The feasibility of in-situ alloying of AISI 410L martensitic stainless steel with nitrogen during Nd-YAG laser cladding was investigated with the aim of achieving a nitrogen content of at least 0.08 wt% and fully martensitic microstructures in the final clad deposit. Two in-situ nitrogen alloying techniques were studied. In the first set of experiments, the absorption of nitrogen from nitrogen-rich gas atmospheres was studied. Laser cladding with commercially available AISI 410L powder was performed using nitrogen-rich shielding and carrier gas. A marginal increase in deposit nitrogen content was observed, with the clad deposit displaying low hardness and mostly ferritic microstructures. Poor nitrogen absorption from nitrogen-containing atmospheres during Nd-YAG laser cladding is generally attributed to the short thermal cycle and to suppression of plasma formation above the weld pool. In the remaining experiments, Si3N4 powder was investigated as an alternative source for nitrogen during cladding. The addition of Si3N4 to the AISI 410L powder feed resulted in clad microstructures consisted of columnar -ferrite grains with martensite on the grain boundaries, higher hardness and an increase in deposit nitrogen content (to a maximum of 0.064 wt% nitrogen). Higher nitrogen contents in the clad deposit, however, significantly increased the volume percentage porosity in the clad layer. This prompted an investigation into the feasibility of raising the nitrogen solubility of the alloy through additions of manganese and nickel to the powder feed. Thermodynamic modelling revealed that the addition of manganese to AISI 410L powder increases the nitrogen solubility limit due to its negative interaction parameter with nitrogen. The addition of up to 3.5 wt% manganese to AISI 410L powder containing Si3N4 significantly increased the nitrogen solubility in the deposit. A martensitic microstructure with 0.12 wt% nitrogen and a peak hardness of 410 HV was achieved without any adverse increase in porosity in the clad layer. The clad nitrogen content easily exceeded the minimum requirement of 0.08 wt%. High nickel concentrations in AISI 410L stainless steel expand the austenite phase field at the expense of -ferrite and alter the solidification mode from ferritic to austenitic-ferritic. The addition of up to 5.5 wt% nickel, or combinations of nickel and manganese, to the nitrogen-alloyed AISI 410L powder feed raised the deposit nitrogen content, but not to the same extent as those deposits alloyed with manganese only. Since more austenite is present on cooling in nickel-alloyed AISI 410L deposits, less nitrogen is rejected to the liquid phase on solidification, resulting in higher nitrogen contents and less porosity in the room temperature microstructures. The amount of dilution during single-track laser cladding is mainly influenced by the specific energy per unit mass delivered by the laser beam. The clad height is strongly influenced by the powder deposition rate, whereas the bead width is influenced by the wettability of the deposits during laser cladding. During multi-track cladding, the observed percentage porosity is a function of the aspect ratio of the individual beads making up the clad layer, the deposition rate and the clad height. High deposition rates result in thicker layers, increasing the distance that N2 gas bubbles have to travel to escape to the atmosphere, while a high aspect ratio favours interbead porosity. The results suggest that in-situ nitrogen alloying during laser cladding should preferably be performed at low deposition rates to ensure higher clad nitrogen contents and hardness, lower clad heights, less dilution and less porosity. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2019-02-08T11:08:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Willian Ricardo.pdf: 8465496 bytes, checksum: a01921f9da37abb9909a79e5b398408c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-08T11:08:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Willian Ricardo.pdf: 8465496 bytes, checksum: a01921f9da37abb9909a79e5b398408c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / Turbinas hidráulicas usadas em usinas hidrelétricas podem apresentar desgastes por cavitação e trincas em sua operação, as quais em alguns casos reparadas por soldagem a arco elétrico, por ser um processo de menor custo em comparação à troca da turbina. O aço inoxidável martensítico A743 grau CA6NM é empregado em serviços que requerem boa resistência mecânica associada a resistência à corrosão, principalmente em equipamento para extração de petróleo nos rotores e componentes de turbinas hidráulicas. Este trabalho tem por escopo analisar a microestrutura formada após processo de soldagem TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) de um aço ASTM A743 CA6NM, usando material de adição similar, avaliando a presença da estrutura ferrita delta, austenita retida e carbonetos. Variando as espessuras das amostras e parâmetros de soldagem como passe único de soldagem e multipasse, mantendo temperatura de pré-aquecimento e interpasse de150ºC. Estimando a influência dos parâmetros na microestrutura com a dureza dos cordões e da ZTA. Os experimentos revelaram que um único passe de solda é suficiente para a formação de ferrita delta na forma de rede ao longo do cordão de solda e nas regiões expostas a altas temperaturas na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA), assim como o perfil de durezas da seção transversal do cordão de solda apontam durezas que variam desde 344 ± 6 HV para a região fundida, passando por um pico de dureza de 379 ± 4 HV na ZTA e terminando no metal base com 290 ± 5 HV, na solda multipasse a origem das diferentes morfologias de ferrita é múltipla, havendo uma diferença da taxa de resfriamento nos cordões,sendo que entre a base e o topo da solda pode ser percebido acumulo de ferrita delta na região interpasse e no topo do ultimo cordão de solda e a variação de largura da ZTA pelos passes subsequentes, a morfologia da ferrita delta zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) na condição multipasse, assim como o perfil de durezas da seção transversal dos cordões de solda apontam durezas que variam desde 311 ± 24 HV para a região fundida, passando por um pico de dureza de 326 ± 33 HV na ZTA. / Hydraulic turbines used in hydroelectric plants may present wear by cavitation and cracks in their operation, and in some cases repaired by electric arc welding, being a process of lower cost compared to the turbine exchange. A743 grade martensitic stainless steel CA6NM is used in services that require good mechanical resistance associated with corrosion resistance, especially in oil extraction equipment, rotors and hydraulic turbine components. This work aims to analyze the microstructure formed after TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding of an ASTM A743 CA6NM steel, using similar addition material, evaluating the presence of the delta ferrite, retained austenite and carbides structure. By varying the sample thicknesses and welding conditions as single pass welding and multipass, maintaining preheating temperature and interpass of 150ºC. Estimating the influence of the parameters in the microstructure with the hardness of the strands and the ZTA. The experiments revealed that a single soldering pass is sufficient for the formation of delta ferrite in the form of a net along the weld bead and in the regions exposed to high temperatures in the thermally affected zone (ZTA), as well as the hardness profile of the section cross section of the weld beads indicate hardness ranging from 344 ± 6 HV to the molten region, passing through a hardness peak of 379 ± 4 HV in the ZTA and ending in the base metal with 290 ± 5 HV, in the multipass weld the origin of the different In the present study, the ferrite morphologies are multiple, with a difference in the cooling rate in the cords, between the base and the top of the weld it is possible to detect the accumulation of delta ferrite in the interpass region and at the top of the last weld bead and the ZTA The thermally affected zone delta ferrite (ZTA) morphology in the multipass condition, as well as the cross section hardness profile of the weld beads, point to hardnesses that vary from 311 ± 24 HV for the molten region, passing through a hardness peak of 326 ± 33 HV in the ZTA.

