Bibliography: leaves 191-225. / 2 v. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The temporal dynamics of eight subtidal mixed macroalgal communities were quantified. The results were discussed in terms of the implications for sampling programs in the future and the reliability of previous work. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1997?

This thesis has investigated the improvement of forecasting temperature in a coastal embayment through the assimilation of sea surface temperature (SST) observations. The research was prompted by the increasing pressures on the coastal marine environment. To better manage the environment, an improved understanding of its future state is necessary. Improving the forecasting of temperature advances our knowledge in this direction. Whilst assimilation of SST is routinely carried out for oceans, its use has been minimal in coastal regions, which is more complicated because of anisotropic covariances and a breakdown of geostrophy in the coastal region. Improvements in computing power, and the introduction of ensemble-based assimilation techniques have made the approach followed in this thesis possible. (For complete abstract open document)

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No. of bitstreams: 1 BIAGIONI_Renata Cassemiro_2015.pdf: 2035608 bytes, checksum: fac86d235f6f4d30c63014e045fdafb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / Não recebi financiamento / In Brazil, species introduction in freshwater ecosystems has become an important topic in conservation ecology, as it is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. Invasive species benefiting from the lack of natural enemies outside their original geographic distribution might represent a highly competitive pressure to the native species sharing the same resources of the invaded areas and may lead to changes in the abundance and richness of natural communities. In this sense, for a better understanding of these relationships, it is possible to study experimentally the interactions between invasive and native species evaluating competition effects. So, the objective of this study was to assess, through an experimental approach, if there is intraspecific and interspecific competition between two cichlid fish: a native species, the cará Geophagus brasiliensis and the exotic Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The objective was to examine if there is differential growth and feeding under different fish densities in consortium or separated. The experiment was conducted in Setor de Aquicultura do Polo Regional Vale do Paraíba - APTA Regional in the municipality of Pindamonhangaba, from March to June 2014. In order to assess the intraspecific competition of each species due to increased density and, comparing them with interspecific competition when the two species coexist in the same tank, five treatments with four replicas were considered. Fish diet studies suggest that there was no intraspecific and interspecific competition for food in this experiment. Despite the morphological similarities between the two fish species, the weight gain is evident and it can be assigned to the treatment itself. Intraspecific competition was not detected, as there was no significant decrease in the average weight gain for both species with increasing density of individuals of the same species. As for the interspecific competition, the results suggest that space availability may have been the main factor of dispute between species, since there was no significant change in diet and the consortium of these species benefited O. niloticus in much higher proportion than G. brasiliensis. / No Brasil, a introdução de espécies em ecossistemas aquáticos continentais se tornou um tema de grande relevância na área de ecologia da conservação, pois está dentre as principais causas da perda direta da biodiversidade. As espécies invasoras, beneficiadas pela falta de inimigos naturais fora da sua distribuição original, representam uma elevada pressão competitiva para as espécies nativas das áreas invadidas que partilhem os mesmos recursos, podendo levar a alterações na abundância e riqueza nas comunidades envolvidas. Neste sentido, para melhor entendimento dessas relações, é relevante estudar as interações entre espécies invasoras e nativas bem como avaliar os efeitos da competição. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através da abordagem experimental, se há competição intraespecíficas ou interespecífica entre duas espécies de ciclídeos: a espécie nativa de cará Geophagus brasiliensis e a exótica tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Aquicultura do Polo Regional Vale do Paraíba - APTA Regional, município de Pindamonhangaba, no período de março a junho de 2014. Para avaliar as competições intraespecíficas das espécies, em virtude do aumento da densidade, comparando-as com a competição interespecífica quando as duas espécies coexistem no mesmo tanque, foram considerados cinco tratamentos, com diferentes combinações e densidades, com quatro réplicas. Os resultados obtidos com o estudo da dieta dos peixes sugerem que não houve competição intraespecífica ou interespecífica por alimento nas condições deste experimento. Quanto ao ganho em peso, verificou-se que a diferença entre G. brasiliensis e O. niloticus, apesar das semelhanças morfológicas entre si, é notória e pode ser atribuída ao tratamento em si. Não foi possível constatar a existência de competição intraespecífica, pois não houve diminuição significativa do ganho médio em peso, tanto para o cará quanto para a tilápia, quando aumentada a densidade de indivíduos da mesma espécie. Já quanto à competição interespecífica, os resultados obtidos sugerem que o espaço pode ter sido o principal fator de disputa entre as espécies, uma vez que não houve alteração significativa na alimentação e o consorciamento dessas espécies beneficiou O. niloticus em proporção muito maior que G. brasiliensis.

Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, les écosystèmes marins arctiques sont confrontés à des modifications environnementales accélérés, dont les conséquences sur les communautés biotiques sont encore débattues. La diminution du couvert de glace, l’augmentation de la turbidité et des apports d’eau douce vont affecter les producteurs primaires arctiques, avec des effets en cascade sur un processus-clé de ces écosystèmes : la relation trophique entre producteurs primaires et consommateurs benthiques (à laquelle se réfère généralement l’expression « couplage pélagos-benthos »). L’étude directe de ces interactions complexes n’est pas aisée dans ces milieux. Le modèle biologique des bivalves filtreurs peut permettre de contourner ces problèmes en remplissant une fonction d’ « intermédiaire » pour la compréhension de ces processus écologiques. Parmi les avantages de ce modèle d’étude, il y a tout d’abord le fait que ces organismes enregistrent au sein de leur coquille, dans les couches de biocarbonates, certaines dynamiques de leurs environnements. Les informations contenues dans ces « bioarchives » sont interprétées grâce aux méthodes de la sclérochronologie et de la sclérochimie et concernent une fenêtre temporelle correspondante à la vie des individus (de quelques années à plus que 500 ans). Un autre avantage de ce modèle biologique est que, s’agissant d’organismes qui sont des consommateurs primaires, l’étude de leur régime alimentaire peut apporter des éléments sur la relation trophique avec les producteurs primaires. Avec les méthodes de l’écologie trophique, en particulier les acides gras et les isotopes stables, l’étude des tissus permet d’obtenir des informations sur les sources assimilées à l’échelle de quelques semaines/mois. L’objectif de cette thèse est de tester le potentiel des bivalves Astarte moerchi (complexe borealis) comme modèle biologique pour l’étude des écosystèmes marins arctiques. Pour ce faire, une approche couplée est utilisée combinant l’analyse de la coquille par les méthodes de la sclérochronologie et de la sclérochimie (ratios élémentaires) et l’analyse des tissus par les méthodes de l’écologie trophique (acides gras, isotopes stable du carbone et de l’azote, isotopes du carbone sur acides gras individuels). Deux populations actuelles d’Astarte moerchi ont été étudiées dans deux fjords présentant des caractéristiques environnementales contrastées : le Young Sound au Nord-Est du Groenland (considéré comme fjord « arctique ») et le Kongsfjorden à l’Ouest de l’Archipel du Svalbard (considéré comme site « sub-arctique »). L’étude des tissus d’A. moerchi a permis de mettre en évidence la plasticité trophique de cette espèce, avec des différences dans les sources d’alimentation de deux populations liées aux dynamiques locales de production primaire. L’étude de la coquille d’A. moerchi a permis de : a) corroborer l’hypothèse de la formation annuelle des stries de croissance, confirmant la longévité de cette espèce pouvant atteindre 150 ans ; b) montrer l’intérêt potentiel de l’étude des ratios élémentaires dans les biocarbonates et en particulier du ratio Barium sur Calcium (Ba/Ca), qui pourrait être relié aux efflorescences phytoplanctoniques et c) montrer que les conditions environnementales contrastées du site arctique et sub-arctique se traduisent dans des patrons de croissance coquillère différents. Des perspectives pour l’utilisation ultérieure de ce modèle en écologie sont discutées. Pour conclure, une réflexion épistémologique est amorcée sur la spécificité du modèle biologique d’étude des bivalves filtreurs. En opposition à une notion plus classique d’ « organisme modèle » utilisée en biologie expérimentale, nous proposons que les bivalves filtreurs (à l’instar d’autres « bioarchives » comme les arbres, des coraux et des algues corallines) appartiennent à une catégorie de modèles biologiques qu’on pourrait qualifier « in situ » et qui semble être spécifique à la discipline écologique. / In the context of climate change, Arctic marine ecosystems are affected by rapid environmental modifications, whose effects on biotic communities are still debated. The sea-ice decline and the increase in freshwater inputs and turbidity are likely to impact Arctic primary producers, with cascade effects on a key-process in those ecosystems: the trophic relationship between primary producers and benthic consumers (generally referred as “pelagic-benthic coupling”). The direct study of such complex interaction is not straightforward in the Arctic. The biological model of filter-feeding bivalves offers the possibility to get around these problems, allowing to study those ecological processes indirectly. Among the advantages of this model, there is first of all the fact that these organisms record in their shell, in the carbonate layers, some dynamics of their environments. The information recorded in such “bioarchives” are interpreted through the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry and relate to a time window corresponding to the organism lifespan (from some years to more than 500 years). Given that these organisms are primary consumers, another advantage of this biological model is that the study of their diet can provide information about the trophic