Zhu Wen. / "May 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-249). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

published_or_final_version / Ecology and Biodiversity / Master / Master of Philosophy

This study investigated the role of grazing as a possible cause for the upper limit of distribution of algae on a typical South African south coast.

Biosorption is a property of certain type of inactive, microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from even very dilute aqueous solutions. Biomass exhibits this property, acting just as a chemical substance, as an ion exchanger of biological origin. It is particularly the cell wall structure of certain algae that is found responsible for this phenomenon. In these experiments, the rate and extent for removal of copper is subjected to parameters such as pH, initial metal concentration, biosorbent size, contact time, temperature and the ability of the biomass to be regenerated in sorption-desorption experiments. The metal adsorption was found to be rapid within 25 minutes. The maximum copper uptake of 30 mg of copper / g of biomass has been observed, in the following conditions: 100 mg / L, 0.1 g of biomass, pH 4 and at temperature of 25°C. From this study, it was found that copper uptake is increasing with increase in pH, with optimum being pH 4. Copper uptake increases substantially from 0 to 25 minutes. Metal biosorption behaviour of raw seaweed Sargassum in six consecutive sorptiondesorption cycles were also investigated in a packed-bed column, during a continuous removal of copper from a 35 mg/l aqueous solution at pH 4. The sorption and desorption was carried out for an average of 85 and 15 hours, respectively, representing more than 40 days of continuous use of the biosorbent. The weight loss ofbiomass after this time was 13.5%. The column service time decreased from 25 hrs in the first cycle to 10 hrs for the last cycle. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Applied Sciences in Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) or polysaccharides (NDPs), which promote the growth of beneficial lactic acid bacteria in the colon. Algae are rich in polysaccharides and can be exploited as prebiotics for functional food ingredients to improve human and animal health. Currently, inulin is the most widely used ingredient in the prebiotics market, which is produced from live plants and requires expensive production processing. There is a vast repository of marine life with algae as a major source of nutrients. Therefore, this study provides an alternative source for prebiotic production and examines marine and freshwater algae that promote the growth of two strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subs. (Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and one strain of Bifidobacterium spp. (Bifidobacterium longum). Monosaccharides of the oligosaccharide fraction of marine and freshwater algal extracts were investigated with the use of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after acidic hydrolysis of cell matrix polysaccharides. A total of fifty-five marine and freshwater aqueous algal extracts were assessed for their effect on the growth of L. lactis, B. longum and L. bulgaricus over a 96 hour period. Relative to the negative control, 34.5% algal extracts showed improved growth on one or more probiotic bacteria. The optimum time for maximum bacterial growth was noted at 48 h for all the tested aqueous algal extracts. Five marine and freshwater algal cultures (Spirulina platensis, Chlorococcum spp., Dunaliella salina, Scenedesmus magnus, Chlorella spp. and algal extract no. 48) from various aquatic environments in Kwa-Zulu Natal showed the best growth dynamics and demonstrated the greatest potential as sources of biomass for prebiotic production. These algal extracts were able to significantly increase the growth of at least one of the three probiotic bacteria (p < 0.05). Aqueous algal extract from S. platensis was regarded as the best algal source for prebiotics as it demonstrated a greater stimulatory effect on the growth of all three probiotic bacteria (L. lactis, B. longum and L. bulgaricus) compared to tested aqueous algal extracts and the inulin used as a positive control. The results obtained by HPLC for characterization confirmed TLC data, as xylose and galactose were detected by both chromatograms. These data indicated that xylose and galactose were present in aqueous algal extracts from