriótica, se mostraram metodologicamente necessários. Ao viver e participar da transição entre o princípio da nacionalidade e da ideia nacional, Santa-Anna Nery representou esses intelectuais pequeno-burgueses que transformaram o patriotismo em nacionalismo quando forneceram à consciência nacional, encarnado na língua, na religião, no folclore, na raça, no território, os critérios da definição de nacionalidade. Auxiliando, e muito, na divulgação e consolidação da latinização da nação e do território brasileiro. Por fim, defende-se que o esquecimento deste autor por parte da historiografia brasileira republicana deve-se ao fato de ele ter tido estreitas relações tanto com a antiga monarquia, quanto com a Igreja Católica; além de seu suposto envolvimento com o chamado jacobinismo, durante o governo de Prudente de Moraes. A sondagem feita na vida e obra do autor pode contribuir para tirar uma espécie de véu do período que envolve o apagar do Império e o despertar da República no Brasil / Frederico José de Santa-Anna Nery, Baron of Santa-Anna Nery, was born in Belém (the capital of Brazilian state Pará) on May 28, 1848. At fourteen, he moved to Europe and then worked in several activities, succeeding as a journalist. Became editor-in-chief of a variety of newspapers and magazines in Paris where he settled since 1874 designed for promoting Brazil as well as the other countries of the so-called Latin America in Europe. So, this thesis aims to analyze the historical significance of the experience of Santa-Anna Nery as a propagandist of Brazil in Europe in the late nineteenth century. The quest, in this context, is to grasp how the concerned character acted as an agent or as a reproducer of a certain concept of Brazil in Europe. For this purpose, the analysis of his trajectory, his training and his coteries, that assisted him in his \"patriotic\" mission, proved to be necessary methodologically. Living and taking part of the transition between the \"principle of nationality\" and the \"national idea\", Santa-Anna Nery represented the \"petty-bourgeois intellectuals\" that turned \"patriotism\" into nationalism by providing to the \"national consciousness\" embodied in language, religion, folklore, race, territory the criteria of the definition of nationality. This process greatly helped the promotion and setting of the \"Latinization\" of the country and of the Brazilian territory. Lastly, it is argued that the neglect of this author by the Brazilian republican historiography is due to the fact he had close relations with both the old monarchy and the Catholic church, apart from his alleged implication with the so-called \"Jacobinism\" during the government of the president Prudente de Moraes. The survey conducted in the author\'s life and work can contribute to remove the veil of the period between the fading of the Empire and the awakening of the Republic in Brazil