relationship with primary producers. With the methods of trophic ecology, especially fatty acids and stable isotopes, the study of the tissues allows the investigation of sources assimilated at a timescale of weeks/months.The main objective of this thesis is to test the potential of bivalves Astarte moerchi (borealis complex) as a biological model for the study of marine Arctic ecosystems. A coupled approach is used to combine shell analysis by the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry (elemental ratios) and tissue analysis by the methods of trophic ecology (fatty acids, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, compound-specific carbon stable isotopes on individual fatty acids). Two living A. moerchi populations have been studied in two fjords presenting contrasted environmental conditions: Young Sound in North-East Greenland (considered as “Arctic” site) and Kongsfjorden in the West coast of the Svalbard Archipelago (considered as a “sub-Arctic” site). The study of the tissues of A. moerchi allowed to show the trophic plasticity of this species, with differences in food sources of the two populations linked to local primary production dynamics. The analysis of the shell of A. moerchi allowed to: a) corroborate the hypothesis of annual growth lines formation, thus confirming the longevity of this species that can attain 150 years; b) show the potential interest of the analysis of elemental ratios and particularly the ratio between Barium and Calcium (Ba/Ca), which could be relied to phytoplanktonic blooms and c) show that contrasted environmental conditions in the Arctic and sub-Arctic sites result in different shell growth patterns. Some perspectives for the further use of this model study in ecology are discussed. To conclude, an epistemological reflection is sketched about the specificity of the biological model study of filter-feeding bivalves. In contrast to the classical notion of “model organism” used in experimental biology, we suggest that filter-feeding bivalves (as well as other “bioarchives” like trees, corals and coralline algae) belong to a category of biological models that could be named “in situ” and seems specific to the ecological discipline.

Climate change threatens to disrupt biological systems around the globe, sparking debate over natural capacity for adaptation in a fragmented landscape. Marine turtles are evolutionarily ancient and have survived millions of years of prehistoric climate change, but are threatened by the rapidity of modern warming and a history of severe overexploitation that has left most populations depleted. This thesis explores a nesting aggregation of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in northern Cyprus, where a longitudinal programme of both intensive and extensive monitoring enables insight into individual and population level parameters and processes. Nesting on the two coastlines covered by this project is in the early stages of recovery, possibly in response to exhaustive nest protection efforts over the last twenty years. Saturation tagging at one key site allows us to confirm that recruitment of new breeders is an important driver of this trend, and that average clutch frequency has remained stable around three nests per female per year, validating nest-count derived abundance estimates at a regional scale. Concern has been raised, however, regarding recent changes in fishing practices which are impacting the local juvenile neritic phase, which may have a lagged effect on the recovery of this nesting population. A collaborative tracking effort including all other countries with major nesting in the Mediterranean allows us to identify major foraging grounds for this species, with two hotspots accounting for >50% of tracked individuals, as well as coastal and pelagic seasonal corridors of high use. Bycatch levels and mortality rates for turtles in these key areas are largely unknown and should be prioritised for investigation. Hatchling sex ratios from the main study beach are extremely female-biased (estimated 97% female for the twenty year period 1993-2012). A 1oC rise in average incubation temperatures threatens near complete hatchling feminisation on this beach, whilst a 2oC rise could reduce hatch success to less than 50%. Thermal effects on hatchling morphometrics are evident, with a 1oC rise in temperature reducing average length, width and weight by 1%, 2% and 3% respectively. More favourable incubation conditions were found early in the season, in deeper nests laid by larger females, and on beaches of lighter sand. In contrast, adult sex ratios at the main site are male-biased, posing questions regarding sex-specific survival rates and optimal hatchling sex ratios. A phenological shift towards earlier nesting is demonstrated for the first time in this species, and could potentially ameliorate warming effects. Carry-over climate forcing effects from the foraging ground influence the breeding frequency of individuals, driving population level responses in annual magnitude of nesting. This work emphasises the utility and necessity of long-term individual-based monitoring programmes in elucidating population trends and climate responses in iteroparous species with non-annual breeding.

The dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, is a popular South African “line fish” whose stocks have dwindled to dangerously low levels of between 1% and 4.5% of pristine spawner biomass per recruit. A. japonicus stocks are currently managed by means of minimum size restrictions and daily bag limits, and as a result of the inability of these measures to facilitate the recovery of the species over a realistic time frame, the need for an alternative management plan has become apparent. Given the status of the stock and management regime, stock enhancement appears to be an appropriate option to be investigated. This study evaluates the feasibility of stock enhancement as a possible management tool to assist with the recovery of this important South African linefish species. By evaluating the genetic and ecological implications related to stock enhancement, identifying a suitable tagging method for post-release monitoring, and evaluating the economic feasibility of such a programme, any fatal flaws would become immediately apparent. This coupled with the required framework for the development of a management plan for stock enhancement of A. japonicus provides direction further research and actions required in order to utilise stock enhancement as a management tool. Due to the nature of stock enhancement, there are several ecological and genetic issues that arise from such a programme. These issues were reviewed and the issues that were relevant to stock enhancement of A. japonicus identified. Ecological concerns that arose included those of competition, disease and seed quality, while genetic issues were concerned mainly in the possible loss of genetic variability and consequent reduction in fitness of the stock. Fortunately the technology exists to evaluate the effects and likelihood of these problems occurring as well as to minimise the likelihood of them occurring. By taking a scientific approach to stock enhancement, hatchery management, and release strategies can be manipulated in such a way as to minimise any negative effects that may be caused. Both ecological and genetic effects of stocking indicate a need for post-release monitoring of stock enhancement programmes. Stock enhancement requires a post-release monitoring programme, which in turn relies on an ability to distinguish between hatchery reared and wild fish. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of coded wire tags (CWT), visual implant fluorescent elastomers (VIFE), and oxytetracycline (OTC) as a means of distinguishing between hatchery reared and wild A. japonicus, for the purpose of a post-release monitoring programme. OTC appeared to be the most suitable as it produced 100% retention over a five month period compared to 62% and 61% for VIFE and CWT respectively. OTC is therefore suggested as a tagging method for the purpose of post-release monitoring of the stock enhancement of A. japonicus. To evaluate a possible funding option for stock enhancement of A. japonicus in South Africa, a willingness-to-pay survey, based on a “user pays” approach using recreational fishing permits as a vehicle for payment, included 102 recreational anglers in the Plettenberg Bay area. The survey showed that generally anglers were willing to pay more than the current amount for the recreational fishing permit. This promising result, coupled with the fact that there are approximately 450 000 recreational anglers leads to the belief that there is potential for a substantial increase in the funds generated for the Marine Living Resources Fund through recreational anglers. Stock enhancement should not be ruled out on the basis of economic feasibility yet as there is potential for it to be sustained by the users of the resource. An A. japonicus juvenile production costing model was created taking into account setup and running costs of a hatchery for A. japonicus, based on known parameters from existing facilities, and adjusting them to meet the requirements of a stock enhancement facility. Estimates varied according to the number and size of fish for release (values which can only be decided upon after further research), with setup estimated to be between R 10 000 000 and R 30 000 000 and annual running costs between R 2 400 000 and R 6 700 000 annually. These figures were dependant on the size and number of fish being produced, with production ranging between 100 000 and 5 000 000 fish of between 50 mm and 150 mm, and a broodstock of 150 individuals. Given the need for alternative management of A. japonicus in South Africa and the lack of evidence to suggest that it is an unfeasible option, this project has found no reason why further investigation into the use of stock enhancement for the management of A. japonicus should not proceed further provided the fishery is shown to be recruit limited. The technology and ability to overcome possible ecological and genetic problems exists, a suitable means of tagging for post-release monitoring exists, as does a realistic funding option. There is a substantial amount of research that must be done prior to stocking, for which a base framework is provided.

