Whilst, the reality of changing organizations is accepted, understanding about the rhetoric of change in organizations is still evolving. This thesis provides new insights into the rhetoric of change in organizations through addressing the following research aims. i. To establish a theoretical framework for classifying change. ii. To identify and analyse the actual rhetoric of change of senior management in the UK clearing banks. iii.To compare the actual rhetoric of change identified in the UK clearing banks against the theoretical framework for classifying change. iv. To develop an Actual Rhetoric of Change Framework. The Annual Reports and Internal Newspapers of Barclays, Lloyds, Midland and National Westminster Bank over the five years 1990 to 1994 were analysed using discourse analysis. This naturally occurring data contained the actual rhetoric of change. In terms of banking change, this thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge by identifying and analysing the actual rhetoric of change in banking. The thesis makes original contributions to knowledge about the rhetoric of changing organizations in two ways. Firstly the development of the literature based Change Classifications Framework. Secondly, through comparing the literature and the data, an Actual Rhetoric of Change Framework was developed. The Actual Rhetoric of Change Framework predicts that change will be depicted in organizations as being challenging, constant, coherent, contextualised and chronological.

This study deals with a topic which, probably more than any other, directly involves the continuing challenges of development and the improvement of the living environment in Developing Countries, but with particular reference to Saudi Arabia. It is through Project Management that Owners can direct and manage the myriad tasks and activities which are needed to accomplish the design and construction of diverse facilities. Virtually anyone with a modest knowledge of what is involved in the management of a large construction project knows that it is no simple task. The study does not attempt to develop an inflexible methodology, but, rather a concept which could be revised and perfected. The author's own experience in recent years has confirmed the validity and usefulness of a particular approach to project management. This study is an attest to provide a system which differs from all other known systems and which will serve the needs of the building owner to give him a greater degree of control in the construction process. It acknowledges that owners cannot possibly provide all the necessary technical expertise, so the system should be simple, covering important issues, and ignoring tasks which are the responsibility of specialist consultants. It is written primarily for personnel involved in policy making and decision taking. Thus the contents are aimed at construction executives, architects, engineers, financiers and others involved in the planning, design, construction, operation and financing of a large scale project. ii The study attempts to arrive at a system which encourages an atmosphere of creative thinking and an acceptance of change. It is, therefore, an organised, systematic approach recognising and containing the elements of planning, scheduling and estimating as well as consultant and contractor selection, tendering, reporting, control and analysis of the important variables of time, money and quality.

<p><strong>Authors:</strong></p><p>Waqas Mehmood, Yasir Liaqat, Nauman Iftikhar, Raza Syed Hassan</p><p><strong>Tutor:</strong></p><p>Petra Andersson</p><p><strong>Examiner:</strong></p><p>Helena Forslund</p><p><strong>Title:</strong></p><p>Managing Supply Chain Risks in Fresh Food Items – a case study on Makro-Habib Pakistan Limited – a wholesales chain in Pakistan</p><p><strong>Background:</strong></p><p>In today’s era, businesses are facing various types of risks which can be legal/political, social, operational/technical, natural and economic in nature. For this purpose, companies need to have effective risk management process to mitigate these risks. Especially companies like Makro-Habib who heavily rely on effective and efficient supply chain can gain competitive advantage if they manage the risks within their supply chain network.</p><p><strong>Research Questions:</strong></p><p>RQ-1: What are the most significant supply chain risks in fresh food items at Makro-Habib?</p><p>RQ-2: How can significant supply chain risks in fresh food items of Makro-Habib be mitigated through proposed action plan?</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong></p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge on how to manage risks in the fresh food supply chain</p><p><strong>Method:</strong></p><p>The empirical data and the conclusions which are drawn from it are based on qualitative facts that are gathered through interviews and questionnaires. The results/conclusions drawn from responses of the interviews of fresh food section heads of Makro-Habib and the literature. This thesis is written from a positivistic perspective with a deductive approach.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong></p><p>Various risk mitigation strategies at strategic, operational and visibility level are suggested like coordination, information sharing, training, monitoring to counter the most significant fresh food supply chain risks which are wrong ordering, contamination of products and FIFO (loose practice).</p>

This research investigated the correlation between the principal's leadership style and the school organisational climate. The literature study established the importance of leadership in the context of an open and positive school organisational climate. In this regard, it was found that a supportive principal leadership style is positively related to an open and positive school climate, where educators are engaged and enjoy high collegiality and intimate relationships. The school organisational climate as variously defined, relates to educator perceptions of principals or school management behaviour and refers to how educators experience, especially the management aspects that influence the climate in the school. Thus, organisational climate is related to the quality of experiences an educator has in the school, which is expressed in how he or she experiences the school life. The Organizational Climate Descriptive Questionnaire for Elementary Schools, consisting of six organisational climate descriptive dimensions was used for data collection. The dimensions describe the behavioural aspects of principal leadership namely, supportive, directive and restrictive and educators' behavioural aspects namely, collegial, intimate and disengaged. The behavioural interactions of principals and educators provided the basis for the analysis of the correlation between the principal's leadership style and the school organisational climate. It was established that there was a correlation between principals' leadership styles and school organisational climates. It was found that the organisational climates of the surveyed schools are characterised by principal leadership behaviour that is high on directive behaviour, slightly below average on supportive and restrictive. Educator behaviour was found to be slightly below average on collegial behaviours. Educator behaviour scored below average on intimate behaviour and scored slightly above average on disengaged behaviour. Principal openness behaviour was found to be below average while educator openness behaviour was found to be average which translate to school organisational climates that are relatively closed, which actually indicates a relationship between principal leadership style and school organisational climate. This research therefore draws a conclusion that there indeed is a correlation between school principals' leadership styles and school organisational climates. / Thesis (M.Ed. (Education Management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.