Se presentan 22 especies de holoturoideos habitantes del mar del Perú, distribuidas sistemáticamente en tres órdenes, ocho familias y trece géneros. Se incluye el catálogo para cada especie: morfología externa, microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) de los osículos y mapa de distribución; así como información sobre la distribución batimétrica y localidad tipo, entre otros aspectos; además una clave de identificación taxonómica para las especies del mar del Perú. Los ámbitos de distribución batimétrica varían de 0 a 1,412 m. Se aportan ocho nuevos registros para el mar del Perú: Pentamera chierchia, Neocucumis veleronis, Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica, Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans, Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae, Molpadia intermedia y Caudina californica. Se amplía el ámbito de distribución geográfica, a su límite más sureño, de las siguientes especies: Neocucumis veleronis, Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica, Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans, Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae, Molpadia intermedia y Caudina californica. Se amplía el ámbito de distribución batimétrica de las siguientes especies: Pentamera chiloensis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica y Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae. Las especies de pepinos de mar más características del Perú son: Pattalus mollis y Athyonidium chilensis. Palabras clave: Taxonomía, Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, pepinos de mar, Perú, nuevos registros. / --- Twenty-two species of sea cucumbers inhabiting Peruvian waters are reported. They are included in three orders eight families and thirteen genera. Each species is illustrated in a catalogue: information about external morphology, electronic scanning microscopy of the spicules and distribution maps is included; also information about bathymetric distribution and type locality of each species, as well as a taxonomic key for the Peruvian species are also presented. Bathymetric ranges vary between 0 and 1412 m. Eight new records for Peru are remarkable: Pentamera chierchia, Neocucumis veleronis, Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica, Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans, Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae, Molpadia intermedia and Caudina califórnica. The geographic range of Neocucumis veleronis, Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica, Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans, Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae, Molpadia intermedia y Caudina califórnica is widened to southward. The bathymetric range of Pentamera chiloensis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica and Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae is widened. The sea cucumbers more characteristic of Peruvian sear are Pattalus mollis and Athyonidium chilensis. Keywords: Taxonomy, Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, sea cucumber, Peru, new records.

Se presentan 22 especies de holoturoideos habitantes del mar del Perú, distribuidas sistemáticamente en tres órdenes, ocho familias y trece géneros. Se incluye el catálogo para cada especie: morfología externa, microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) de los osículos y mapa de distribución; así como información sobre la distribución batimétrica y localidad tipo, entre otros aspectos; además una clave de identificación taxonómica para las especies del mar del Perú. Los ámbitos de distribución batimétrica varían de 0 a 1,412 m. Se aportan ocho nuevos registros para el mar del Perú: Pentamera chierchia, Neocucumis veleronis, Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica, Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans, Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae, Molpadia intermedia y Caudina californica. Se amplía el ámbito de distribución geográfica, a su límite más sureño, de las siguientes especies: Neocucumis veleronis, Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica, Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans, Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae, Molpadia intermedia y Caudina californica. Se amplía el ámbito de distribución batimétrica de las siguientes especies: Pentamera chiloensis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica y Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae. Las especies de pepinos de mar más características del Perú son: Pattalus mollis y Athyonidium chilensis. Palabras clave: Taxonomía, Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, pepinos de mar, Perú, nuevos registros. / Twenty-two species of sea cucumbers inhabiting Peruvian waters are reported. They are included in three orders eight families and thirteen genera. Each species is illustrated in a catalogue: information about external morphology, electronic scanning microscopy of the spicules and distribution maps is included; also information about bathymetric distribution and type locality of each species, as well as a taxonomic key for the Peruvian species are also presented. Bathymetric ranges vary between 0 and 1412 m. Eight new records for Peru are remarkable: Pentamera chierchia, Neocucumis veleronis, Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica, Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans, Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae, Molpadia intermedia and Caudina califórnica. The geographic range of Neocucumis veleronis, Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica, Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans, Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae, Molpadia intermedia y Caudina califórnica is widened to southward. The bathymetric range of Pentamera chiloensis, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica and Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae is widened. The sea cucumbers more characteristic of Peruvian sear are Pattalus mollis and Athyonidium chilensis. Keywords: Taxonomy, Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, sea cucumber, Peru, new records.

