Since the first reserve selection algorithm was developed in the early 1980s, systematic approaches to reserve design have attracted widespread support due to their ability to identify repeatable and efficient solutions to conservation planning problems. Yet there has been limited application of these methods to the problem of designing reserve systems for biodiversity conservation in the marine environment. In my dissertation research, I apply systematic methods to examine four fundamental issues in marine reserve system design. These issues consider how conservation planning outcomes are influenced when design constraints such as spatial compactness, efficiency, economic costs and incremental reserve establishment are formulated as part of the reserve design problem. First, I consider the trade-offs between spatial design and cost efficiency. In particular, I examine how well marine reserve systems can satisfy the design requirement to minimise the degree of fragmentation whilst minimising reserve system cost. In this case cost refers to the number of sites required to achieve biodiversity conservation objectives. The second issue is the inefficiency of ad hoc marine reserve system design. In terrestrial systems, ad hoc reserve design has been shown to produce inefficient reserve systems, limiting opportunities to achieve conservation targets. I examine how efficiently South Australia’s existing marine reserves contribute to quantitative conservation targets and introduce a new measure of irreplaceability. This metric reflects the potential value of a site’s contribution to reservation goals, by assessing whether a site is selected more than could be expected from chance alone. Sites selected as often as would be expected by chance, fail to contribute to the design of efficient marine reserve systems and represent an opportunity cost. The third issue addresses the demands on reserve systems to achieve both conservation and socio-economic objectives. Options for the design of marine reserve systems, which achieve better economic outcomes for commercial users without compromising conservation targets, are examined using a cost function that serves to make trade–offs early in the design process. The fourth issue is one of shifting targets and incremental reserve design. The problem was most recently highlighted with the rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, where the amount of no-take areas increased from 5% to over 30% but the original zoning arrangements were left in place. The consequence this has on the efficiency of the final marine reserve system is examined when different starting targets are used as the base. Each issue is examined by formulating planning scenarios using data for South Australia’s state waters as a case study. The marine reserve systems are configured using the mathematical optimisation program MARXAN to examine the complex trade-offs of conservation planning problems. The program offers the flexibility to incorporate new approaches and developing theory in marine conservation into the formal statement of the reserve design problem. The results offer some important insights for the future of marine reserve system design. These include 1) efficient representation of biodiversity is only part of the reserve design problem, with small increases in reserve system cost reported as a trade-off for more spatially compact marine reserve systems, 2) despite spanning less than 4% of South Australian state waters, the existing ad hoc marine reserves presented considerable opportunity costs that did not improve even when conservation targets were increased. Hence ad hoc reserve selection is likely to constrain effective conservation of marine biodiversity by compromising the ability to select more suitable sites, 3) integrating conservation and socio-economic objectives presents opportunities to design representative, efficient and practical marine reserve systems that minimise potential loss to commercial users with only small increases to the areal extent of the reserve system and 4) incrementally changing target levels of reservation has a minor affect on the efficiency of the final reserve system, though is likely to influence which planning units are in the final reserve system.

This paper treat of the support of the metacognitive skills in school teaching. Resources for elaboration of this paper are legislation, framework educational programs, specific concepts for development of learning and principles of total quality management. The outcom of this paper is specific model of teacher's self-management.