The coastal transition zone (CTZ), which links the terrestrial and marine environments, has been identified as a region of high biological diversity and elevated production. Results of studies conducted in the northern hemisphere indicate that the links between estuaries and the adjacent marine environment is critical to ecological functioning within the CTZ. This study assessed the influence of selected estuaries with different hydrodynamic characteristics on the adjacent marine environment along the south-eastern coastline of southern Africa. Four estuaries were examined, including two permanently open systems, the fresh water deprived Kariega and fresh water dominated Great Fish, and two temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCE), the Kasouga and East Kleinemonde. Results of the study indicated that outflow of estuarine water from the Great Fish Estuary contributed to a plume of less saline water being evident within the adjacent marine environment. The plume of water was associated with increased zooplankton biomass and particulate organic matter (POM) and chlorophyll-a concentrations. Adjacent to the Kariega Estuary, no evidence of fresh water outflow into the marine environment was observed. However, in the sea directly opposite the mouth of the estuary an increase in zooplankton abundance and biomass was evident. Results of numerical analyses indicated that the increase in zooplankton abundance observed adjacent to the mouth of both permanently open estuaries could not be attributed to the export of zooplankton from the estuary, but rather the accumulation of marine species within the region. The mechanisms responsible for this accumulation were not determined, but it was thought to be associated with increased food availability in the estuarine frontal zone. A similar, but less dramatic biological response was also observed in the marine environment adjacent to the two TOCEs. It is suggested that the increase in biological activity within these regions could be ascribed to seepage of estuarine or ground water through the sand bar that separates these estuaries from the sea. Results of stable carbon isotope analyses indicated that both the Great Fish and Kariega estuaries exported carbon to the nearshore marine environment. The area influenced by estuarine derived carbon was dependent on the volume of estuarine outflow to the marine environment. Adjacent to the fresh water dominated Great Fish Estuary, estuarine derived carbon was recorded up to 12km from the mouth, while adjacent to the fresh water deprived Kariega, estuarine derived carbon was only evident directly opposite the mouth. The recruitment of macrozooplankton (> 2cm) into the fresh water deprived Kariega Estuary was in the range recorded for other permanently open southern African estuaries with higher fresh water flow rates. This indicates that the mechanisms which allow estuarine dependent larvae to locate and enter estuaries are not related to fresh water inflow. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that despite their small size relative to European and North American systems, South African permanently open and temporarily open/closed estuaries also influence biological activity within the adjacent nearshore marine environment.

Sodwana Bay, situated within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, is ecologically important as it contains high-latitude corals and the most southerly known population of coelacanths. This thesis utilised stable isotope and lipid analyses to investigate the trophic ecology of the area, in particular, understanding the relative contribution of inshore and offshore primary production to consumers inhabiting intertidal and shallow subtidal, coral reef, deep reef, canyon head and pelagic habitats. Seaweeds, excluding certain species of red seaweeds with highly depleted carbon signatures, and phytoplankton, such as diatoms, were found to be the principal sources of primary production for all consumers. Offshore production was typified by dinoflagellates. Particulate organic matter (POM) was spatio-temporally variable. Three distinct productivity periods related to nutrient cycling were noted with enriched carbon signatures and higher organic matter loads associated with warmer water. Inshore primary production was an important source of carbon to consumers in all habitats with the exception of zooplankton that were more reliant on pelagic primary production. Benthic invertebrates reflected a gradient in the utilisation of inshore production, due to the reduced availability of this source further offshore. Consumers at the furthest sites offshore were found to include a substantial quantity of inshore-derived production in their diets. Fishes, which are more mobile, were found to incorporate a similar proportion of inshore production into their diets regardless of where they were collected from.

