This thesis examines the dual-career family in two birth cohorts of won-en. It seeks to determine variables, other than economic necessity, that lead to the adoption of this lifestyle. In turn, the study, in part a replication of Hoffman (1963), seeks to note what revisions in the division of household labor occur when wives are employed.The thesis reveals that wives with high educational attainment and wives reared in families with high socio-economic status, working mothers, and highly educated mothers are likely to be working wives. Wives reared as oldest children are also likely to be employed. The results also indicate that a revision in the division of household labor occurs in the dual-career family. Working wives do less of the household tasks and receive more help from other members than do housewives. While a revision in the division of household labor occurs, working wives retain nest of the responsibility of the household and domestic labor tasks.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 O428 / Master of Science

Thesis. 1979. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Bibliography: leaves 109-111. / by Roger W. Hale and Jere A. Drummond. / M.S.

The research reported in this paper was financed in part by a grant from the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. / Bibliography: leaf 27.

This qualitative study documented how household and child care task-sharing in eight dual-career families is allocated and negotiated. There were two specific aspects of shared tasks: responsibility for tasks as well as performance of tasks. Flexibility of spouses· employment as it affects task sharing was an important variable. used ethnographic methods to analyze the data from four interviews and two participant observations with each family. Findings described the balance of task sharing in the families: two families shared the total family workload equally; five families strive to share the total workload but fall just short of that goal; and in one family the wife is the primary household and child care worker; the husband helps her. Standards for household and child care tasks are very similar for each set of spouses; differences lead to task negotiation. I present the spouses’ strategies for negotiating household tasks. The findings also include spouses’ career commitment, influences on spouses’ task sharing and the importance of flexibility of employment for dual-career family life. In seven of the eight dual-career families, whose wives earned 40% of more of family income, sharing of household and child care tasks was very high: in these families, the husbands performed at least half of the household and child care tasks. Task responsibility if shared equally in only one family; wives remain the family executives. Career commitment was strong in all but two spouses: these two were considering quitting work at some time to take care of children. The two families who share the total family workload equally use more cooperative negotiation strategies than the other families use. The spouse who has the most flexible employment performs more household and child care tasks than the other spouse does. Note: All names of informants are fictitious. Some facts about the families have been changed to protect their identities. / Ph. D.

Differences in role strain and coping across five family life cycle stages were assessed using responses from 329 dual-career women and men. MANOVA on role strain confirmed a significant effect by gender. Women reported a significantly higher level of personal role strain than men. Coping strategy use differed significantly by gender and life cycle stage. Women utilized the coping strategies Cognitive Restructuring, Delegating Responsibility, Limiting Responsibility, and Using Social Support significantly more often than men. Dual-career men and women without children at home used Balancing Work and Family significantly less frequently than men and women with children. Respondents whose oldest child was under 6 reported less use of Delegating Responsibility than those with an oldest child age 13-18. Limiting Responsibility was used less by participants with children under age 6 than by those with older children. Bivariate correlational patterns for male and female respondents were similar across roles. The results are discussed from a family life cycle perspective. / Ph. D.

Die motivering vir die studie was die leemte aan en behoefte vir navorsing oor dubbelloopbaanhuwelike en tussenrolkonflik in Suid-Afrika. Die doelstelling was om vas te stel of daar 'n verband tussen tussenrolkonflik en werkstevredenheid by egpare in dubbelloopbaanhuwelike bestaan, en of eggenotes in sodanige huwelike tussenrolkonflik en werkstevredenheid verskillend ervaar. 'n Teoretiese ondersoek oor tussenrolkonflik en werkstevredenheid is gedoen. Die empiriese ondersoek het bestaan uit die meting van hierdie veranderlikes met behulp van Tussenrolkonflik- en Behoeftebevredigingsvraelyste. Die resultate toon aan dat daar geen statisties beduidende verbande tussen die veranderlikes bestaan nie. Daar bestaan ook geen statisties beduidende verskille tussen mans en vroue in dubbelloopbaanhuwelike ten opsigte van hul ervaring van tussenrolkonflik en werkstevredenheid nie. Die studie dra by tot 'n beter begrip van tussenrolkonflik in dubbelloopbaanhuwelike, en toon aan dat die Tussenrolkonflikvraelys betroubare resultate in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks kan lewer. Die resultate toon egter dat wyer, meer gesofistikeerde navorsing belangrik is. / In order to fill the gap in existing research on the topic, this study was undertaken to establish whether a relationship exists between interrole conflict and job satisfaction in married couples with full time careers, and whether these couples experience interrole conflict and job satisfaction differently. A theoretical study regarding interrole conflict and job satisfaction was undertaken. In the empirical study these variables were measured using Need Satisfaction and lnterrole Conflict Questionnaires. No statistically significant relationships were found between interrole conflict and job satisfaction; and no statistically significant differences exist between men and women with regard to their experience of job satisfaction and interrole conflict. The research contributes towards a better understanding of interrole conflict in dual career marriages, and indicates that the lnterrole Conflict Questionnaire can deliver reliable results in the South African context. However, the results show the importance of wider, more sophisticated research. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / MCOM (Bedrysielkunde)

