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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Masonry walls will almost invariably be required to resist lateral out-of-plane loads due to the action of wind or earthquakes; less commonly walls may be subjected to water or earth pressure or blast loading. Of particular interest is the common case which arises when the walls are supported on two or more adjacent edges. Under these conditions the masonry is subjected to a complex state of biaxial (two-way) out-of-plane bending combined with vertical in-plane compression due to the self weight of the wall and any superimposed loads. Different approaches currently exist for the design of masonry wall panels subjected to out-of-plane loads. However, these approaches are all empirical and often yield widely varying design recommendations and there has been significant criticism by proponents of the different methods regarding the use of alternative approaches. In this study an extensive program of laboratory testing in parallel with numerical analysis was conducted to examine the bending, biaxial bending in particular, behaviour of masonry walls. The aim was to provide a better understanding of the behaviour at the fundamental level towards ultimately developing a fully rational biaxial-bending failure model that can predict behaviour under any simultaneous combination of bending moments in the two principal directions, along with a superimposed compression force on the bed joints. Experimentally, 'single joint' four brick unit specimens were studied comprehensively, using a newly commissioned test rig, by subjecting them to various vertical and horizontal bending moments both separately and in combinations, along with a superimposed compression force on the bed joints. These tests provided important information about the flexural behaviour of mortar joints and the torsional behaviour of bed joints. In addition, a complete set of characterization tests was also performed to study the fundamental material properties of masonry, which were important input parameters in the numerical modelling. Numerically, a 3D non-linear finite element micro-model with cohesive contact was proposed and implemented in the ABAQUS/Standard software package. Numerical viii analyses were performed to provide rational explanations to the bending behaviours observed in the four brick unit specimen tests and evaluate a newly proposed torsion shear test method. A simplified 3D non-linear finite element micro-model was also proposed to simulate the bending behaviour of small walls. Its effectiveness was clearly demonstrated in its application to masonry walls, with or without openings, subjected to both in-plane and out-of-plane loads.

Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 141).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Pennsylvania, 2006. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 11, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. (71-85) and index.

During the late eighteenth and throughout the nineteenth century masonry technology underwent a major transition, whereby, the production process increasingly absorbed techniques traditionally carried out by craftsmen. This transition also involved an increasing shift from lime technology to cement technology1. This influenced traditional work methods involving lime mortars as well as creating new methods for preparation of cement. Development of cement assisted the expansion of vital infrastructure such as roads, bridges, dams, sewers, and high-rise structures. In order to facilitate high-rise construction with cement, masonry units such as commercially produced brick were developed with similar strength and compression characteristics as cement. Historically, lime mortar preparation involved multiple and variant treatment methods. These practices arose from generations of experimental practice, in order to determine which methods were most beneficial. Development of these skills was transferred from master to apprentice and from father to son. These treatment methods involved a calcium carbonate raw material and its conversion into a lime suitable for blending with aggregates, which resulted in a workable mortar for uniting building materials. Such lime building compounds included, stuccos, frescos, plasters, and mortars. The scope of this project involves primarily lime mortar, although treatment methods and materials are very similar for all of these five lime compounds. Restoration of historic structures built with lime mortar creates challenges for architects, conservators, masons and all persons tasked with masonry restoration. Original masonry Materials and methods involving lime technology have been superseded by cement technology with its own materials and techniques. Cement has failed to provide a successful role as a binder for the restoration of historic structures built with lime mortar. In order to maintain the integrity of historic structures, rediscovery and application of traditional lime technology can further bridge the gap between past and present masonry mortar. / Master of Science

Throughout architectural history, the relationship between builder and architect has been ever-changing. Architects traditionally evolved from the building trades with a fundamental understanding of the principals behind construction. Architects have since evolved into a profession based in academics, not in actual tacit knowledge. The current relationship between architects and builders is complex. The Architect questions the ability of the builder. The builder questions the knowledge of the architect. Collaboration has become very difficult. These buildings are an attempt to use the built environment as a tool for both the architect and builder to gain a better understanding of what the other does. / Master of Architecture

This thesis explores the design of a T-shaped brick and its influence throughout the course of the project. The T-brick established a significant direction towards weaving masonry and my firsthand recognition of the utmost importance of poetic construction for an architect. This thesis helps to affirm that construction is vital for architecture to be autonomous. Programmatic requirements, technology, social change, new inventions, etc., distract from the potential of architecture. We must first concern ourselves with how a building is to be made and trust that those things outside of architecture will only be right when a building is ready to accept them, not vice versa. But, that is not to say a building should not serve human needs well. Rather, serving needs well is but a bare minimum of good architecture. / Master of Architecture

