Existing evidence shows people are able to attribute an individual's behavioural characteristics based on their facial features with a certain level of accuracy; one such characteristic is the perception of physical strength in potential opponents within the male intersexual competition. Physical strength seems be assessed upon the level of masculine facial features development. However, attributions may be influenced by other factors - namely personality traits of the evaluator or the so-called Other-race effect. In this study portrait photographs of men from Europe and Africa were rated by a group of European evaluators on a perceived physical strength. The aim of this study was to assess the link between attributed physical strength, actual physical strength (grip strength) and facial morphology described by relative facial width (fWHR) the Index of Masculinity (potential effects of age, body weight and height on said variables were controlled for). The use of stimuli of different ethnic origin enabled us to test the accuracy of physical strength attributions and actual physical strength in context to the Other-race effect hypothesis. According to its wording people tend to attribute characteristics with higher accuracy to individuals, who belong to the same population, or with whom they are...

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación del impacto psicosocial de la estética dental entre hombres y mujeres universitarios de Lima – Perú. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional, analítico y transversal con un total de 619 alumnos universitarios de Lima - Perú con edades entre los 18 y 25 años. Para la evaluación del impacto psicosocial de la estética dental se utilizó el Cuestionario del Impacto Psicosocial de la Estética dental (PIDAQ). Además, se evaluaron otras variables como sexo, edad, facultades universitarias, nivel educativo de los padres, institución de educación, ciclo académico e índice de masculinidad en el hogar. Para la comparación de las características de los estudiantes universitarios y su impacto psicosocial por dimensiones se utilizó la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis y T-Student para pruebas no pareadas, y para correlacionar se utilizó el Coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Finalmente, se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con estimador robusto de varianza para el cálculo de asociación mediante razones de tasa de incidencia crudas y ajustadas a todas las covariables, con intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: El 41% de la muestra fueron hombres con un promedio de 36,48 puntos en el PIDAQ total y una correlación positiva con el índice de masculinidad en el hogar (Spearman 0.194). Asimismo, se encontró una asociación positiva, entre el sexo masculino, índice de masculinidad en el hogar y todas las dimensiones del impacto psicosocial. (IRR 1.10 IC 95% 1.01 – 1.20). Conclusiones: Se evidenció que el impacto psicosocial de la estética dental tiene una asociación positiva en los jóvenes universitarios con el sexo masculino y el índice de masculinidad en el hogar. / Objective: To determine the association of the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics among university men and women from Lima – Peru. Materials and Methods: Observational, analytical and cross-sectional study with a total of 619 university students in Lima, Peru between the ages of 18 and 25 years. The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Esthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) was used to evaluate the psychosocial impact of dental esthetics. In addition, other variables such as sex, age, university faculties, educational level of the parents, educational institution, academic cycle and masculinity index in the home were evaluated. For the comparison of the characteristics of university students and their psychosocial impact by dimensions, the Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and T-Student for unpaired tests were used, and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used for correlations. Finally, Poisson regression with robust variance estimator was used to calculate association using crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios for all covariates, with 95% confidence intervals. Results: 41% of the sample were men with an average of 36.48 points on the total PIDAQ and a positive correlation with the masculinity index in the home (Spearman 0.194). Likewise, a positive association was found between male sex, masculinity index in the home and all dimensions of psychosocial impact. (IRR 1.10 IC 95% 1.01 - 1.20). Conclusions: It was evidenced that the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics has a positive association in young university students with the male sex and the masculinity index at home. / Tesis

Due to the nature of globalization, new strategies have been designed to break into new markets. Joint Venture is a common strategy to enter new markets and by using a Joint Venture, companies share risks and establish new contacts with local knowledge. Brazil is a market where foreign investors gain more and more interest. Brazil's economy is growing fast and made well during the global financial crisis. The middle class in Brazil is constantly growing and for the first time, poverty is not a majority in Brazil.In an International Joint Venture (IJV), it is usually a foreign company establishing a partnership with a local company. Often, IJVs fail because companies have problems collaborating, depending on different variables. In this thesis, we chose to analyze the cultural barriers in a Brazilian-Swedish IJV on the Brazilian market. The purpose of this thesis is to gain an understanding and describe cultural barriers in an IJV partnership, and high-light those to increase the chances for successful IJVs between Brazilian and Swedish companies in the future.This thesis is qualitative, with an abductive approach, in order to gain a deeper and better understanding of experienced barriers. We have chosen to see culture from both a national and an organizational perspective as earlier research has showed that national culture affects the organizational culture within an IJV. Using Hofstede's (1991) four dimensions of national culture as a supplement to Wilson’s (2001) four factors influencing the organizational culture, we have conducted four interviews in two Swedish-Brazilian IJV companies located in São Paulo, Brazil. The companies we have chosen to interview have been small or medium-sized manufacturing. Interviews were conducted face-to-face in a comfortable environment for all respondents. In our analysis, we used matrices to make it easier to see what differences and/or similarities there are between the case-companies.Results of this study, demonstrate that the experiences from the two case-studies are well in line with each other. The organizational structure in Brazil has been perceived as more hierarchical than the Swedish vertical and more open structure. This in turn, has strengthened the differences in communication between managers and employees, which been perceived as more top-down in Brazil than in Sweden. Our conclusion is that cultural barriers have been perceived, in the perception of the leaders’ expected behavior, language barriers, differences in planning and management of uncertain situations, Brazil's more family-oriented society and close relationship between private life and work in the Brazilian market.Several of these barriers have been experienced during the early start-up of an IJV, something we believe increases the importance of being well prepared for cultural barriers that may arise. The importance of an agreement upon the structure and policies at the company at an early stage is crucial, to reduce future possible conflicts. Show mutual respect and understanding for one's partners’ culture and experienced cultural barriers, use these to avoid any negative effects, and instead create a positive impact for the IJV. / Minor Field Study