We investigate the propagation of internal gravity waves in a rotating fluid with horizontal and vertical stratification. The modification of these waves by the presence of a vertically sheared geostrophic current is determined, and the rate of energy exchange between waves and current is estimated and compared to exchange rates of other interaction mechanisms. The effect of boundary conditions on the range of frequencies allowed for wave propagation is also considered. The wave amplitude has horizontal exponential dependence due to the horizontal density variation as well as to exchange of energy with the mean shear flow. The solution also shows a phase difference from surface to bottom. For waves propagating normally to a vertically sheared geostrophic current, the energy exchange mechanism is found to be weak when compared to other exchange mechanisms and is likely to be of little importance in the ocean. The imposition of boundary conditions on the wave solution alters the frequency range over which solutions may exist. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

<p> The large double focusing mass spectrometer operating at its theoretical resolving power of more than 100,000 at the base of the peaks has been used to measure five mass spectral doublets. The resulting single and double neutron separation energies for some cadmium nuclides are much more precise than those from previous work. It is noted that striking regularities occur amongst these energies. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p> A stream function finite element model is developed to solve for particle paths within a large ice mass. A steady-state primitive variable finite element model, treating ice as an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid, is used to furnish the necessary input velocities and rotations for the stream function finite element model. Time-integration along the particle paths is used to determine the age of the ice within the ice mass.</p> <p> Two ice masses are studied: the Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, N.W.T., and Mount Logan, Yukon Territory. It is shown that if a realistic approximation of the velocity field of an ice mass can be established, the age of ice determined by time-integration along particle paths corresponds to the age determined by standard methods. Results of simulations using a transient model suggest that the elastic response of large ice masses is negligible.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

No description available.

No description available.

The laser geodetic satellites Lageos and Starlette exhibit residual orbital motion with an unexplained seasonal component. In addition, recognized polar motion excitation sources do not account for a large portion of observed polar motion. It is hypothesized that air and ocean mass redistribution is the primary source of seasonal perturbations in satellite motion, and that wind-driven ocean mass redistribution is a major source for polar motion excitation. Average monthly variations in zonal spherical harmonic geopotential coefficients are estimated from NMC air pressure for 1958 through 1973, and from variations in continental water storage predicted by a global hydrologic model. These coefficients are used to predict average monthly perturbations in the longitude of the ascending node ([Omega]) for Lageos and Starlette, and in the eccentricity vector ([Psi]) for Starlette. WMO monthly air pressures and twice-daily Navy sea level pressures are used to predict time series of [Omega] and [Psi] perturbations for Lageos during 1976 through 1985, and for Starlette during 1980 through 1983. In addition, the Hellerman and Rosenstein wind stress field for world oceans and the Gill-Niiler bottom pressure equation are used to estimate annual and semi-annual ocean mass redistribution, and to predict polar motion excitation vectors and Lageos [Omega] perturbations. Comparison of predicted [Omega] and [Psi] perturbations with observed Lageos and Starlette behavior indicate that air pressure may be responsible for much of the unmodeled seasonal variation in the Earth's geopotential. In contrast, the water storage contribution is very small. Year-to-year variability in the observed Lageos and Starlette [Omega] times series is well matched by predicted perturbations. Even after the removal of annual and semi-annual components, significant coherence remains between predicted and observed [Omega] time series for both Lageos and Starlette at periods of less than one year. Comparison of predicted polar motion with ILS observations suggest that the effect of ocean mass redistribution is significant, and second only to air pressure in magnitude. Lageos [Omega] perturbations predicted from ocean mass redistribution indicate that non-isostatic sea level fluctuations should be readily observable by satellite laser ranging. / text