Masonry structures constitute a significant portion of building stock worldwide. Seismic performance of unreinforced masonry has been far from satisfactory. Masonry is purported to be a major source of hazard during earthquakes by reconnaissance surveys conducted aftermath of an earthquake. Reasons for the poor performance of masonry structures are more than one namely lack of deformational capacity, poor tensile strength & lack of earthquake resistance features coupled with poor quality control and large variation in strength of materials employed. Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composites have emerged as an efficient strengthening technique for reinforced concrete structures over the past two decades. Present thesis is focused towards analysing the behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) strengthened masonry under axial compression and in-plane shear loading. Determination of in-planes hear resistance of large masonry panels requires tremendous effort in terms of cost, labour and time. Masonry assemblages like prisms and triplets that represent the state of stress present in masonry walls and masonry in-fills when under the action of in-planes hear forces present an alternative option for research and analysis purposes. Hence, present research is focused towards analysing the performance of FRP strengthened masonry assemblages and unreinforced masonry assemblages. Chapter1 provides a brief review on the behaviour of masonry shear walls and masonry in-fills under the action of in-plane shear forces in addition to the performance of masonry structures during past earthquakes. Review of available literature on FRP confinement of masonry prisms with bed joints inclined from 00 to 900 to the loading axis under axial compression, analytical models available for FRP confined concrete, shear strength of masonry triplets attached with FRP is presented. Chapter 2 primarily focuses on determining the various properties of the materials involved in this research investigation. Test procedure and results of the tests conducted to determine the mechanical and related properties of the materials involved are presented. Elastic properties and stress-strain response of burnt clay brick, mortar and FRP laminates are presented. Studies conducted on behaviour of GFRP confined masonry prisms under monotonic axial compression are included in Chapter 3. The study comprised of testing masonry prisms, both unconfined and FRP confined masonry prisms under axial compression. Stretcher bond and English bond prisms, with bed joints normal and parallel to loading axis are included in this study. Two grades of GFRP,360g/m2 and 600 g/m2 are employed to confine masonry prisms. The experimental program involved masonry prism types that accounted for variations in masonry bonding pattern, bed joint inclination to the loading axis and grade of GFRP. Review of the available analytical models predicting compressive strength of FRP confined masonry prism is presented. Available models for FRP confinement of masonry are re-calibrated using the present experimental data generating new coefficients for the already existing model to develop new expression for predicting the compressive strength of FRP confined prisms. In addition to the prism types mentioned earlier, behaviour of unconfined and GFRP confined stretcher bond prisms with bed joints inclined at 300, 450 & 600 to the loading axis are further investigated. Chapter 4 primarily deals with the shear strength and deformational capacity of masonry triplets that represent joint shear failure in masonry. An experimental program involving masonry triplets attached with different types of FRP(GFRP and CFRP), grade of FRP, percentage area covered by FRP and reinforcement pattern is executed. This exercise determined the influence of these parameters over the enhancement achieved in terms of shear strength and ultimate displacement. Results of tests conducted on stretcher bond prisms presented in chapter 3 and results of tests on shear triplets presented in this chapter are combined to study the interaction between shear and normal stresses acting along the masonry bed joint at different angles of inclination. The thesis culminated with chapter 5 as concluding remarks highlighting the salient Information pertaining to the behaviour of FRP strengthened masonry under axial compression and in-plane shear loading obtained as an outcome of the research conducted as a part of this thesis.

The topic of this Ph.D. theis is repairing and strengthening of historical wagon vaults (barrel vaults, tunnel vaults) using post tensioning with tendons (monostrands) in longitudinal direction. The vaults should be without an edge, that´s mean the baroque vaults are well appropriate for this method. The pointed barrel vault should be problematic. The stabilization is for a wagon vault created by semicircle or segment part of a circle as well as an elliptic shape. The study has been made for vault with a width of 1 m and for the prestressing force has been used one tendon only. Of course, this method could be apply for normal constructions with a width of many meters. In this case, more tendons should be use with a suitable spacing. The goal of this work was to monitor an experiment model of an wagon vault and a real strengthened baroque vault of a church in Švábenice. During the monitor time, the static Analysis has been made. For these analysis appropriate finite elements in Ansys program has been use. The results of this work is to amplify the knowledge of the real behaviour of strengthened vaults, which could be use like instruction for the civil engineers. Further the public information guide to build an appropriate model of an Vault with an interaction with post-tensioning tendons.