En esta investigación se han estudiado las toxinas del veneno de la anémona de mar Anthothoe chilensis (Lesson, 1830), a partir de los tentáculos y cuerpos de animales vivos recolectados entre 8 y 10 metros de profundidad en las Isla Cabinza-San Lorenzo. Se utilizaron tres fracciones precipitadas con sulfato de amonio y tres fracciones precipitadas con acetona para realizar ensayos in vitro y un ensayo in vivo. Se observó que las proteínas contenidas en el veneno de A. chilensis tienen un peso molecular entre 14 y 94 kDa. Se evidenció la presencia de carbohidratos en todas las fracciones evaluadas y mediante tinción PAS de geles PAGE-SDS se detectó la presencia de glicoproteínas. Todas las fracciones mostraron tener actividad hemolítica, fosfolipásica y proteolítica. La fracción Ach1at tuvo la actividad hemolítica más alta, la fracción acetónica Ach3at tuvo la mayor actividad fosfolipásica. Cuando las fracciones se probaron sobre el desarrollo embrionario de huevos de erizo de mar, éstas mostraron efectos en la morfología tales como blástulas lisadas, exogastrulación, prismas y larvas pluteus anormales. Entre los efectos citológicos se observaron gástrulas con menos configuraciones mitóticas, núcleos heteropicnóticos, cariorresis y núcleos gigantes. Las fracciones ensayadas mostraron producir hipersensibilidad tipo I en ratones albinos, sin llegar a desencadenar shock anafiláctico. / --- In this investigation toxins of the venom of the sea anemone Anthothoe chilensis (Lesson, 1830) have been studied, from the tentacles and bodies of alive animals collected between 8 and 10 meters of depth in the Island Cabinza-San Lorenzo. Three precipitated fractions with ammonium sulfate and three precipitated fractions with acetone were used to make assays in vitro and one assay in vivo. It was observed that the proteins contained in the venom of A. chilensis have a molecular weight between 14 and 94 kDa. The presence of carbohydrates was evidenced in all the evaluated fractions and by stain PAS of gels SDS-PAGE the glycoproteins presence were detected. All the fractions showed to have hemolytic, phospholipase and proteolytic activities. The acetonic fraction I had the higher hemolytic activity, the acetonic fraction III had the greater phospholipasic activity. When the fractions were assayed on the sea urchin eggs embryonic development, they showed to have morphologic effects like lisated blastules, early exogastrulation, and abnormal prisms and pluteus larvae. Cytological effects like gastrulaes with less mitotic configurations, heteropycnotic nuclei, karyorrhexis and giant nuclei were observed. The evaluated fractions showed to produce hypersensitivity type I in mice, without getting to trigger anaphylactic shock.

Tese de mestrado. Engenharia Civil. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2006