S. magnus and S. platensis and galactose in aqueous algal extract no. 48. Xylose was most abundant in aqueous algal extracts from S. platensis (3mg/ml) and S. magnus (2.3mg/ml). In conclusion aqueous algal extracts from S. platensis, Chlorococcum, D. salina, S. magnus, Chlorella and algal extract no. 48 are potential sources for prebiotic production. Spirulina platensis extract was regarded as the best algal source. Xyose and galactose characterized by HPLC in algal extracts make up oligosaccharides that function as prebiotic compounds for stimulation of probiotic bacteria. There is a great scope for successful production of prebiotics from algal sources in South Africa. / M

Coccolithophores are single-celled marine phytoplankton, which produce intricate calcium carbonate platelets or ‘coccoliths’. Emiliania huxleyi is the most abundant and widespread coccolithophore, and is one of the most productive calcifying species on earth, playing a key role in global carbon, carbonate and sulphur cycles. Despite much research into coccolithophore biology, the underlying function of their coccoliths is still unknown. The main aim of the research reported in this thesis was to examine the impact of calcification on metabolism in coccolithophores. Calcification is a significant global process, so it is important to discover what effect it has on the metabolism of cells. The major metabolites each have different costs and benefits to the cell, which will vary depending on the habitat and environmental conditions the cell is in. By comparing the metabolite profiles of different strains, including calcifying, non-calcifying, haploid and diploid cells, differences in metabolite composition and potential patterns related to cell type were investigated. Low molecular weight (LMW) metabolites were characterised using a combination of metabolomic techniques. In agreement with previous research, dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) was the most abundant compound, followed by mannitol and glycine betaine (GBT). Less abundant sugars, polyols and amino acids were also identified. Environmental factors were manipulated to investigate how the principal metabolites were affected by salinity, different light intensities and nutrient (phosphate and nitrate) limitation. The data revealed a striking difference between haploid and diploid cells of the same strain, with the haploid containing lower concentrations of most of the major metabolites. Thus it is proposed that haploid cells have a different osmoregulatory strategy from the diploid cells. A negative correlation was found between DMSP and mannitol, suggesting that mannitol has a dual function, not only as a major storage compound but also as a principal compatible solute. Untargeted metabolite profiling is becoming a popular tool to investigate phenotypes and varying environmental conditions. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analyses of a wide range of metabolites showed that it is an effective method to identify differences and similarities between E. huxleyi strains grown in different conditions. Strain and growth phase appear to be the more important factors in differentiating metabolite profiles. Surprisingly there were no obvious metabolite profiling differences between calcifying and non-calcifying cells. Untargeted analysis can, however, be used to identify the compounds that did display differences, and which may be important biomarkers, so warrant further investigation. A range of metabolite profiling techniques highlighted important differences between strains, which will hopefully lead onto further research into the metabolome of E. huxleyi, and the unravelling of important metabolic pathways. There has been little research into the LMW metabolites of E. huxleyi, and especially comparisons between strains. Thus the use of metabolomics is a novel way to investigate the difference between cell types and the possible functions of calcification.

