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This social constructionist program of inquiry begins to explore how psychopathy/the psychopath is constructed beyond the professional domain of forensic psychology. Indeed, while this highly important diagnostic construct is defined and operationalized very precisely by contemporary forensic psychologists, it is believed to be grossly and seriously misunderstood by others. Study 1 examines how Canadian mass newspaper (news) discourse represents psychopathy/the psychopath using ethnographic media analysis. This study rests on the central assumption that mass newspaper discourse provides a key window onto the public construction of reality. Study 2 examines how in-treatment, persistently violent male offenders (individuals with close ‘proximity’ to psychopathy) may conceptualize, experience, and approach (or not) the diagnostic construct, as gleaned through their conversational talk during small-size focus group interviews. The various ways in which these distinct (and contextually-bound) discourses align with and diverge from one another are identified. The various ways in which mass newspaper and offender focus group discourses align with and diverge from the contemporary forensic psychological construction of psychopathy/the psychopath are also discussed. Clinical, practical, and ethical implications of the research findings are also presented and discussed briefly.

One of the defining debates of sociology is the nature of the relationship between the individual and society. One sociologist, Seymour Martin Lipset, investigated this relationship through his analysis of Canadian and American value differences. Lipset (1964) argues that Canadian and American values are different and have remained parallel to each other over time. The following dissertation tests Lipset's thesis of cross-national value differences through seven hypotheses derived from Canadian and American media portrayals of Native issues. Testing these hypotheses is accomplished through quantitative and qualitative measures to determine if Canadian and American media content support or refute Lipset's thesis. Documenting each country's values was achieved by a content analysis of articles from a leading newsmagazine from each country, Maclean's and Newsweek, and comparing their presentations of Native issues. This research found that the majority of Lipset's pattern-variables did not accurately predict cross-national media portrayals of Native issues. However, Lipset's approach to studying national values is applicable far beyond those defined by the 49th. parallel. His typology could be applied to the study of value differences between nations and offer valuable insights into national value systems and what makes them different. Applying Lipset's approach to societies beyond those in North America would add to our understanding of the individual's relationship to society through a fuller appreciation of their values. / Graduate

The Indian newspaper industry has been celebrated globally in communication research, as it continues to grow, both in circulation and readership. However, little is known about the journalists who work in this celebrated industry. Labor as a whole is sidelined in media research, and it is the same in the context of India. This study presents an insight into the working conditions of newspaper journalists, focusing on the newspaper journalists working in the state of Karnataka, India. The study employs critical political economy of media to analyze the working conditions of journalists. It begins by outlining critical political economy, recent research on political economy of media labor, and history of Indian media with a focus on newspapers. The study, then, provides an overview of the Working Journalists Act and a historical account of the journalists wage boards constituted since 1956. Further, it utilizes this historical context, to examine the current working conditions of newspaper journalists, based on in-depth interviews of newspaper journalists. The study reveals the exploitation of newspaper journalists, through the analysis of their daily work and how structural dynamics of the newspapers allow owners to underpay and overwork newspaper journalists. The study also reveals mechanism of exploitation at a time when newspapers are transitioning toward digital media. Lastly, it examines whether these conditions of work of journalists will be favourable for democracy, and provides recommendations on how to change and improve the working conditions of journalists, in order for them to carry out their democratic responsibilities. The study aims to contribute and fill gaps in research about media labor in India. / A Dissertation submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2018. / November 9, 2018. / Indian media, Journalist, Media labor, Newspapers, Political Economy of Media, Working conditions / Includes bibliographical references. / Jennifer Proffitt, Professor Directing Dissertation; Vanessa Dennen, University Representative; Stephen McDowell, Committee Member; Donna Nudd, Committee Member.