La présente thèse doctorale vise à analyser le comportement tribologique, en corrosion et en tribocorrosion des nouveaux aciers inoxydables martensitiques et leurs mécanismes de dégradation pour applications aéronautiques. Pour ce faire, techniques électrochimiques, tribo-électrochimiques et d’analyse de surface ex-situ ont été utilisés. L'usure est affectée par la dureté du matériau et le durcissement lors du glissement de contact. Les aciers inoxydables martensitiques ont montré une augmentation de résistance à la rayure, mais une plus grande perte de matière lors des essais tribologiques à sec par rapport à l'acier inoxydable austénitique. La résistance à la corrosion des aciers inoxydables martensitiques est favorisée par leur passivité, dont la cinétique du film passif peut être décrite par un modèle de type high-field. La vitesse de dissolution passive dépend de la composition chimique de la surface du matériau, ce qui diminue la teneur en Cr dans la couche passive. Les mécanismes de dégradation en tribocorrosion des aciers inoxydables martensitiques comprennent déformation plastique, shakedown et fatigue de de type oligo-cyclique. Les conséquences de ces mécanismes impliqués dépendent des conditions électrochimiques qui prévalent. / The present Doctoral Thesis aimed to analyze the tribological, corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of new martensitic stainless steels and their degradation mechanisms for aeronautical applications. For this, electrochemical, tribo-electrochemical and ex-situ surface analysis techniques were used. Wear damage was found to be critically affected by the hardness of the material and its hardening during sliding. Martensitic stainless steels showed higher scratch wear resistance but higher wear material loss when compared to the austenitic stainless steel. Corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels is driven by their passivity, whose kinetics can be described through a high field conduction model. Passive dissolution rate depends on the surface chemistry of the material, thus decreasing with the Cr content in the passive film. Degradation mechanisms involved in tribocorrosion of martensitic stainless steels included plastic deformation, shakedown and low-cycle fatigue. The consequences of those involved mechanisms depended on the prevailing electrochemical conditions. / La presente Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo analizar el comportamiento tribológico, frente a la corrosión y a la tribocorrosión de nuevos aceros inoxidables martensíticos y sus mecanismos de degradación en aplicaciones aeronáuticas. Para ello, se han utilizado técnicas electroquímicas, tribo-electroquímicas y de análisis de superficie ex-situ. El desgaste depende de la dureza del material y de su endurecimiento durante el deslizamiento. Los aceros inoxidables martensíticos mostraron una mayor resistencia al rallado pero una mayor pérdida de material en el ensayo tribológico de desgaste si se compara con el acero inoxidable austenítico. La resistencia a la corrosión de los aceros inoxidables martensíticos es promovida por su pasividad, cuya cinética puede ser descrita a través de un modelo de tipo high field. La velocidad de disolución pasiva depende de la química de la superficie del material, disminuyendo por lo tanto con el contenido de Cr en la película pasiva. Los mecanismos de degradación en tribocorrosión de los aceros inoxidables martensíticos incluyen deformación plástica, shakedown y fatiga de bajo ciclo. Las consecuencias de esos mecanismos dependen de las condiciones electroquímicas del sistema. / La present Tesi Doctoral té com a objectiu analitzar el comportament tribològic, front a la corrosió i a la tribocorrosió de nous acers inoxidables martensítics i els seus mecanismes de degradació en aplicacions aeronàutiques. Per tot això, s'han utilitzat tècniques electroquímiques, tribo-electroquímiques i d'anàlisi de superfície ex-situ. El desgast depen de la duresa del material i del seu enduriment durant el lliscament. Els acers inoxidables martensítics van mostrar una major resistència al ratllat però una major pèrdua de material en l'assaig tribològic de desgast si es compara amb l'acer inoxidable austenític. La resistència a la corrosió dels acers inoxidables martensítics és promoguda per la seva passivitat, i la seua la cinètica pot ser descrita a través d'un model de tipus high field. La velocitat de dissolució passiva depen de la química de la superfície del material, disminuint per tant amb el contingut de Cr en la pel·lícula passiva. Els mecanismes de degradació en tribocorrosió dels acers inoxidables martensítics inclouen deformació plàstica, shakedown i fatiga de baix cicle. Les conseqüències d'aquests mecanismes depenen de les condicions electroquímiques del sistema.