Bochum, Universiẗat, Diss., 2002.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Manchester, in the first half of the nineteenth century, held great fascination to many as an example of a town being remade and transformed by the technological developments of the Industrial Revolution. The transformations experienced included the rapid physical expansion of the town and its population and the reordering of its society from a traditional, rigid class structure, involving a powerful aristocracy and working-class citizens, to a new social hierarchy with a numerous and influential middle class—an emerging ‘urban aristocracy’ of people involved in manufacturing, commerce and other professions. As these changes took place, the rest of England (and the Western world) looked on—horrified, shocked, awed, fascinated. It was a different world, and the rapid changes taking place in society created in observers a sense of urgency in describing the effects of those changes—particularly the social problems, which had been shaped by industrial life. / A trend in describing Manchester’s residents as ‘philistines’ and the town, generally, as a ‘cultural wasteland’ took hold at this time and has been perpetuated until fairly recently. This thesis explores this trend—Manchester’s nineteenth-century image—and the impact of contemporary opinion on constructions of social hierarchies and cultural reputations. It also aims to show that there was more to Manchester’s cultural life in the nineteenth century than is widely acknowledged, either by contemporaries from the period or by some scholars today, and that the pursuit and experience of music and certain noises was genuinely wanted by the manufacturing class for a number of key reasons. / Delving further, into studies of soundscapes and ‘noise,’ it becomes ever clearer that sound, and how individuals and societies interact with it and interpret it, acts as an important—though frequently overlooked—signifier of class relations and civic identity. Finally, this thesis aims to reconstruct how Manchester sounded in three principal regions of the town to show how a study of soundscapes helps to articulate how the town was psychologically constructed in the minds of inhabitants and visitors, and how it was sensed and experienced.

This thesis presents precipitation chemistry data from a dense network of 18 bulk and one wet-only precipitation collectors across the Metropolitan County of Greater Manchester, in the North-West of England, between January 1987 and December 1988. The samples were analysed for the major ions in precipitation. The data were used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of non marine sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, calcium and hydrogen, their sources and potential atmospheric removal processes. This study has demonstrated the significant spatial variability of non marine sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, calcium and hydrogen ion concentrations in bulk precipitation from a dense urban network. The spatial pattern of hydrogen showed a significant inverse relationship with that of calcium, showing the importance of calcium species as the principal buffering agent of urban precipitation chemistry. A significant relationship between calcium and non marine sulphate was found using advanced statistical techniques. Calcium is proposed to principally originate from urban 'dust' particles which react with either sulphur dioxide or sulphate particles to ·produce enhanced concentrations of non marine sulphate in precipitation. A significant relationship was also found between nitrate and ammonium using the same statistical techniques and trajectory analysis. It is proposed that ammonia from sources within the U.K. and the conurbation itself, undergoes gas phase reactions with nitric acid to form ammonium nitrate, and that the spatial variability of nitrate in precipitation is likely to be the result of the strong spatial variability of ammonium. It may also be possible that calcium carbonate, from local sources, reacts with ammonium sulphate particles, liberating ammonia. The temporal variability of non marine sulphate, nitrate, ammonium and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation was consistent with patterns observed by other workers. Local and meso scale emissions do not seem to greatly affect the temporal variabi1ity of these ion concentrations, the major controlling factor being meteorology. The temporal variability of ammonium and nitrate deposition is more susceptible to the effects of local and meso scale emissions. Mean network concentrations of non marine sulphate, nitrate, ammonium and hydrogen did not differ great1y to interpolated values from the secondary national network for the year 1988. However, sophisticated statistical analysis comparing selected data from the G.M. network to those from two nearby national network sites revealed important differences regarding the sources of some ions in precipitation and their relative strengths.

No description available.

Manchester, in the first half of the nineteenth century, held great fascination to many as an example of a town being remade and transformed by the technological developments of the Industrial Revolution. The transformations experienced included the rapid physical expansion of the town and its population and the reordering of its society from a traditional, rigid class structure, involving a powerful aristocracy and working-class citizens, to a new social hierarchy with a numerous and influential middle class—an emerging ‘urban aristocracy’ of people involved in manufacturing, commerce and other professions. As these changes took place, the rest of England (and the Western world) looked on—horrified, shocked, awed, fascinated. It was a different world, and the rapid changes taking place in society created in observers a sense of urgency in describing the effects of those changes—particularly the social problems, which had been shaped by industrial life. / A trend in describing Manchester’s residents as ‘philistines’ and the town, generally, as a ‘cultural wasteland’ took hold at this time and has been perpetuated until fairly recently. This thesis explores this trend—Manchester’s nineteenth-century image—and the impact of contemporary opinion on constructions of social hierarchies and cultural reputations. It also aims to show that there was more to Manchester’s cultural life in the nineteenth century than is widely acknowledged, either by contemporaries from the period or by some scholars today, and that the pursuit and experience of music and certain noises was genuinely wanted by the manufacturing class for a number of key reasons. / Delving further, into studies of soundscapes and ‘noise,’ it becomes ever clearer that sound, and how individuals and societies interact with it and interpret it, acts as an important—though frequently overlooked—signifier of class relations and civic identity. Finally, this thesis aims to reconstruct how Manchester sounded in three principal regions of the town to show how a study of soundscapes helps to articulate how the town was psychologically constructed in the minds of inhabitants and visitors, and how it was sensed and experienced.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University

The thesis seeks to draw upon and develop theories of governance with attempts to explain the functioning of policy and delivery mechanisms within the area of economic development and regeneration within the Greater Manchester City Region. [GMCR] It seeks to identify and to understand the fine-grained processes underlying the evolution of metropolitan governance using multiple methods. The thesis provides a ‘socio-spatial biography’ of the city-region through the use of Social Network Analysis [SNA] linked to a programme of semi-structured interviews with elite policy actors. It seeks to contribute to work on metropolitan governance by considering the role of actors within meta-governance processes which define their ‘scope at scale’, or their ability to act and to exercise discretion within the structures available to them. This discretion rests upon a highly centralised form of ‘contrived randomness’ under which UK central-local relations are skewed in favour of the frames of reference of national policy makers, with local actors responsible for delivery and implementation. Empirical data are drawn from case study fieldwork within the context of the wider array of bodies, vehicles and initiatives at the scale of the Greater Manchester City Region. The thesis seeks to explore the roles of the ‘Manchester Family’ these ‘quasi-local actors and entities’ [qualgae] their forms and functions and their relationship to economic development and spatial planning in the city region. It seeks to conceptualise the qualgae as a network and to consider the relationships between formalised, mandated local government and the more recent assemblages of single-purpose strategic vehicles. The thesis highlights the tensions between actors involved in these parallel (and sometimes competing) forms of city-regional governance and the power and authority associated with strategic co-ordination and ‘joining-up’. It argues that these tensions are particularly acute where sub-national governance innovations combined with the legacy of multiple initiatives within the field of regeneration and local economic development have left complex institutional and cross-organisational structures. It argues that Greater Manchester constitutes a rich milieu from which future initiatives may spring.