Phytoplankton Chlorophyll a (CHLa), total protein, colloidal carbohydrates, storage carbohydrates and taxonomic pigment relationships were studied in two cyanophytes (Microcystis aeruginosa and Synnechococcus elongatus), two chlorophytes (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Scenedesmus quadricauda), one cryptophyte (Rhodomonas salina), two diatoms (Cyclotella meneghiniana and Thalassiosira weissflogii) and one dinophyte (Amphidinium carterae) to assess if algal biomass could be expressed in other indices than just chlorophyll a alone. Protein and carbohydrates are more useful currencies for expressing algal biomass, with respect to energy flow amongst trophic levels. These phytoplankton were grown at low light (LL = 37 (So(Bmol photons m-2 s-1), medium light (ML = 70-75 (So(Bmol photons m-2 s-1), and high light (HL= 200 (So(Bmol photons m-2 s-1). / Even though pigment per cell increased with increasing light intensity, statistically light had very little effect on the CHL a : taxonomic marker pigment ratios, as they covaried in the same way. Protein, colloidal carbohydrates and storage carbohydrates per cell all increased with increasing light intensity, but they did not covary with CHLa. Statistical data showed that light intensity had a more noticeable effect on protein: CHL a, colloidal carbohydrate: CHLa, storage CHO: CHLa, therefore a general mathematical expression for these relationships cannot be generated. This study showed that light intensity does have an influence on these biomass indices, therefore, seasonal and latitudinal formulas may be required for meaningful algal biomass estimation. However, more studies are needed if that goal is to be realized. / While studying the effects of light intensity on algal pigment content and concentration, a new pigment was isolated from a cyanophyte (Scytonema hofmanii) growing between 300-1800 (So(Bmol photons¨m-2¨s-1 and from samples collected in areas of the Florida Everglades. This pigment was characterized and structurally determined to possess indolic and phenolic subunits that are characteristic of scytonemin and its derivatives. In addition, the pigment has a ketamine functionality which gives it its unique polarity and spectral properties. Based on the ultra violet/visible absorbance data, this pigment was postulated to be protecting the chlorophyll a and cytochrome Soret bands as well as a and (Sb (Bbands of the cytochromes (e.g. cytc-562) in the photosynthetic unit. / by Cidya Grant. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

As algas marinhas calcárias (AMC) e os óleos essenciais vêm sendo utilizados como aditivos em dietas para ruminantes. As AMC têm sido adicionadas às dietas com o objetivo de modularem o pH ruminal, enquanto os óleos essenciais, através de sua ação antimicrobiana, têm sido testados como alternativa aos aditivos antibióticos na produção animal. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar os efeitos de óleos essenciais e de algas marinhas calcárias (AMC), bem como a combinação de ambos, sobre desempenho e ambiente ruminal de vacas leiteiras em lactação. Foram realizados 2 experimentos com 32 vacas leiteiras sob sistema de pastejo rotativo com suplementação diária de 6 kg de alimento concentrado por vaca: o experimento 1 foi de desempenho e o experimento 2 de metabolismo ruminal. Em ambos os experimentos as vacas foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: a) controle (CONT); b) óleos essenciais (OE); c) algas marinhas calcárias (AMC); d) AMC + OE. No experimento 1, as variáveis registradas foram consumo, produção e composição do leite, ganho de peso, condição corporal e parâmetros sanguíneos (glicose e ácidos graxos não esterificados [AGNE]). No experimento 2 foram utilizadas as mesmas 32 vacas em lactação para avaliação dos parâmetros ruminais. Os delineamentos utilizados foram: em quadrados latinos replicados (experimento 1) e em blocos inteiramente casualizados (experimento 2). No experimento 1 o CMS de pasto e os CMS e CMO totais foram maiores para o tratamento AMC em comparação com os tratamentos OE e OE+AMC. Os dados de consumo do tratamento CONT foram não diferiram dos demais tratamentos. As digestibilidades da MS e da MO foram maiores para os tratamentos OE e OE+AMC em comparação com o tratamento AMC. Os dados de digestibilidade do tratamento CONT não diferiram dos demais tratamentos. O escore de condição corporal médio foi maior para o tratamento OE em comparação com os demais, porém os aditivos testados não afetaram as concentrações sanguíneas de AGNE e de glicose. Os dados de produção e de composição do leite não foram afetados pelos aditivos testados, assim como os dados de concentração de energia das dietas, consumo de energia, secreção de energia no leite e eficiência de conversão da energia consumida em energia láctea. No experimento 2, a suplementação com OE aumentou a concentração molar de AGV totais e a de acetato em comparação com os tratamentos CONT e AMC, com valores intermediários e não diferentes para o tratamento OE+AMC. Houve aumento do pH ruminal no tratamento AMC em comparação com o tratamento OE. A inclusão de óleos essenciais e ou algas marinhas não alterou a resposta produtiva de vacas leiteiras, apesar do aumento na concentração de AGV e de pH ruminal respectivamente. / Essential oils (OE) and calcareous marine algae (AMC) are being used in ruminants diets. The AMC has been added to diets with the purpose of regulating the ruminal pH while the OE, due to their antimicrobial properties, had been tested as an alternative to the antibiotic additives used in animal production. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the effects of OE and AMC as well as their interaction on performance and ruminal environment of lactating dairy cows. Two experiments with 32 cows were developed. The animals were in a rotational grazing system supplemented with 6 kg per cow of concentrate feed. Experiment 1 was designed to evaluate performance whereas experiment 2 for ruminal metabolism. During both experiments, cows were assigned to the followings treatments: a) control (CONT); b) blend of essential oils (OE); calcareous marine algae (AMC); d) AMC+OE. In experiment 1, the registered variables were intake, yield and milk composition, live weight, body condition score and blood parameters (glucose and non-esterified fatty acids, [NEFA]). In experiment 2 the same 32 lactating cows were used to evaluate ruminal parameters. The statistical designs used were: replicated Latin square (experiment1) and randomized complete block design (experiment 2). In experiment 1, grass and total DM and OM intakes were increased in AMC compared to OE and OE+AMC. The intakes observed for CONT did not differ from the other treatments. Digestibility of DM and OM were higher for OE and OE+AMC compared to AMC. Digestibility of CONT did not differ from other treatments. The average BCS was higher for OE, however the tested additives did not affect blood concentration of NEFA and glucose. Milk yield and composition were not affected by additives inclusion as well as energy concentration in diets, energy intake, secreted energy in milk and energy conversion efficiency. In experiment 2, OE increased molar concentration of acetate and total VFA when compared to CONT and AMC, but not differed from OE+AMC. The AMC increased ruminal pH when compared to OE. The inclusion of essential oils and/or calcareous marine algae did not alter the productive response of lactating dairy cows, even though there was an increase in VFA concentration and ruminal pH.

Flora de macrófitas marinhas do Arquipélago de Abrolhos e do Recife Sebastião Gomes (BA). Apesar dos avanços crescentes ao conhecimento da flora de macrófitas marinhas (algas e gramas marinhas) da costa brasileira, desde os trabalhos seminais de A. B. Joly a partir da década de 1950, existem ainda regiões que não foram adequadamente amostradas. Este é o caso das formações recifais mais afastadas da costa. Do sul da Bahia ao norte do Espírito Santo, um grande alargamento da plataforma, conhecido como banco de Abrolhos, abriga a maior formação recifal do Atlântico Sul. Duas regiões dessa extensa área foram escolhidas como foco deste trabalho: i. o recife Sebastião Gomes, a 16 km da foz do rio Caravelas, emerso nas marés-baixas e sujeito a uma maior interferência de sedimentos terrígenos e impactos antrópicos de naturezas diversas e ii. o arquipélago de Abrolhos, a 70 km da costa, caracterizado por formações sedimentares soerguidas, rodeadas por sedimento carbonático de origem biogênica e águas com baixa turbidez e pouco afetadas pela ação do homem. Além destes dois ambientes incluímos em nossas amostragens algumas visitas a chapeirões gigantes típicos da região do bordo do parcel de Abrolhos. Complementarmente, sintetizamos o conhecimento taxonômico existente para esta região do litoral baiano. Não foram estudadas as formas calcárias não articuladas. Como resultado de nossa pesquisa identificamos 103 espécies de macrófitas no recife Sebastião Gomes, sendo 48% Rhodophyta, 26% Phaeophyceae, 25% Chlorophyta e 1% Magnoliophyta. Este resultado, somado aos dados da literatura totaliza 110 táxons para esta região. Nossos estudos adicionam 74 táxons para a flora deste recife, sendo 43 Rhodophyta, 13 Phaeophyceae, 18 Chlorophyta. Para o arquipélago de Abrolhos encontramos 149 espécies, sendo 59% Rhodophyta, 22% Phaeophyceae, 18% Chlorophyta e 1% Magnoliophyta. Somados aos dados da literatura