The problem of this study was to determine if the sex role identification, age, education, and income of employed married couples were related to their perception of who should and does perform household tasks. The forty-five couples were volunteers from organizations for working women. Each spouse completed a Bem Sex Role Inventory and a Household Task Inventory. Using Chi-square and t-tests no significant differences were found between sex role identification, education level, income level, and the sharing of household tasks. When a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used, age and sharing of household tasks were found to have an inverse relationship with the young sharing more tasks. The study concluded that couples expect household tasks to be shared but females tend to perform the traditional feminine tasks and males the traditional masculine tasks.

Lam Siu Mun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-137). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Declaration --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / 論文摘要 --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of research --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and Significance --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Map of the Thesis --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Prevalent Theoretical Explanations on Gender Relation --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Gender Perspective: Multiple Levels of Analysis on Gender Relations --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Gender Relation in Hong Kong --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- Analytical Framework --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Research Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Marital Negotiation Dynamic in Gendered Resources --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Influence of Economy on Marital Negotiation --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Influence of Culture on Marital Negotiation --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3 --- Influence of Kinship System on Marital Negotiation --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Marital Negotiation Dynamics-Cases for Working Class --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1 --- Marital Negotiation in Traditional Provider-Traditional Homemaker Family --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2 --- Marital Negotiation in Traditional Provider- Egalitarian Homemaker Family --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3 --- Marital Negotiation in Egalitarian Provider-Egalitarian Homemaker Family / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.86 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Marital Negotiation Dynamics- Cases for Middle Class --- p.89 / Chapter 6.1 --- Marital Negotiation in Traditional Provider-Traditional Homemaker Family --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2 --- Marital Negotiation in Traditional Provider- Egalitarian Homemaker Family --- p.94 / Chapter 6.3 --- Marital Negotiation in Egalitarian Provider-Egalitarian Homemaker Family --- p.99 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.107 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Finding --- p.107 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implication --- p.110 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations and Recommendation for Further Study --- p.116 / Appendix 1: Profile of Informants and Families --- p.118 / Appendix 2: Guiding Questions for the semi-structured Interviews --- p.122 / Bibliography --- p.126 / List of Tables --- p.138 / Table 1.1 Educational attainment by sex --- p.138 / Table 2.1 Labor force participation by sex --- p.138 / Table 2.2 Female Labor force by marital status --- p.138 / Table 3.1 Employed persons by sex and occupation --- p.139 / Table 4.1 Median monthly employment income by sex and occupation --- p.141

Die motivering vir die studie was die leemte aan en behoefte vir navorsing oor dubbelloopbaanhuwelike en tussenrolkonflik in Suid-Afrika. Die doelstelling was om vas te stel of daar 'n verband tussen tussenrolkonflik en werkstevredenheid by egpare in dubbelloopbaanhuwelike bestaan, en of eggenotes in sodanige huwelike tussenrolkonflik en werkstevredenheid verskillend ervaar. 'n Teoretiese ondersoek oor tussenrolkonflik en werkstevredenheid is gedoen. Die empiriese ondersoek het bestaan uit die meting van hierdie veranderlikes met behulp van Tussenrolkonflik- en Behoeftebevredigingsvraelyste. Die resultate toon aan dat daar geen statisties beduidende verbande tussen die veranderlikes bestaan nie. Daar bestaan ook geen statisties beduidende verskille tussen mans en vroue in dubbelloopbaanhuwelike ten opsigte van hul ervaring van tussenrolkonflik en werkstevredenheid nie. Die studie dra by tot 'n beter begrip van tussenrolkonflik in dubbelloopbaanhuwelike, en toon aan dat die Tussenrolkonflikvraelys betroubare resultate in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks kan lewer. Die resultate toon egter dat wyer, meer gesofistikeerde navorsing belangrik is. / In order to fill the gap in existing research on the topic, this study was undertaken to establish whether a relationship exists between interrole conflict and job satisfaction in married couples with full time careers, and whether these couples experience interrole conflict and job satisfaction differently. A theoretical study regarding interrole conflict and job satisfaction was undertaken. In the empirical study these variables were measured using Need Satisfaction and lnterrole Conflict Questionnaires. No statistically significant relationships were found between interrole conflict and job satisfaction; and no statistically significant differences exist between men and women with regard to their experience of job satisfaction and interrole conflict. The research contributes towards a better understanding of interrole conflict in dual career marriages, and indicates that the lnterrole Conflict Questionnaire can deliver reliable results in the South African context. However, the results show the importance of wider, more sophisticated research. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / MCOM (Bedrysielkunde)