Hard substrates in the marine environment are an important ecosystem of great scientific and economic value. Hard substrates provide suitable habitat for a diverse assemblage of benthic organisms. This thesis investigated the ecology of benthic hard substrate communities along a section of wave-exposed coastline, including the Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area (MPA), in the warm-temperate Agulhas bioregion of South Africa. The effect of physical variables on benthic communities, including both the intertidal and shallow subtidal, was quantitatively assessed across (Chapter 3) and along (Chapter 4) the shore to provide a model of zonation for this bioregion and a baseline of community patters and biodiversity, as this information was lacking especially for the Sardinia Bay MPA. The zones described in Chapter 3 were in agreement with previous trends described for this bioregion with the addition of different biotopes in the upper Balanoid and deeper subtidal zones as well as the addition of an intermediate/transition zone in the subtidal between the algal dominated shallow subtidal and deeper subtidal, which has an increased abundance of sessile invertebrates. Disturbance is an important process in structuring benthic communities, and its role in structuring shallow benthic communities was investigated using a disturbance simulation experiment across a wave-exposure gradient (Chapter 5). Communities were found to change along the exposure gradient and monitoring the undisturbed communities showed that large waves caused disturbances across all the exposures. The recovery process was similar across all exposures mainly through lateral vegetative growth and regrowth from basal parts with communities in disturbed quadrats recovering to resemble the surrounding undisturbed community. Recruitment did not have a significant effect in the recovery process and community composition was therefore a result of the effects of the physical environment along the exposure gradient. Lastly this thesis investigated the indirect effects of protection in the small Sardinia Bay MPA (Chapter 6). Despite the small size of the MPA this study found differences in diversity and abundance between communities inside and outside the MPA. These differences in benthic biota infer indirect effects of protection that are probably due to the increase in abundance of exploited fish inside the MPA. Lower abundances of red algae, macroinvertebrates and diversity inside the MPA in the shallow depth category was attributed to the higher abundance of the generalist fish species that concentrate in the shallows. Significantly lower abundances of Chordata in the shallow and medium depth categories inside the MPA was attributed to predation by the benthic carnivorous species as ascidians are included in the diet of these species. This chapter also compared the effectiveness of destructive (scraped quadrats) and non-destructive (visually assessed quadrats) sampling methods. Scraped quadrats were found to be more effective in detecting changes across the MPA compared to visually assessed quadrats. Destructive methods sample the entire assemblage, to a higher taxonomic level, and measure abundance using biomass. It was concluded that biomass is a better metric when comparing communities across protection or other treatments as it provides better biological information of the community.

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2019 / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references. / Under global climate change, our oceans are warming at an unprecedented rate. Increased temperatures represent a severe source of stress for many marine organisms. This thesis aims to understand how corals and anemones respond to changing temperatures across different timescales and investigates mechanisms that can facilitate persistence in light of environmental change, from selection and adaptation across generations to phenotypic plasticity within a single individual's lifespan. In this context, I explore three case studies of thermal stress in corals and anemones. I begin with massive Porites lobata corals from the central Pacific. Here, reefs that are most affected by El Niflo, such as Jarvis and the northeast Phoenix Islands maintain genetic diversity indicating recruitment from nearby reefs may occur. Yet, they show significant genetic differentiation (FsT) from farther areas, suggesting this dispersal may be limited. / Thermal variability in this region may also favor plasticity over adaptation, as we do not find differences in bleaching histories among genetic groups. Next, I investigate genetic connectivity and adaptation to chronically elevated temperatures across a natural temperature gradient within the Palauan archipelago. Combining genetic data and historical growth measurements from coral cores, I find that Palau's warmest reefs harbor unique genetic subpopulations of Porites lobata and find evidence for a genetic basis of their higher thermal tolerance. Lastly, I explore if parents can modulate parental effects to increase the thermal tolerance of their offspring over short time scales, using the estuarine anemone Nematostella vectensis. Indeed, I find parents exposed to increased temperatures quickly produce more thermally tolerant larvae. In fact, offspring from these Massachusetts parents show thermal thresholds that are indistinguishable from more southern populations. / This thesis highlights the ability and potential of corals and anemones to persist under variable conditions over different timescales. Nevertheless, a compelling effort to reduce rates of warming worldwide will be imperative to the survival and integrity of key marine ecosystems such as coral reefs. / Funding for this research came from the National Science Foundation (Awards OCE- 1537338, OCE-1605365, OCE-1220529, and OCE-1031971), the Link Foundation, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences Grants-in-Aid, the Tiffany & Co. Foundation, the Nature Conservancy, the Dalio Foundation, Inc., through the Dalio Explore Fund, and Ray Dalio through the WHOI Access to the Sea Fund, all to Anne Cohen; and a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant (#4033) to Ann Tarrant / by Hanny Elizabeth Rivera. / Ph. D. / Ph.D. Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)