En esta investigación se han estudiado las toxinas del veneno de la anémona de mar Anthothoe chilensis (Lesson, 1830), a partir de los tentáculos y cuerpos de animales vivos recolectados entre 8 y 10 metros de profundidad en las Isla Cabinza-San Lorenzo. Se utilizaron tres fracciones precipitadas con sulfato de amonio y tres fracciones precipitadas con acetona para realizar ensayos in vitro y un ensayo in vivo. Se observó que las proteínas contenidas en el veneno de A. chilensis tienen un peso molecular entre 14 y 94 kDa. Se evidenció la presencia de carbohidratos en todas las fracciones evaluadas y mediante tinción PAS de geles PAGE-SDS se detectó la presencia de glicoproteínas. Todas las fracciones mostraron tener actividad hemolítica, fosfolipásica y proteolítica. La fracción Ach1at tuvo la actividad hemolítica más alta, la fracción acetónica Ach3at tuvo la mayor actividad fosfolipásica. Cuando las fracciones se probaron sobre el desarrollo embrionario de huevos de erizo de mar, éstas mostraron efectos en la morfología tales como blástulas lisadas, exogastrulación, prismas y larvas pluteus anormales. Entre los efectos citológicos se observaron gástrulas con menos configuraciones mitóticas, núcleos heteropicnóticos, cariorresis y núcleos gigantes. Las fracciones ensayadas mostraron producir hipersensibilidad tipo I en ratones albinos, sin llegar a desencadenar shock anafiláctico. / In this investigation toxins of the venom of the sea anemone Anthothoe chilensis (Lesson, 1830) have been studied, from the tentacles and bodies of alive animals collected between 8 and 10 meters of depth in the Island Cabinza-San Lorenzo. Three precipitated fractions with ammonium sulfate and three precipitated fractions with acetone were used to make assays in vitro and one assay in vivo. It was observed that the proteins contained in the venom of A. chilensis have a molecular weight between 14 and 94 kDa. The presence of carbohydrates was evidenced in all the evaluated fractions and by stain PAS of gels SDS-PAGE the glycoproteins presence were detected. All the fractions showed to have hemolytic, phospholipase and proteolytic activities. The acetonic fraction I had the higher hemolytic activity, the acetonic fraction III had the greater phospholipasic activity. When the fractions were assayed on the sea urchin eggs embryonic development, they showed to have morphologic effects like lisated blastules, early exogastrulation, and abnormal prisms and pluteus larvae. Cytological effects like gastrulaes with less mitotic configurations, heteropycnotic nuclei, karyorrhexis and giant nuclei were observed. The evaluated fractions showed to produce hypersensitivity type I in mice, without getting to trigger anaphylactic shock.

Muscular Dystrophy (MD) is a progressive muscle wasting disease which currently has no cure, and is caused by the mutation of the dystrophin gene. A multitude of approaches for the improvement of the muscular pathology caused by this condition are being investigated, one of which is gene therapy. This approach is used to deliver vectors containing therapeutic transgenes such as dystrophin to target muscle cells. One method of gene delivery utilises viral vectors, and although this has resulted in systemic delivery and efficient transgene expression, there are many safety implications which have led to the development of non-viral approaches, such as the direct delivery of naked plasmid DNA. However, the shortcomings of these vectors include an inability to replicate within host cells, resulting in the loss of vector as cells replicate, and the silencing of transgene expression. In an effort to overcome such limitations, a novel system called the ‘pEPI vector' has been developed. Here, the inclusion of the β-IFN scaffold/matrix-attachment region (S/MAR) element into the open reading frame of an actively transcribed transgene has been found to lead to sustained, long term transgene expression, and to allow the episomal propagation and maintenance of the vector in dividing cells over many generations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the potential of this vector for use as a gene therapy vector in muscle cells in order to treat MD. In this study, the long-term expression of the eGFP reporter transgene inserted into the pEPI vector was evaluated, and the pEPI vector's episomal/integrant status was investigated, in C2C12 murine myoblasts, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines. 60 days after transfection the vector was found not to have integrated into the host genomes of any of the cell lines. Transgene expression had declined to nearly undetectable levels in fast-replicating C2C12 and HeLa cells, but was at high levels in the relatively slow-dividing HepG2 cells. An attempt to improve long term transgene expression in C2C12 cells by changing the promoter from CMV to CAGG still led to low transgene expression after 60 days. To address this issue, this study focused on the development of a novel approach to ameliorate long-term transgene expression, based upon the origin of replication and nuclear matrix attachment properties of the S/MAR element, as well as the results obtained from testing the vector in the HeLa and HepG2 cells. It involved the arrest of C2C12 cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle post transfection with the pEPI vector in order to allow these fast-dividing cells an extended period of time to epigenetically mark pEPI prior to selection. The findings indicated that this novel method of pEPI vector establishment was superior to that which utilises selection alone. However, in spite of the improvement in long-term episomal transgene expression observed using this novel method of establishment of the pEPI vector, transgene expression levels were still relatively low after 35 days of cell proliferation, which led to the conclusion that further development of this vector is essential in order for it to be able to elicit a significant restoration of muscle function in MD patients. Additionally, two other S/MAR vectors were tested in C2C12 cells. One vector contained the ‘mini-S/MAR', a shorter version of the β-IFN S/MAR, and the other contained a novel S/MAR derived from the c-myc proto-oncogene. Transgene expression by either vector was nearly undetectable after several weeks of proliferation, and both were found to integrate into the C2C12 host genome, leading to the conclusion that not all S/MAR elements inserted within a plasmid vector can lead to long-term transgene expression, nor confer protection from vector integration.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / El objetivo al cual apunta la presente memoria de prueba es esbozar los antecedentes históricos de nuestra imbricada relación con el Océano Pacífico, que nos permiten vislumbrar la inmanencia de la idea de Mar Chileno desde nuestro descubrimiento, analizar la problemática marítima actual y las causas coyunturales que justifican la doctrina del Mar Presencial y, finalmente, la plausibilidad de su enmarcamiento dentro de la actual normativa oceánica internacional para las zonas de alta mar.