Anläggningsbranschen står för stora utsläpp av växthusgaser och att uppnå klimatmål är enutmaning. Genom massbalans, som innebär att återanvända schaktmassor till den fyllningsom är aktuell i största möjliga mån, kan anläggningsbranschen ta sitt ansvar för minskadklimatpåverkan. Massbalans är något som eftersträvas inom anläggningsprojekt för att få enlägre kostnad och tidsbesparing i projektet. Idag klassificeras inte vägbyggnation juridisktsom produktionsprocess vilket skapar ett problem. Produktion ger restprodukter som i sin turkan användas till andra ändamål men denna möjlighet finns inte i anläggningsbranschen ominte syftet för återanvändandet av schaktmassorna fastslagits från början.Rapportens syfte är att tydliggöra vad som gäller vid hantering av schaktmassor, utifrån deförordningar som finns, för att leda fram till hur schaktmassor som avfall ska hanteras vidprojektering inom anläggning. Rapporten avgränsar till projektering med inriktning mot vägoch järnväg och kommer inte att hantera problemen under produktionen efterprojekteringsstadiet. Genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer hämtas information till arbetet.Naturvårdsverket säger att schaktmassor inte behöver bli betraktat som ett avfall om det gåratt hitta ett användningsområde inom samma projekt i tidigt skede med rimlig förutsättningoch tid. Om syfte för återanvändandet av schaktmassorna i tidigt skede saknas bedöms desom avfall och då blir all hantering av schaktmassorna under någon form av anmälnings- ochtillståndsplikt. Det råder stor ovisshet kring tillämpning av lagstiftning vilket leder tillsvårigheter i att förutse vilket beslut tillsynsmyndigheten fastställer kring hur schaktmassornafår hanteras.Länsstyrelsen har nyligen slagit fast att byggnation av en väg inte är en produktionsprocess,vilket gör att schaktmassor inte kan klassificeras som en biprodukt och återanvändning avschaktmassor försvåras. Därmed blir även massbalans svårt att uppnå på grund avlagstiftning och definitioner kring uppschaktade jord- och bergmassor.Slutsatsen är att det juridiska försvårar möjligheten att uppnå massbalans. Somlagstiftningen tillämpas och tolkas i dagsläget försvåras och i vissa fall omöjliggörs arbetet förprojektörer och entreprenörer att uppnå massbalans i samtliga projekt. Enklare ocheffektivare tillvägagångssätt kring syftet med schaktmassorna i anläggningsprojekt skulle gestörre möjligheter för återanvändning. / The construction industry is responsible for major greenhouse gas emissions and to achievethe climate goals is a challenge. By working with a balance of masses, which means reusingexcavated masses for the filling that is relevant as far as possible, the construction industrycan take their responsibility of minimizing the climate impact. Balance of masses issomething that is sought within construction projects to get a lower cost and time saving inthe project. Today, road construction is not legally classified as production which creates aproblem. Production produces residual products which in turn can be used for otherpurposes, but this possibility does not exist in the construction industry unless the purposefor the reuse of the excavated masses has been established from the beginning.The purpose of the report is to clarify what applies when handling excavated masses basedon the existing regulations, in order to guide how excavated masses as waste are to behandled when designing in the construction industry. The report is limited to projecting withfocus on roads and railways and will not deal with the problems in production after theprojecting stage. Information to the report is obtained through literature studies andinterviews.The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency tells that excavated masses do not need tobe considered as waste, if it is possible to find an area of use within the same project at anearly stage with a reasonable condition and time. If there is no purpose for the reuse of theexcavated masses at an early stage, excavated masses are assessed as waste and then allhandling of the excavated masses becomes subject to some condition of notification andpermit requirement. There is large uncertainty about the application of legislation, whichleads to difficulties in predicting which decision the supervisory authority determinesregarding how the excavated masses may be handled.The County Administrative Board has recently stated that the construction of a road is not aproduction process, which means that excavated masses cannot be classified as a byproductwhich makes reuse of excavated masses more difficult. Which makes balance ofmasses difficult to achieve due to definitions and regulations regarding excavated soil androck masses.The conclusion is that the legal makes it difficult to achieve mass balance. As the legislationis applied and interpreted at present, it is made more difficult and in some cases impossiblefor project designers and contractors to achieve mass balance in all projects. Simpler andmore efficient approaches to the purpose of the excavated masses in construction projectswould provide greater opportunities for reuse.

In order to investigate the stylistic transformation that occured before Bruckner abandoned the composition of Masses, this paper analyzes the Credo settings in his last three great Masses, with special attention to the treatment of the text. The relationship between the text and specific musical techniques is also considered. The trends found in these three works, especially in the last setting in F minor, confirm the assumption that Bruckner's Mass composition served as a transition to the composition of his symphonies.