La gestion des pêches en Atlantique Nord-Est s'oriente vers une régionalisation, prenant en compte les interactions techniques caractéristiques des pêcheries mixtes. Ceci nécessite une compréhension et une évaluation des dynamiques spatio-temporelles des espèces exploitées et des flottilles qui les exploitent. Cette thèse vise à proposer un outil pour évaluer les conséquences de stratégies de gestion dans le golfe de Gascogne. Elle se focalise sur le stock de merlu Nord (Merluccius merluccius) et la pêcherie mixte démersale merlu - sole (Solea solea) – langoustine (Nephrops norvegicus) du golfe de Gascogne. Un cadre d'évaluation de stratégies de gestion (MSE) a été développé, intégrant un modèle d'évaluation spatialisé du stock de merlu Nord, et un modèle opératoire (lSlS-Fish) simulant la pêcherie mixte démersale du golfe de Gascogne. Le modèle spatialisé d'évaluation a estimé des variations spatio-temporelles d'abondance, recrutement et mortalité par pêche du merlu Nord, malgré la sensibilité de la procédure d'estimation au point initial. Le modèle opératoire intègre I'ensemble de la connaissance disponible sur la pêcherie. ll a été calibré selon une approche multi-critères, assurant la reproduction des captures de merlu sur 2010-2012. Le cadre d'évaluation de stratégies de gestion n'est pas opérationnel, mais a mis en évidence des différences de modélisation des dynamiques à l'échelle de la pêcherie, et illustre de potentiels effets de la gestion par TAC du stock de merlu Nord sur la pêcherie, dans un contexte de mise en place de I'obligation de débarquement. Ces résultats et des pistes d'amélioration sont discutés. / North-East Atlantic fisheries management goes towards a regionalisation, accounting for mixed fisheries technical interaction. Hence, understanding and assessing the spatio-temporal dynamics of exploited species and the fleets exploiting them is needed. This study aims to provide a tool to assess the effects of several management scenarii in the Bay of Biscay. lt fouses on North-east Atlantic northern hake stock (Merluccius merluccius) and the mixed demersal hake - sole (Solea solea) - Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) Bay of Biscay fisheries.A Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) framework has been developed, pairing a spatial northern hake stock assessment model, and an operating model (lSlS-Fish) simulating the Bay of Biscay mixed demersal fisheries.A Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) framework has been developed, pairing a spatial northern hake stock assessment model, and an operating model (lSlS-Fish) simulating the Bay of Biscay mixed demersal fisheries.The spatial assessment model estimated northern hake abundance, recruitment and fishing mortality spatio-temporal variations, despite the estimation procedure sensitivity to initial point.The operating model incorporates all the current knowledge on the fisheries. lt has been calibrated following a multi-criteria approach, ensuring the reproduction of hake catch on 2010-2012. The Management Strategy Evaluation framework is not operational, although it highlighted discrepancies between both models dynamics at the fishery scale, and illustrated northern hake management through TACs potential effects on the fishery, in a landing obligation context. These results and improvement axes are discussed.

This thesis is presented as a collection of five papers and one report, each of which has been either published after peer review or submitted for publication. It covers a broad range of applied statistical methods, from deterministic modelling to integrated Bayesian modelling using MCMC, via bootstrapping and stochastic simulation. It also covers a broad range of subjects, from analysis of recreational fishing diaries, to genetic mark recapture for wombats. However, it focuses on practical applications of statistics to the management of wild populations. The first chapter (Hoyle and Jellyman 2002, published in Marine and Freshwater Research) applies a simple deterministic yield per recruit model to a fishery management problem: possible overexploitation of the New Zealand longfin eel. The chapter has significant implications for longfin eel fishery management. The second chapter (Hoyle and Cameron 2003, published in Fisheries Management and Ecology) focuses on uncertainty in the classical paradigm, by investigating the best way to estimate bootstrap confidence limits on recreational harvest and catch rate using catch diary data. The third chapter (Hoyle et al., in press with Molecular Ecology Notes) takes a different path by looking at genetic mark-recapture in a fisheries management context. Genetic mark-recapture was developed for wildlife abundance estimation but has not previously been applied to fish harvest rate estimation. The fourth chapter (Hoyle and Banks, submitted) addresses genetic mark-recapture, but in the wildlife context for estimates of abundance rather than harvest rate. Our approach uses individual-based modeling and Bayesian analysis to investigate the effect of shadows on abundance estimates and confidence intervals, and to provide guidelines for developing sets of loci for populations of different sizes and levels of relatedness. The fifth chapter (Hoyle and Maunder 2004, Animal Biodiversity and Conservation) applies integrated analysis techniques developed in fisheries to the modeling of protected species population dynamics - specifically the north-eastern spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata. It combines data from a number of different sources in a single statistical model, and estimates parameters using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian MCMC. The sixth chapter (Hoyle 2002, peer reviewed and published as Queensland Department of Primary Industries Information Series) results directly from a pressing management issue: developing new management procedures for the Queensland east coast Spanish mackerel fishery. It uses an existing stock assessment as a starting point for an integrated Bayesian management strategy evaluation. Possibilities for further research have been identified within the subject areas of each chapter, both within the chapters and in the final discussion chapter.