Thesis (MSc(Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an area where mining activities dominate, there are likely to problems that need effective environmental management approaches, which can be facilitated through legislation and environmental management systems (EMS). The Great Dyke in Zimbabwe is a strategic economic resource with significant quantities of chrome and platinum. Chrome mining occurs across the whole length of the Great Dyke with most of the operations under Zimasco claims. Zimasco mining operations fall into two categories: the organization‟s own claims operated in its own right and claims that are leased out to a second party forming a tribute system from which tributor miners produce chromite ore exclusively for Zimasco. This study examines the environmental management approaches used by Zimasco operations, in particular the National Occupational Safety Association (NOSA) Integrated Five Start System, in order to identify the usefulness of EMS in the mining industry. Firstly, the current environmental impacts associated with the mining activities were identified and problem areas highlighted, after which environmental management approaches linked to national legislation were examined in terms of their contribution towards sound environmental management. A legal compliance checklist was carried out on the existing mines to assess levels of compliance to standards stipulated in the Environmental Management Act Chapter 20:27. This was followed by questionnaire surveys used for impact identification and the data was analysed using the aspect and impact analysis matrix. Underground mines with effluent discharges were assessed by means of an effluent analysis as a way of determining the effectiveness of the approaches on the mines. Recommendations for changes were made following a Strength Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the approaches and system. Major environmental problems highlighted included unattended waste rock dump and pits as well as dissolved substances in effluent discharge. Although evidence of compliance to environmental legislation for the mining operations was found at administrative level, this was often not executed in operation. Limited hazards were observed in effluent discharge from mines under full implementation of the EMS. It is recommended that all mining operations need to be covered by an EMS system for improved environmental management and sustainable development. Effective implementation of legislation and EMS on the ground provides a better platform for sound environmental management. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 'n area waar grootskaalse mynbou aktiwiteite die omgewing kan affekteer word effektiewe omgewingsbestuur benodig. Die Groot Dyk in Zimbabwe is 'n strategiese ekonomiese hulpbron met groot hoeveelhede chroom en platinum. Chroom word grotendeels onder Zimasco kleims langs die Groot Dyk ontgin. Zimasco mynbedrywighede val in twee kategorieë: eerstens eie kleims wat direk deur Zimasco bedryf word, en tweedens kleims wat aan 'n tweede party verhuur en bewerk word en chroom eksklusief aan Zimasco lewer. Die omgewingsbestuursbenadering wat deur die Zimasco mynbedrywighede gebruik word, veral die NOSA Geïntegreerde Vyfster Stelsel, is bestudeer om vas te stel of omgewingsbestuurstelsels (OBS) effektief kan wees in die mynbedryf. Eerstens is die huidige omgewingsimpte veroorsaak deur mynbedrywighede geïdentifiseer en probleemareas uitgelig. Verder is die omgewingsbestuursbenadering in die lig van nasionale wetgewing bestudeer om die bydrae tot gesonde omgewingsbestuur toe te lig. 'n Lys is opgestel waarin die mate waartoe geselekteerde myne aan bestaande wetgewing voldoen bepaal is. Vraelyste is ook gebruik om die omgewingsimpak te identifiseer en data is met behulp van die aspek en impak analise matriks geanaliseer. 'n Afvoeranalise is op ondergrondse myne gedoen ten einde die effektiwiteit van omgewingsbestuursbenadering op die myn te bepaal, terwyl 'n SWOT analise van beide die benadering en die NOSA Vyfster Stelsel uitgevoer is met die oog op aanbevelings. Die belangrikste omgewingsimpakte langs die Groot Dyk sluit in: afvalrotshope, kuipe en slote vanaf oppervlakbedrywighede asook opgeloste afval in afloop vanaf ondergrondse myne. Bewyse van voldoening aan omgewingswetgewing is wel gevind in myndokumentasie, maar nie altyd in die praktyk nie. Laer vlakke van toksiese uitvloeisel vanaf myne waar OBS geïmplementeer is, is bewys van die suksesvolle gebruik van „n geïntegreerde OBS. Alle mynaktiwiteite moet ingesluit word in „n OBS stelsel om beter omgewingsbestuur en volhoubare ontwikkeling te verseker. Effektiewe implementering van wetgewing en OBS op die laagste vlak in mynaktiwiteite bied 'n beter platform vir gesonde omgewingsbestuur in die mynbedryf.