This thesis contains a thorough investigation of the properties of freely decaying turbulence in a rotating shallow water layer on a sphere. A large number of simulations, covering an extensive range of Froude and Rossby numbers, have been carried out using a novel numerical algorithm that exploits the underly- ing properties of the flow. In general these flows develop coherent structures; vortices interact, merge and migrate polewards or equatorwards depending or their sign, leaving behind regions of homogenized potential vorticity separated by sharp zonal jets. In the first half of the thesis we investigate new ways of looking at these structures. In the second half of the thesis we examine the properties of the potential vorticity (PV) induced, balanced component and the residual, unbalanced component of the flows. Cyclone-anticyclone asymmetry has long been observed in atmospheric and oceanic data, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. This asymmetry is usually seen to favour anticyclonic vorticity with the asymmetry becoming more pronounced at higher Froude numbers (e.g. Polvani et al. [1994a]). We find a similar result but note that the cyclones, although fewer, are significantly more intense and coherent. We present several ways of quantifying this across the parameter space. Potential vorticity homogenization is an important geophysical mechanism responsible for sharpening jets through the expulsion of PV gradients to the edge of flow structures or domains. Sharp gradients of PV are obvious in contour plots of this field as areas where the contours are bunched together. This suggests that we can estimate the number of zonal jets by performing a cluster analysis on the mean latitude of PV contours (this diagnostic is also examined by Dritschel and McIntyre [2007]). This provides an estimate rather than an exact count of the number of jets because the jets meander signficantly. We investigate the accuracy of the estimates provided by different clustering techniques. We find that the properties of the jets defy such simple classification and instead demand a more local examination. We achieve this by examining the palinstrophy field. This field, calculated by taking the gradient of the PV, highlights the regions where PV contours come closer together, exactly what we would expect in regions of strong jets. Plots of the palinstrophy field reveal the complex structure of these features. The potential vorticity field is even more central to the flow evolution than the strong link with jets suggests. From a knowledge of the spatial distribution of PV, it is possible to diagnose the balanced components of all other fields. These components will not contain inertia-gravity waves but will contain the dominant, large scale features of the flow. This inversion, or decomposition into balanced (vortical) and unbalanced (wave) components, is not unique and can be defined to varying orders of accuracy. We examine the results of four dfferent definitions of this decomposition, two based on truncations of the full equations and two based on an iterative procedure applied to the full equations. We find the iterative procedure to be more accurate in that it attributes more of the flow to the PV controlled, balanced motion. However, the truncated equations perform surprisingly well and do not appear to suffer in accuracy at the equator, despite the fact that the scaling on which they are based has been thought to break down there. We round off this study by considering the impact of the unbalanced motion on the flow. This is accomplished by splitting the integration time of the model into intervals τ < t < τ+dτ and comparing, at the end of each interval, the balanced components of the flow obtained by a) integrating the model from t = 0 and b) integrating the full equations, initialised at t = τ with the balanced components from a) at t = τ. We find that any impact of the unbalanced component of the flow is less than the numerical noise of the model.

Antonius Divitis (ca. L4715-ca. 1525) was born in Louvain, Belgium, and belonged to the generation between Josquin and Gombert. Divitis is listed in various sources as Antoine de Rycke, Le Riche, Davitz, Davtitz, and possibly Richardus Antonius, all of which mean "Anthony the Rich." His extant works include three complete masses, two parts of masses, three magnificats, five motets, two fragments (probably parts of motets) and one chanson. The purpose of this study was to collect, transcribe, and collate all existing manuscripts and prints of Divitis' compositions as well as biographical information about the composer, and to analyze the compositions for information about his techniques, as well as those of his contemporaries. Only two compositions came to the investigator in modern notation, with the remainder in various manuscripts and printed editions by such notable printers as Attaingnant, Gardane, Giunta, Petreius, Petrucci, Rhaw and Rotenbucher, from the first half of the sixteenth century. All variants in the sources were recorded and, in several instances, included in this edition wherever they seemed'to improve the musical readings.