Each year there are more than 350 000 new cases and nearly 100 000 deaths attributed to colorectal, female breast, and cervical cancer in the United States. Screening tests can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with these cancers. Patient marital status has been associated with health outcomes, but no study has focused on the relationship of marriage with disease stage and survival for the 3 cancers with established screening guidance. It is critical to identify special populations that may be at risk for poor cancer outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of marital status with disease stage at the time of diagnosis and cancer-specific survival among population-based cohorts of patients diagnosed with invasive colorectal, breast, or cervical cancers. Subjects came from states or regions reporting to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tumor registries. The study included more than 243 500 patients diagnosed between January 1st 2004 and December 31st 2006 with 1 of these 3 cancers and who were followed for a minimum of 3 years. Descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize patient demographic and clinical characteristics. Baseline category logit models were fit to evaluate the association between marital status and disease stage. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were developed to evaluate differences in patient survival across 4 marital status categories. Married adults with colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer were diagnosed at an earlier disease stage than those who were divorced/separated, widowed, or single. After controlling for stage and demographic factors, married patients also experienced superior cancer-specific survival (range: 19-33% better) as compared to those in non-married groups. Divorced/separated, widowed, and single adults are a subset of the population that may benefit from targeted prevention or care initiatives for cancers than can be detected early. Social support networks, selection effects, or other causal mechanisms likely moderate the protective association observed between marriage and cancer outcomes. These findings characterize a meaningful disparity in health outcomes. Additional person-level data on preventive health behaviors and treatment decisions could help solidify understanding of the issue and improve the ability to design effective research, interventions, and policy.

The purpose of this study is to augment the existing literature concerning the relationship between marital status, gender, social networks, and cohort effect on dimensions of subjective well-being for women. Multiple dimensions of subjective well-being are examined. Multiple regression and logistic regression are employed to examine the effects of marital status, social networks, and cohort effects on the dependent variables that tap the dimensions of subjective well-being. The analysis controls for age, race, education, income, religious attendance and region of residence. The findings report some inconsistency in regards to the current literature. Social networks and support are found to be the most constant independent predictor of subjective well-being. While the effects of being divorced and separated, as well as cohort membership, are not as consistent, the findings are notable and should be addressed in future research addressing subjective well-being.

Within the field of labor economics, there has been a lot of empirical work which has shown that married men earn more than unmarried men. Theoretically, this makes some sense in that men which earn more money than other men may be more attractive partners for marriage. Also, married men may work harder and longer in order to increase their earnings to support their family. Empirical evidence has shown that marital status is a statistically significant variable when performing a simple regression on earnings using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). However, OLS can produce biased estimates if one or more of the independent variables are determined endogenously, which is the contention made by Robert A. Nakosteen and Michael A. Zimmer. They found that after adjusting for the endogenous nature of the marital status dummy variable the variable was no longer significant in explaining the variation in earnings. However, two of their shortcomings were a narrowly defined age group for the data set and less than richly specified regression equations. But, using a different data set and additional explanatory variables in order to address the problems of the Nakosteen and Zimmer research I was able to show that even when adjusting for the endogenous nature of the marital status variable its effect on earnings was still significant / Master of Arts

The relationship between personality and work engagement and work engagement and demographic variables is investigated. The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) was used to measure personality and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) was used to measure work engagement. In contrast to the literature findings, no significant relations were found between personality and work engagement. An increased sample size per personality type or triad may yield different results. Furthermore, the RHETI operationalising of personality differs from previous research. Gender and job tenure were related to work engagement whilst ethnicity, marital status, job level and age were not. In general, results from this sample recognise that work engagement is stimulated by more than personality type, acknowledging influences of job resources, gender and job tenure. Personality is stable across situations whilst work engagement may fluctuate across employment situations. Relevant recommendations to the organisation and for future research in this regard are highlighted. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

Unemployment is the most popular indicator of the country’s economy. As popular as it is, it remains difficult to define and to measure. This is the reason why different economists have different views of where South Africa really is as far as the unemployment rate is concerned. Female unemployment in South Africa is relatively high and much attention should be given on that issue. Some females are uneducated; others lack the skills while others are discouraged due to lack of vacant positions within their area. The consequences of unemployment are devastating and remain one of the most significant challenges for South Africa (Naude & Serumaga-Zake, 2001:261). These consequences range from decreased standards of living to degradation of society as a whole through crime, and community unrest (Barker, 1995:113). This study aims to investigate the factors that have an influence on the employment status of females in Bophelong Township, to determine if variables such as age, marital status, education level and income have any causal effect on the employment status of females. The results of this study will then help policy makers to create and design strategies that will help achieve the objective of unemployment reduction. / MCom (Economics) North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