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Technology: Human Resource Management, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of staff training on knowledge transfer and employee retention at Servcor Private Limited. Due to increasing levels of competition in staff training and growth opportunities in the Hospitality and Catering industry, Servcor Private Limited faced challenges in retaining its employees, as well as in ways of transferring knowledge. Employees at Servcor Private Limited in Zimbabwe were leaving in pursuit of world-class training and the opportunity for professional development offered in competing organizations, both within and outside the Hospitality and Catering industry. For this study, the target population equated to 240 employees and a sample size of n = 120 was considered as appropriate. The sample was selected by picking every odd number from the sample frame utilizing a systematic sampling technique under the ambit of probability sampling method. The data was analysed using the latest computerised Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 24.0 and the personal method was used to administer the questionnaire to all 120 respondents. Two questionnaires were discarded because the majority of questions were not answered and hence resulted in 118 responses. Therefore, a response rate of 98.3% was obtained. After the study was completed, the researcher solicited the services of a Post-graduate Librarian to run the TURNITIN Program to test the entire thesis for plagiarism which recorded 10%. The non-parametric tests were carried out to test hypotheses utilising the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 for Windows. The Pearson’s Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests were conducted for all fifteen formulated hypotheses to determine whether there was a statistically significant relationship between the variables. The key findings revealed that staff training was insufficient in the organisation and was not coping with constant changes in the surrounding. The findings indicated that respondents felt their superiors were not willing to teach them every aspect of their work. The findings also reflected that employees prefer on-the-job training. The researcher recommended that top management should increase the amount of investment on staff training in order to retain employees. The recommendations highlighted that should ensure that all the equipment and tools that are used for staff training are aligned with prevailing technology. The recommendations also highlighted that top management should promote a culture of knowledge transfer. The study concluded with suggestions for future research in this field. / M

Please read the abstract in section 11summary (pp 246-251) of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Centre for Wildlife Management / unrestricted

Nohria, Joyce and Roberson, a trio of academics in the United States, wrote an article in the July issue of the Harvard Business Review in 2003 entitled "What Really Works". For several years they had studied the management practices of 160 companies in the United States with a view to determining what made certain companies consistently successful. They found that the most profitable companies in their study were not successful because they utilised the latest management tools and techniques, but rather that they had a strong grasp of business basics. Companies outperformed their industrial peers, because they excelled at what they called the four primary management practices - Strategy, Execution, Culture and Structure. These practices were supplemented by a proficiency in any two out of four secondary practices - Talent, Innovation, Leadership and Mergers and Partnerships. They called this winning combination the 4 + 2 Formula for business success. The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether competence in these management practices applies in the Third World. The study will concentrate on four companies representing the printing industry in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Zimbabwean companies are faced with a number of unusual obstacles that do not exist in First World free market economies. This study will attempt to examine the nature of the obstacles faced and how each company deals with them. It will determine whether the management practices outlined by Nohria et ai, are valued to the same degree in the Zimbabwean context, and how far they contribute to profitability.Because of the pace of change in Zimbabwe, the research will focus on the period 2003 - 2004 and evaluate another management practice - change management. The forces of change can often be so radically negative, that if companies are not adequately prepared, they may face imminent collapse. Change management, the process of anticipating, reacting to and driving forces of change, has become a vital competency. Without it, the prospects of profitability and success in the Zimbabwean environment are slim. For this reason, this management practice will be given the same focus as those eight discussed by Nohria et al.

