Tese (Doutorado em Estudos Comparados sobre as Américas)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas, 2012. / Submitted by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros (tania@bce.unb.br) on 2013-01-10T15:25:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MárciaMachado_Parcial.pdf: 1809628 bytes, checksum: 156ab03d89c2858d0bda742b89ed6a0c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marília Freitas(marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2013-01-21T11:28:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MárciaMachado_Parcial.pdf: 1809628 bytes, checksum: 156ab03d89c2858d0bda742b89ed6a0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-21T11:28:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MárciaMachado_Parcial.pdf: 1809628 bytes, checksum: 156ab03d89c2858d0bda742b89ed6a0c (MD5) / O exercício aqui proposto é a leitura de dois discursos narrativos que se contrapuseram aoprojeto “modernizador” ou “civilizador”, mais precisamente, colonizador e imperialista deeuropeus e norte-americanos, como de intelectuais e das classes dirigentes dos países daAmérica Ibérica que adotaram os modelos e as teorias raciais européias para justificaremos processos de colonização, dominação e exploração da região. Nesta perspectiva, volto omeu olhar para a produção de José Martí e José Carlos Mariátegui, procurando apreendersuas concepções de pátria, nação em formação, unidade de Nuestra América e o papel doautóctone nos processos de nation-building na América Hispânica. Como tais autores nãoapresentaram nenhuma definição do que compreendiam por nação, raça e indígena, buscoapreender tais concepções através do contexto intelectual, político e econômico, deveiculação de suas produções, da configuração estética de suas escrituras e do rastreamentode suas interpretações em suas obras, que abordam as mais diferentes temáticas, problemáticas e contradições de seus contextos, as últimas décadas do século XIX e iníciodo XX. Busco desenvolver a proposição de que suas reflexões críticas às concepçõespolíticas, intelectuais e científicas hegemônicas se constituem em importantes reflexões,subsídios e ferramentas teórico-ideológicas para repensar, no sentido de provocartransformações em nossa maneira de perceber, os processos colonizadores e de raça comoinstrumento e justificativa de extermínios, de diferentes formas de servidão, violência emiséria a que as populações indígenas foram submetidas historicamente. / The exercise proposed here is the reading of two narrative discourses that opposed theproject of "modernizing" or "civilizing", more precisely, colonizer and imperialistic of theEuropeans and North-Americans, as intellectuals and dominant classes of the IberianAmerica countries that adopted European models and racial explanations to justify theprocesses of domination and exploitation of the region. In this perspective, I look into theproduction of José Martí and José Carlos Mariátegui, trying to comprehend their conceptsof homeland, nation formation, unit of Nuestra América and the role of indigenous peoplesin the processes of nation-building in Hispanic America. As these authors did not presentany definition of what they understood by nation, race and indigenous, I try to comprehendthese concepts through the intellectual, political and economic context, the circulation oftheir productions, the aesthetics of their work and tracking their interpretations in theseworks which deal with various subjects, issues and contradictions of their contexts, the lastdecades of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century. I try to developthe proposition that their hegemonic critical thinking to the political views, intellectual andscientific constitute important reflections, subsidies and ideological-theoretical tools torethink, with the purpose of creating changes in our way of perceiving the processes ofcolonization and race as a way of justifying the extermination of different forms ofviolence, servitude and misery to which indigenous people have been historicallysubjected.

This dissertation examines interactions and circuits of exchange between Anglophone and Hispanophone literary cultures in the wake of the Mexican-American War, particularly those involving African-American, Indigenous, Latin American, and proto Latina/o-American communities. My dissertation grapples with the breadth of multilingual Americas, examining the stakes of U.S. territorial expansion and empire through a range of translations, adaptations, and literary borrowings that enabled the transit and transmutation of texts in the mid-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. I focus on works by a range of writers, poets, activists, politicians, and translators, including Carlos Morla Vicuña, John Rollin Ridge, Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, José Martí, Helen Hunt Jackson, Martin Delany, and Willa Cather. I draw upon letters, periodicals, novels, and poems that circulated in the Americas, arguing that choices and practices of translation were in dialogue with shifting frameworks of race and ethnicity in these different contexts. My analysis of these textual forms depicts some of the distinct ways that authors employed translation as a mode of political activism. Ultimately, this dissertation examines the relation between translation and national belonging in these different contexts, unveiling the varied forms by which transgressive translation strategies were harnessed as forms of anti-imperialist work even as they often initiated or replicated neocolonial and imperialist practices.

Dans l’Amérique et les Caraïbes des XIXe et XXe siècles, l’œuvre du poète national est au cœur d’un trafic d’images qui nourrit un lien social fragile dans un temps où les collectivités reposent moins sur un lien direct entre leurs membres que sur un lien imaginé. Prenant ses distances vis-à-vis des représentations en circulation à son époque, comme les représentations exotiques de la nature, le poète offre une vision démocratique ambitieuse pour l’avenir de la communauté à travers des images nouvelles du territoire, du peuple, de l’esclavage et de l’histoire. L’ethos auctorial encourage l’appropriation de ce discours par le lecteur en désignant le poète comme figure de référence. Mais c’est surtout à travers son procédé d’écriture qui met à mal les normes littéraires de son temps que celui-ci est à même d’influer sur la société. Plutôt qu’ils ne parviennent à saisir l’esprit de leur peuple, Whitman, Martí et Césaire participent par leur travail sur le fragment, les formes populaires ou le tremblement du sens à la création d’un devenir collectif. / In 19th and 20th centuries America and West Indies, the national poet’s works lay at the centre of a traffic of images. This traffic feeds the fragile social ties of young collectivities, at a time when communities are bound by imagination rather than by direct contact between their members. Distancing themselves from the representations of the community circulating at that time, like the exotic images of the New World’s nature, the poet offers an ambitious democratic vision for the future which is channeled through images of the territory, the people, slavery and history. The poet’s ethos encourages the reader to appropriate this discourse by presenting the author as a role model. However, it is mainly thanks to his style, at odds with the literary norms of his time, that the poet is able to act upon society. Whitman, Martí and Césaire do not so much contrive to capture their people’s spirit, as they participate through their work on the fragment, on popular poetical forms or on the destabilizing of meaning, in the creation of a common devenir.