El artículo no presenta resumen.

En esta oportunidad, el autor ha desarrollado un curioso e interesante estudio sobre el tema limítrofe marítimo de las islas que, por sus cualidades geográficas, pretende quitarnos mucho análisis y reflexión.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:04:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1235_1.pdf: 4329445 bytes, checksum: 42252972f20f1e35509d7b60a910871c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nematoda é o grupo da meiofauna mais abundante e diverso nos sedimentos marinhos de mar profundo. Na Bacia de Campos, Sabatieria foi o gênero dominante em relação aos 186 encontrados, ocorrendo nas diferentes profundidades estudadas (750m, 1050m, 1350m, 1650m and 1950m), áreas (Norte e Sul) e estratos sedimentares (0-2cm e 2-5cm). Seis novas espécies desse gênero foram descritas para a Bacia de Campos, cada uma apresentando as seguintes características: Sabatieria spiculata sp. nov. é caraterizada pelo tamanho da espícula e a presença de um dente dorsal; S. paraspiculata sp. nov. pela forma da cauda e o diâmetro máximo do corpo; S. bitumen sp. nov. pela forma das espículas com uma projeção em forma de flecha na parte distal; S. subrotundicauda sp. nov. pela cauda arredondada e ovários refletidos; Sabatieria exilis sp. nov. por uma cabeça arredondada sem constricções, faringe curta com porção anterior cuticularizada; Sabatieria fidelis sp. nov. por possuir setas cefálicas e somáticas curtas, testículos distendidos e curtos, espículas direcionadas ventralmente e com uma terminação em forma de conta-gotas na parte distal e gubernáculo em forma de v . Ainda que Sabatieria tenha sido encontrada nas diferentes profundidades, existiu uma redução no número de indivíduos com o aumento da profundidade, com diferenças significativas entre a profundidade de 750 metros e as demais. S. spiculata e S. bitumen foram as espécies mais abundantes nas amostras. Esse gênero e suas espécies mostraram uma distribução preferencial (e significativa) no estrato sedimentar mais superficial (0-2 cm). Sabatieria e suas principais espécies (em abundância) apresentaram uma correlação positiva com o carbono orgânico e negativa com os teores de carbonatos. Esses resultados reforçam a importância de Sabatieria (e suas espécies) como os táxons mais abundantes de Nematoda nas áreas de Talude Continental, especialmente, nos sedimentos finos com níveis médio-altos de recursos orgânicos