To gain workforce support and commitment, organisations should offer remuneration and rewards that are internally and externally equitable, as inequity in remuneration is the source of employee discontent and turnover. To succeed, organisations have to communicate the total value of rewards allocated to employees. Communication is the foundation of reward management and organisational success. Communication helps employees to understand that the rewards they receive are worth having. Remuneration and rewards communicate the value that organisations place on their employees. To deliver the proper messages, remuneration objectives and strategies should be aligned with the overall business strategy of the organisation. Alignment enables organisations to deliver the right type of rewards to the right people, at the right time, and for the right reasons. The only way the organisation can deliver the correct reward and remuneration, is to implement a total reward system together with a total pay system. Effective total pay system covers base pay, skills and competency pay, variable performance pay, recognition, and benefits. Total reward system cover investment in people, development and training, performance management, and career management. To motivate and retain employees, and to improve organisation’s profitability, a right mix of total pay and total rewards should be made available to employees as employees’ needs differ. With this information, an empirical study was developed and conducted at Lobels Bread in Zimbabwe. The results of this survey indicated that Lobels Bread uses traditional base pay system and benefits as a way of motivating and retaining its employees. This pay system seems to be insufficient to motivate and retain employees. To motivate and retain employees, the company should implement a total reward system, which includes total pay system, investment in people, career enhancement, open communications, involvement, and performance management.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of participatory and conventional approaches to livestock and irrigation project implementation in Zimbabwe’s Beitbridge and Mberengwa districts. The conventional livestock projects performed better than the participatory. Despite the breed for the participatory livestock projects being unsuitable for the environment, the farmers failed to utilize the drugs and surplus funding set aside for replacement of dead cattle. Farmer training was found to be of paramount importance in the establishment of the livestock projects in spite of the participatory approach used for the implementation of the projects. Also the technical backup and support for the livestock project beneficiaries is important to ensure early rectification of problems that may affect the smooth running of the projects as well as an opportunity to introduce new technical advice to boost production. Livestock projects take long period of time to establish, i.e. for the financial turn over to be realized. It takes long time for farmers in these projects to make investments from the proceeds of the livestock projects. For this reason, there is need for the number of beneficiaries for each pass-on livestock project to take into account the number of beasts at project establishment and also the number per each beneficiary group. However, the projects should still be encouraged as they will take full operation at a later stage and be of benefit to the rural disadvantaged who cannot access other means to own cattle, which in turn play a pivotal role in crop production (through draft power, manure provision) and cash earnings that indirectly ensures food security. Regardless of approach used, livestock projects should be strongly supported because the districts under study are prone to poor crop production and hence the cattle can be a source of income and food. Participatory irrigation projects performed better than the conventionally implemented, despite their small hectarages. This proved that farmer participation can greatly improve the efficiency of development work and eliminate many of the problems regarding proprietorship and enhance development activities at community level. Conventional irrigation projects were plagued by problems of mismanagement and theft as was reflected by poor performance and malfunction of the conventional Chingechuru and Chimwe-Chegato irrigation schemes. Fencing theft atChingechuru irrigation scheme had brought it to a stand still. However, the larger incomes associated with the conventionally implemented irrigation projects were the result of the larger areas under cropping for these projects. Production levels in participatory irrigation schemes were good. Adoption of most technical innovations in livestock projects was found to be associated with the conventional approach. Asset procurement was a function of the farmer’s accessibility to non-project income, like formal employment, and procurement of specific assets applied more to project type than the approach to project implementation. This study found that the approach used in implementation had a greater influence on the performance of irrigation projects than livestock projects.