Advertising plays an important role in society, since it reflect the norms and also helps create and educate social roles and values. However, advertising might not always be a true reflection of the reality, and instead might create and uphold negative cultural stereotypes. Sex-role portrayals refers to the study of how genders are portrayed within advertising and how these are characterized in relation to other characters and knowledge of how to portray the male gender is paramount for marketing practitioners. The decisions on how to do so must be based on the targeted segments and a consumer segmentation that in such a context must be given attention are married and unmarried women. In a two-step study, the purpose is to "explain the brand attitudes of married and unmarried women in advertisement with a traditional and non-traditional male portrayal" The initial first step utilized a qualitative approach consisting of a focus group with the aim to confirm or challenge previous theories of what is considered to be a traditional and non-traditional way of portraying the male gender within advertising. Emerging from this are two written advertisements, one with a traditional male and one with a non-traditional male, that are included in the subsequent step. Taking on a quantitative approach, the second step took on measures of brand attitude among married and unmarried women in a total of 205 self-completion questionnaires. The results indicated a more favorable evaluation elicited from the non-traditional male portrayal, with limited variance between the segments.

Introduction: Teen pregnancy and teen parenting are prevalent and significant public health issues. Teen parenting also has many social and economic consequences for mother and family. Single parenthood is associated with increased financial, work and child care strains compared to a more traditional family type. Therefore, the impact of teen pregnancy on marital status needs to be investigated. This study examines the association between teen parenthood and future marital status. Methods: The 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle 6 was analyzed. This study included 12398 women age 20 – 44 years who had children. Teen parenthood was defined as age at first birth before the age of twenty. Marital status was dichotomized as married and other marital status. Exposure and outcome variables were examined using logistic regression modeling. Results: Women who had a child before age twenty were less likely be married compared to women who had a child at age 20 or older (OR = 2.30 [95% CI = 2.01, 2.64]). After adjusting for race, education, age at first sex and intendedness of the pregnancy, women who had a child before age 20 were less likely to be married or stay married compared to women who had a child at age 20 or older (OR = 1.35 [95% 1.19, 1.62]). Conclusions: Teen parents are less likely to be married or stay married later in life. Teens should be informed that teen parenthood is a significant risk factor for single parenthood later in life. Future studies should examine all levels of marital status as an outcome of teen parenthood. Future studies should also examine this association among fathers.

This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of happiness between married people and cohabiting non-married people in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part deals with the transformation of the partner relationships in the modern society. It focuses on sociological theories which explain the changes in family behaviour. It also explains and compares marriage and cohabitation of non-married people, which is a new and relatively widespread form of living. The key topic of this thesis is the happiness of the people depending on their marital status. The research part analyses ISSP data - Family and changing gender roles from 2012 using a multiple regression analysis. It tests the hypothesis based on the conclusions of the previous research, which indicate that married people are happier than cohabiting non-married people. However, this assumption was not proved to be true. Non-married cohabitation affects the happiness of people in a same way as marriage. The positive influence is strong enough within both, the control of the influence of basic sociodemographic characteristics, such as gender, age, education, as well are within the control of the influence of health.

In this diploma thesis, I will study a relationship between family characteristics and men's professional status in Czechia. As a theoretical background, I will introduce sociology of family and sociology of employment. However, an empirical analysis may be considered a core of this thesis. The basic patterns and relationships are to be uncovered by quantitative analyses. These analyses will be based on individual data from Census 2001. I believe that the basic relationship between family and employment matters is relatively stable and thus this data from 2001 I use shall be sufficient for this purpose. The aforementioned relationship will be studied with correlation and regression analyses both across individual indicators and synthetic variables.

It was the goal of this study to examine the ecological validity of a number of measures of mental status for geriatric individuals. Subjects were 40 alert, ambulatory male VA patients. Mental status instruments included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and the Vocabulary subtest of the WAIS-R. Measures of functional behavior included the Woodcock-Johnson Scales of Independent Behavior (SIB) and the Parachek Geriatric Behavior Rating Scale (PGBRS). Significant relationships were found between the MMSE and the SIB, between the WMS and the SIB, and between the WMS and the PGBRS. It was found that estimation of functional behavior can be enhanced significantly through the use of battery of mental status instruments.