本文從技術的政治經濟學視角，觀察中國上世紀七十年代末八十年代的廣播電視大學運動，主要采用文獻分析的方法，試圖去回答，爲什麽電大教育會從單位辦學制、個人自學制、學校辦學制這三種模式存走向單一的學校辦學體制？在電大運動所歸屬的更大的高教去國家化運動當中，爲什麽社會自治主義、新自由主義與電大教育接合失敗，而國家主義却成功了？爲了回答這些或具體或抽象的問題，本文在前人研究的基礎上提出了「新發展主義」的概念作爲分析工具，指出「效率範式」是七十年代末八十年代新發展主義的主要再現形式，它有追求「生産效率優先」和「成本效率」的兩個方面。在「發展主義範式轉移」的語境下，電大運動是國家以「技術動員」的方式徵用社會經濟資本實現人力資本積累的表現。通過使用新發展主義的「集中性-去集中性」這一對框架性工具，本文指出了社會自治主義表現爲「兩種效率衝突」以及「教育低效」的「反效率」，以及新自由主義表現爲「配置低效」的「反效率」，而與之相比，國家主義反倒因爲教育專業主義和機會平等政治的追求，而與新發展主義的效率追求形成了一致性。新發展主義與社會自治主義、新自由主義和國家主義在這一時期的「接合」與「接合失敗」，是單位辦學制與個人自學制的衰落，以及「公立非公費」的「學校辦學制」日漸崛起的原因。此外，本文從「新發展主義」出發，還提出了「改革辯證法」的認識論，作爲從「改革之交」理解共産中國的一種嘗試。 / From the perspective of political economy of technology, this research aims to analyze the Chinese Broadcasting and Television University Movement(TVUM) , and to answer two sets of questions: 1) During the TVUM in late 1970s and 1980s, why did the "university-organized learning" model rise? Why did the "danwei-organized learning" model and the "self-learning" model decline simultaneously? 2) Why was the TVUM articulated with Statism successfully? Why did the articulation of the TVUM with Social Autonomism and Neo-liberalism fail ? Documentary analysis is the main research method. In order to answer the questions above, this research constructs the efficiency-oriented model to illustrate and explain Chinese economic development in late 1979s and 1980s. In the context of the paradigm shift of developmentalism, the TVUM took it as the main purpose to promote the accumulation of human capital. In contrast with the "anti-efficiency" of Social Autonomism and Neo-liberalism, this research identifies that Statism unexpectedly presents its consistency with the effenciency-oriented model by combining the professionalism of education and equal-opportunity politics. The rise and the declination in the TVUM are attributed to the success and the failure of articulation with the efficenecy-oriented model respectively. Moreover, this research preliminarily constructs "the dialectics of the reform" as the perspective of interpreting Communist China for further research. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 劉阳. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-192). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Liu, Yang.

A research questionnaire survey was conducted in Shanghai, China. Based on cluster sampling strategy, 1428 students from nine secondary schools participated in the study. The respondents completed a 123-items questionnaire that measured their daily media practice, perceptions about the three dimensions of sexuality under study, functioning of school, family and friends, and socio-demographic profile. Furthermore, the quantitative survey is supplemented with a qualitative semi-structured interview to adolescents who have participated in the survey study. / In addition, the study indicates that, as factors become more liberal, the more powerfully they affect the formation of sexual identity among adolescents. For school and family, the two conservative agents, a strong impact on the formation of sexuality among teenagers can be made by teachers in school or parents at home by: (a) adoption of a more open attitude towards sexuality issues; (b) active engagement in instructions or counseling about sexuality issues; (c) provision of extensive information about sexuality that adolescents are seeking; (d) creation of a horizontal environment to facilitate the process; and, specifically for school-based sexuality education, (e) adoption of peer-led sexuality education; and (f) limitation of the classes to a small size. / The primary concern of this study is the role of media in affecting the formation of sexuality among adolescents. The aspects of sexuality under study include attitudes towards love and relationships, stereotypes of gender role and standards of attractiveness. The central contention is that the role of media in the formation of sexuality during adolescence can only be fully understood within the context of the adolescent's life experience in school, at home and with friends. / These findings validate the assumption that the role of media in the formation of sexuality among adolescents must be investigated in their life experience in school, at home and with friends. The perceptions of sexuality are the result of a confluence of all of these influential sources. The mutual dependencies among these factors made the adolescent life experience essential for understanding the role of media in teenager sexuality development. This provides support for further examination into media and adolescent sexuality development in a more macro-sociological context. / While as proposed, the media appear to be strong predictors of adolescent perceptions of sexuality; this is interrelated with other influential factors like school, family and friends in important ways. For the path to influence, media can affect these perceptions directly and intermediately through the effects on family and friends as well. For the direction of influence, media impact would be strengthened by that of friends but weakened by those of school and family. These findings were illustrated in a structural equation model, which also demonstrated significant associations between the perceptions about sexuality and influential factors other than media, including school, family and friends. By comparing the respective contribution of all of these factors, it was found that friends have the greatest role in shaping adolescent perceptions of sexuality, while media have the second strongest. Both of these are much stronger predictors than are school or family. / Tong, Fei. / Adviser: Joseph Man Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 1825. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 239-264). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.