There are different views on the nature and content of strategies that ensure positive performance in the economic crisis environment. This has created the need for studies focusing on the relationship between strategies and performance in different economic crises. Manufacturing firms in Zimbabwe have experienced declining performance since 1996. It is against this background that this study examined the dimension of strategic orientations (as measures of strategies) exercised by firms to determine their relationship with performance during the economic crisis. Data on the various dimensions of strategic orientation was collected through questionnaires, while data on performance were collected through questionnaires and financial statements. The study sample was obtained through a stratified sampling technique which falls within the sphere of probability sampling methods. The multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between the six dimensions of strategic orientation and performance. The analysis dimension of strategic orientation was dominantly exercised by many firms. The analysis dimension of strategic orientation was also the most effective because it had a positive relationship with performance (positive profitability and growth). This makes the analysis dimension of strategic orientation relevant in economic crisis. The study showed that the pro-activeness dimension of strategic orientation focused by very few firms had a positive relationship with performance (positive profitability and growth) and hence making it relevant in economic crisis. Moreover, it was established that the relationship between aggressiveness and riskiness dimensions of strategic orientation was negative and hence less relevant in economic crisis. It is therefore recommended that, for manufacturing firms in Zimbabwe to survive, improve performance and ensure sustainability in the current economic crisis environment, they need to focus dominantly on the analysis and pro-activeness dimensions of strategic orientation. This requires firms to invest more in research and development, develop strategic partnerships with other firms, strong networks, innovative and creative capabilities. In addition, firms must avoid fighting competitors and taking risky decisions. This study considered firms that are currently operational and it is recommended that future studies consider firms that closed during the economic crisis to acquire a deeper understanding of the effective strategies in economic crisis. / Business Management / D.B.L.

The major aim of this study was to analyse the dynamics of stakeholder participation in the agricultural sector during the first five years of the water reform process in Zimbabwe. Specific reference is made to water allocation, conflict management and the payment of costs related to water use. Stakeholders investigated are those in communal smallholder irrigation schemes, large-scale commercial white and black farms and those resettled under the government's fast track land resettlement programme. The study was undertaken in the Middle Manyame Subcatchment area, which falls under the Manyame Catchment area.

The major aim of this study was to analyse the dynamics of stakeholder participation in the agricultural sector during the first five years of the water reform process in Zimbabwe. Specific reference is made to water allocation, conflict management and the payment of costs related to water use. Stakeholders investigated are those in communal smallholder irrigation schemes, large-scale commercial white and black farms and those resettled under the government's fast track land resettlement programme. The study was undertaken in the Middle Manyame Subcatchment area, which falls under the Manyame Catchment area.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration – Peace Studies, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Zimbabwe is in dire need of wholesale reform. Gross human rights violations which date back to the pre-colonial period could have been abated in 1980 when the magnanimous policy of national reconciliation promised a new start. The watershed opportunity was, however, lost mainly because no deliberate efforts were made to account for the wrongs of the past in order to start afresh. The result was that Zimbabwe won the independence, but peace remained elusive. This is evidenced in the continued instability, insecurity and uncertainty. The non-retributive pledge had inherent weaknesses; it lacked inclusive participation, hence, no broad ownership. Simply drawing a line between the wounded past and the present, meant burying the past without the prerequisite rituals bent on ensuring non-recurrence. The futility of this blanket amnesty is evident in the sustained legacy of gross human rights abuses and impunity. Political violence has been institutionalised through politicisation of all aspects of life. This research is guided by Lederach’s reconciliation theory which uses Psalms 85:10 to emphasise the importance of commitment in converging the seemingly divergent aspects of truth, peace, justice and mercy into a ‘meeting place’ called reconciliation. Using a mixed methods approach, this research established that the invariably top-bottom approaches massage the symptoms rather than address the root causes of conflicts. The victims’ agitations for revenge and retribution prompted me to design action research processes aimed at engaging the research participants in interactive activities. The action research component aimed at sensitising participants to the merits of letting go of the burdens of the past, and to use scars as reminders of hope and not victimhood. The issues of forgiveness without apology, compensation or even remorse were contentious. However, through give-and-take concessions, the dialogue intervention yielded invaluable by-products such as maximisation of indigenous knowledge systems. Building on the participants’ input, sustainable healing and reconciliation can be achieved through deliberate truth-recovery, the right to justice, reparation, forgiveness and non-recurrence assurances. The research outcomes show that Zimbabwe urgently needs a ‘hybrid’ transitional justice framework based on inclusive participation. Inclusivity is critical because politicians are not necessarily experts in peacebuilding. The yet to be implemented National Peace and Reconciliation Commission can be used as a tool to seek public opinion on how to overcome the entrenched ‘fearology and militarism’ (Oberg 2016) ahead of the watershed 2018 general elections. Uncensored national debates can be used to gather information on the way forward. The multiple merits of Information Communication and Technology should be fully maximised in peacebuilding. / D