chega-se a um total de 164 táxons para o arquipélago. Nossos estudos adicionaram 59 táxons à flora do arquipélago, sendo 33 Rhodophyta, 11 Phaeophyceae, 14 Chlorophyta e 1 Magnoliophyta. A flora marinha do arquipélago de Abrolhos se mostrou mais diversa do que a do recife Sebastião Gomes, possivelmente devido a uma maior diversidade de hábitats e, talvez, por ser uma área menos impactada e com menor turbidez. Em comparação com o conhecimento da flora marinha das principais formações oceânicas da costa brasileira observa-se, em ordem decrescente de riqueza específica: o arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, o arquipélago de Abrolhos, o recife Sebastião Gomes, o atol das Rocas, a ilha de Trindade e os penedos de São Pedro e São Paulo. O trabalho descreve e ilustra os atributos mais importantes das espécies encontradas. / The Marine Macroflora of the Abrolhos Archipelago and Sebastião Gomes reef (Brazil). Despite the considerable endeavor and advances in the knowledge of the macrophyte flora (seaweeds and seagrasses) on the Brazilian coast since the seminal works of A. B. Joly in the 1950s, there are still areas that have not been adequately sampled. This is the case of the reef formations along the coast. On the southern coast of Bahia there is a pronounced enlargement of the continental shelf known as the Abrolhos bank, which comprises the largest reef formation in the southern Atlantic. We selected two regions within the Abrolhos bank to focus our surveys: i. the Sebastião Gomes reef, 16 km off the mouth of the Caravelas river, and ii. the Abrolhos archipelago, a group of five small islands, 70 km off the coast. Sebastião Gomes reef is subjected to a larger anthropic impact and turbid water due to terrigenous sediments; the Abrolhos archipelago is surrounded by calcareous biogenic sediments, bathed by clear water and protected from human activities. Besides those two nuclear sampling sites we also got samples from some giant chapeirões, a unique reef formation, on the border of the archipelago. The nonarticulated calcareous red algae were not included in our surveys. As a result of our surveys we identified 103 species on Sebastião Gomes reef (48% Rhodophyta, 26% Phaeophyceae, 25% Chlorophyta and 1% Magnoliophyta). This, added to what was already known for this reef totalizes 110 species. Of those, 74 species correspond to first citations for this reef, being 43 Rhodophyta, 13 Phaeophyceae and 18 Chlorophyta. For the archipelago we found 149 spp. (59% Rhodophyta, 22% Phaeophyceae, 18% Chlorophyta and 1% Magnoliophyta). If we include the species that were reported to the archipelago by others, the flora amounts to 164 spp.. Our studies reported, for the first time to the archipelago, 59 taxa: 33 Rhodophyta, 11 Phaeophyceae, 14 Chlorophyta and 1 Magnoliophyta. The higher species diversity at the archipelago may be due to a higher ecological diversity and lower turbidity, but, perhaps also, to a lower human impact, what remains to be investigated. In comparison with other offshore islands and reefs along the Brazilian coast we have the following situation, in a decreasing order of species richness: archipelago Fernando de Noronha, Abrolhos archipelago, Sebastião Gomes reef, Rocas atoll, Trindade island and São Pedro & São Paulo islands. The work describes and illustrates the more relevant aspects of each species studied.

The ecosystem created by pelagic Sargassum is important in the life histories of a number of economically and ecologically important associated organisms. Fishes play a vital role in this food web and nutrient flow within these systems, but it is unknown how they locate these floating habitats. This study examined the role of natural chemical cues from Sargassum patches and the synthetic chemical Dimethylsulfonionpropionate (DMSP) for an associated fish, the planehead filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus) and a control fish species not associated with Sargassum, the masked goby (Coryphopterus personatus). Choice trials with a Y-maze apparatus determined that S. hispidus responded significantly to chemical cues from Sargassum while C. personatus did not. DMSP cues did not result in any significant behavioral responses for either fish. Demonstrating that S. hispidus can respond to chemical cues from Sargassum helps further our understanding of this unique floating algal reef and how fishes may locate it. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection