Thèse--Sc. nat.--Paris VI, 1971. / Bibliogr. p. 214 à 248.

The deep structure of the Bohemian Massif, the largest stable outcrop of the Variscan rocks in central Europe, was studied using the data of the international seismic refraction and wide- angle reflection experiments CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002 and SUDETES 2003. The data were interpreted by seismic tomographic inversion and by 2-D trial-and-error forward modelling of the P and S waves. Above, additional constraints on the crustal structure were imposed by reflectivity or gravity modelling, and by receiver function interpretation. Knowledge of the crustal velocity structure in the Bohemian Massif was complemented by its azimuthal variation. Though consolidated, the Bohemian Massif can be subdivided into several tectonic units separated by faults, shear zones, or thrusts reflecting varying influence of the crust forming processes. The resultant velocity models determined different types of the crust-mantle transition reflecting variable crustal thickness and delimiting contacts of these tectonic units at depth.

This study deals with morphological variation in the Melampyrum sylvaticum group (Orobanchaceae). Populations of the Hercynian Massif, Western and Eastern Carpathians were investigated using both conventional and geometric morphometric methods. Individual morphological characters were evaluated in detail. Preliminary taxonomic concept of the group is presented. Biogeographical context of detected morphological variation is discussed.

The region I´ve chosen for my diploma thesis is situated on the border of Poberounská and Czech-Moravian system of geomorphological unit Bohemian Massif. It used to be one of the richest uranium mining district of Příbram region, and it is characterized by geological structure of central-Bohemian plutonium within the geological complex Bohemian Massif. On the contiguity of it there is found vast hydrothermal uranium deposit. This deposit is divided into 9 panels ? Třebsko, Kamenná, Lešetice, Brod, Jeruzalém, Háje, Svatá Hora, Bytíz, Skalka and Obořiště, which belong to the Příbram district. The town Příbram is famous for its long-standing mining tradition not only of polymetalic but above all of uranium ores. This tradition achieved the great success of world standards in the second half of the 20th century. There was revealed a lot of hydrothermal dikes containing requested uranite (black blende, nasturan) after the Second World War. This raw material was heading to Soviet Union. Uranium mining works initiated its epoch in 1949 and regular mining activities finished by the closing of the last shaft in 1991. In all the period of time there was mined 50200, 8 tones of uranium ore. Uranium deposit in Příbram can also take pride in the deepest shaft No. 16 with the depth of 1838, 4 m which is the shaft No. 16. In connection with the mining there was formed the life of local people and also the life of people from all Czechoslovakia who were setting off to seek a living there. Today all the shafts are closed and deluged in a natural way. In certain area of the deposit has been built cavern gas reservoir. No other mining will be possible in the future. The state enterprise Diamo realizes revitalization works on former mining panels and monitors the value of surrounding environment.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This research aims to analyze the main counties belonging to the Territory Baturità Rural Massif, Cearà State of Brazil, compared to other cities in this State, according to the vulnerability degree of activities involving family farmers. The methodology consisted first in adopt the construction of a Vulnerability Index of Family Farm Agriculture (IMVAF) by using a set of ten (10) variables. The Index seeks to measure the degree of vulnerability of Family Farms in all over the cities of CearÃ, in order to compare with those estimated to the thirteen (13) counties of Baturità Massif. The study was based on two types of analysis: at first, all the counties of the Cearà State were analyzed in relation to the degree of vulnerability of Family Farming, through their respective IMVAF. Second it was made a survey in the counties belonging to region of the Baturità Massif in order to conduct the empirical analysis and with results coming from the secondary data. The construction of IMVAF, together with the use of cluster analysis, resulted in formation of three groups classified according to the degree of vulnerability of the family farms in each county. The results showed that only 22 of 184 (11.96%) counties in the Cearà 11.96% had a low level of vulnerability. The Family Farming in most counties of Cearà State are including in the cluster of medium to high vulnerability. Among the indicators that best differentiated the groups was the variables âentering into the marketâ; and âthe use of animal traction or mechanicalâ. The Baturità Massif Rural Territory presented an average IMVAF of .632. This value showed do not to be different from Rural Areas of Cearà State. Of the thirteen counties that belong to the Baturità Massif, only one (Pacoti) showed low IMVAF. In relation to empirical research, it should be noted that the situation in the farmers visited in the counties is very delicate, setting up, so short of envisioned by the results obtained by calculating the IMVAF. Although there was a time difference between the collecting of primary and secondary data, it can be infered that difficulties are persistent and that in some respects the change of results was negative. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar os municÃpios que fazem parte do TerritÃrio Rural MaciÃo de BaturitÃ, em relaÃÃo aos demais municÃpios do estado do CearÃ, no que concerne ao grau de vulnerabilidade das atividades envolvendo agricultores familiares. A metodologia adotada consistiu na construÃÃo de um Ãndice Municipal de Vulnerabilidade da Agricultura Familiar (IMVAF) a partir do conjunto de 10 (dez) indicadores. O Ãndice visa a mensurar o grau de vulnerabilidade da Agricultura Familiar em cada municÃpio cearense, de maneira a conhecer a situaÃÃo em que esses municÃpios se encontram, nÃo tendo, portanto, nenhuma pretensÃo de ser considerado absoluto, pois ele funciona apenas como um sinalizador que busca expressar a vulnerabilidade da agricultura familiar no CearÃ. Dessa maneira, o estudo foi embasado em dois tipos de anÃlises: em um primeiro momento, os municÃpios do estado do Cearà foram analisados, no que concerne ao grau de vulnerabilidade da agricultura familiar, por meio dos seus respectivos IMVAF, e, em seguida, escolheu-se a regiÃo do MaciÃo de Baturità para realizar a pesquisa de campo e, assim, comparar os resultados obtidos mediante cÃlculo do Ãndice com aqueles observados nos municÃpios visitados. A construÃÃo do IMVAF, junto ao uso da AnÃlise de agrupamentos, resultou na formaÃÃo de trÃs grupos, classificados de acordo com o grau de vulnerabilidade da agricultura familiar diagnosticado em cada municÃpio. Apenas 22 municÃpios do Estado do CearÃ, 11,96% do total, apresentaram um baixo Ãndice de vulnerabilidade. Entre os indicadores que melhor diferenciaram os grupos, pode-se citar o uso de traÃÃo animal ou mecÃnica e a inserÃÃo no mercado. O TerritÃrio Rural do MaciÃo de Baturità apresentou um IMVAF mÃdio de 0,632, nÃo diferenciando, portanto, dos outros TerritÃrios Rurais do CearÃ. Dos treze municÃpios que compÃem o MaciÃo, apenas um, Pacoti, apresentou baixo IMVAF. Em relaÃÃo à pesquisa de campo, cumpre mencionar que, nos municÃpios visitados, a situaÃÃo dos agricultores, de uma forma geral, à bem delicada, configurando-se, portanto, aquÃm da vislumbrada por intermÃdio dos resultados obtidos pelo cÃlculo do IMVAF. Embora haja um lapso temporal entre os dados secundÃrios e os primÃrios, pode-se dizer que as dificuldades sÃo persistentes e que, em alguns aspectos, a mudanÃa foi negativa

Os nefelina sienitos miasquíticos a intermediários do Maciço Alcalino Poços de Caldas (MAPC), em especial o tipo da Pedreira, possuem enclaves microgranulares félsicos e máficoultramáficos intrigantes. O nefelina sienito da Pedreira (NeS) pode ser divido em duas fácies texturais: uma de granulação média-grossa a grossa (NeS-g), outra de granulação média-fina a fina (NeS-f). O NeSg possui, mais comumente, enclaves microgranulares félsicos (EMF), de composição fonolítica. Estes enclaves podem envolver enclaves menores, máfico-ultramáficos, gerando enclaves duplos. O NeSf apresenta mais tipicamente enclaves microgranulares máfico-ultramáficos (EMM), ora com feições de rompimento em estado plástico, ora com bordas angulosas e lineares. Diques de composição fonolítica cortam o NeS-g. As rochas estudadas neste trabalho são constituídas por nefelina, feldspato alcalino e clinopiroxênio. Como fase acessória, têm-se titanita, magnetita e biotita-flogopita. Apatita ocorre também como mineral acessório, com exceção para o NeS-g. No NeS-g, no NeS-f e nos EMF, o clinopiroxênio possui duas fases texturais: uma prismática, verde (egirina-augita) que também pode ter núcleo róseo/incolor (diopsídio, mais comum no NeS-f e no EMF); outra fibrosa, também verde, porém fortemente pleocroica (egirina). Os EMM são constituídos essencialmente por diopsídio, com M(médio)~80. Quando porfirítico, o enclave possui macrocristais de diopsídio róseo/incolor (#mg~0,9) imersos numa matriz de diopsídio verde (#mg~0,8), ambos prismáticos. Magnetita dos NeS possui pouca variação, com teores baixos de Ti, diferente da magnetita dos enclaves. A assinatura química da nefelina dos EMM é equivalente à do NeS-f, com mais Fe3+ e menos K em relação ao NeS-g. Feldspato alcalino tende a ser mais potássico nos EMF e apresenta maior variação composicional nos EMM (Ab10-33Or72-80). Biotita está presente somente nos EMF e flogopita somente nos EMM. O padrão de elementos terras raras (ETR) do clinopiroxênio róseo/incolor do NeS-f é semelhante ao do EMM. Egirina-augita e egirina possuem enriquecimento em ETR pesados. Os enclaves máfico-ultramáficos são ultrabásicos, classificados como tefritos/basanitos (Le Bas et al., 1986) ou nefelinitos/ankaratritos (De La Roche et al., 1980), enquanto as rochas félsicas são intermediárias, correspondentes a fonolitos ou nefelina sienitos, dependendo da granulometria. Os diques e o NeS-f são peralcalinos, enquanto o EMF, o NeS-g e os EMM são peralcalinos/metaluminosos. As rochas ultramáficas/ultrabásicas, aflorantes na porção noroeste do Maciço Alcalino Poços de Caldas (Ulbrich et al., 2002), possuem padrões de ETR que indicam que estas rochas podem estar geneticamente ligadas aos enclaves máfico-ultramáficos. De uma forma geral, as características estruturais, texturais e químicas das rochas estudadas corroboram com a hipótese de coexistência de pelo menos dois magmas distintos: um félsico sienítico insaturado outro ultramáfico/ultrabásico, que teriam interagido e formado os os EMM e o NeSf, principalmente. Enquanto num estágio posterior de cristalização do magma, porém ainda em estado plástico, o dique teria se colocado, com parcial absorção da rocha pelos nefelina sienitos, formando os EMF. / The miaskitic to intermediate nepheline syenites of Poços de Caldas Alkaline Massif, especially the Pedreira type, have intriguing felsic and mafic-ultramafic microgranular enclaves. The Pedreiras nepheline syenite type (NeS) can be divided into two textural facies: one that is medium-coarse to coarse grained (NeS-c) and the other that varies between medium-fine to fine grained (NeS-f). It is common among the NeS-c microgranular felsic enclaves (MFE) with phonolitic composition. These enclaves may develop smaller ones maficultramafic, generating double enclaves. The NeS-f usually presents mafic-ultramafic enclaves (MME), sometimes showing disrupted features in plastic stage and sometimes angular and linear edges. Phonolitic dykes cut the NeS-c. The rocks studied in this work are formed by nepheline, alkali-feldspar and clinopyroxene. The accessory phase is characterized by titanite, magnetite and biotite-phlogopite. In exception to the NeS-c, apatite also occurs as an accessory mineral. In the NeS-c, NeS-f and MFE, the clinopyroxene presents two textural phases: a green prismatic one (aegirine-augite), which also may have a pinkish/colourless core (diopsyde, which is common in the NeS-f and MFE); the other one is fibrous, also green, however with strongly pleocroism (aegirine). Essencially, the MME are formed by diopsyde, with M(medium)~80. When porphyritic, the enclave has macrocrystals of pinkish/colourless diopsyde (with mg#~0,9) in a green diopsyde (mg#~0,8) matrix, both prismatic. In the NeS, the magnetite varies little: with low levels of Ti, differently from the enclaves magnetite. The chemical signature of the nepheline in the MME equals to the one present in the NeS-f and has more Fe3+ and less K when compared to the NeS-c. The alkaline feldspar in the MFE has more potassium in its structure and presents a higher compositional variation in the MME (Ab10-33Or72-80). It is also noticeable that biotite is a component only to the MFE, while the phlogopite occurs in the MME. The rare earth elements (REE) pattern in the pinkish/colourless clinopyroxene of the NeS-f is similar to the MME. Both aegirine-augite and aegirine present an enrichment regarding the heavy REE. The MME are ultrabasic, classified as tephrite/basanite (Le Bas et al., 1986) or nephelinite/ankaratrites (De La Roche et al., 1980), while the felsic rocks are intermediate, corresponding to phonolite and nepheline syenite, depending on the grain size. The dykes and the NeS-f are peralkaline, while the MFE, NeS-c and the MME are peralkaline/metaluminous. The ultrabasic/ultrapotassic rocks, outcropping in the northwestern portion of the PCAM (Ulbrich et al., 2002), have REE patterns wich indicate that these rocks may be genetically related to mafic-ultramafic enclaves. Generally, the structural, textural and chemical signatures of the rocks studied in this work confirm the hypothesis of the coexistence of at least two different magmas: a syenitic undersaturated felsic one and a ultramafic/ultrabasic one, and their interaction resulted in the MME and, above all, the NeS-f. While in a late stage of magma cristalization, but still in the plastic state, the dike would be placed, with partial absorption of the rock by the nepheline syenite, resulting in the EMF.

Les discontinuités sont préjudiciables à la pérennité des structures en béton. Les méthodes non-destructives sont bien développées pour l’étude des altérations en surface, mais peu de techniques sont adaptées à la caractérisation de défauts dans la masse. Dans cette thèse, des mesures de résistivité électrique sont réalisées pour l’étude des discontinuités (fissures, joints, interfaces) au sein des ouvrages massifs en béton par l’intermédiaire des forages préexistants. La technique utilisée est la diagraphie électrique de résistivité en dispositif normal. Une première approche numérique (éléments finis) permet d’appréhender les corrections à apporter sur les mesures. Puis l’étude des paramètres d'ouverture, de contraste entre la résistivité de la discontinuité et du béton, et d'extension permet de proposer une méthode d’inversion des mesures pour la caractérisation de l’endommagement. Des essais sur des ouvrages hydrauliques sont réalisés afin de définir la méthodologie de mesure sur site. Les mesures sont ensuite confrontées à la méthode d’inversion pour la valider. / Discontinuities are one of the most harmful damage to the durability of concrete structures. The non-destructive methods appear to be effective for the detection and the location of surface cracks but they might be unsuitable for investigation of massive concrete body. In this thesis, the electrical resistivity measurements are made for the study of cracks and discontinuities (concrete joints, interfaces ...) in massive concrete structures by preexisting boreholes. The study is based on a first numerical approach (finite elements) to understand the corrections on data. Then the study of the aperture, the resistivity contrast between the discontinuity and the concrete, and the extension provide a method for the inversion of measures to characterize the damage. The tests on hydraulic structures are carried out to define the methodology for on measurement site. The measurements are then compared to the inversion method to validate it.

La cosmologie en général et plus particulièrement le problème de la constante cosmologique sont d'une extrême importance et une ouverture vers une nouvelle physique. En effet grâce à la découverte de l’accélération de l’expansion de l’Univers, un tout nouveau groupe de théories est apparu. Jusqu’à présent la théorie utilisée pour décrire l’Univers à grande échelle était la Relativité Générale, mais maintenant plusieurs théories alternatives sont de bons candidats pour décrire et étudier le comportement de notre Univers à grande échelle. Parmi ces théories, la gravité massive sans fantôme (dRGT), propose d’ajouter une masse au graviton dans le but de simuler une constante cosmologique au lieu d’utiliser ce que l’on appelle l’énergie noire. Il a été prouvé que cette théorie est cohérente, mais aujourd’hui l’existence de cosmologies viables fournies par cette dernière est toujours une question ouverte. Au début de ma thèse, j’ai obtenu une procédure permettant d’obtenir toutes les solutions du type de Sitter dans la théorie dROT, en utilisant l’espace de Sitter comme espace physique et une métrique de référence plate dépendante d’un champ de Stuckelberg noté T(t,r). Une autre partie de ma thèse a été consacrée à l’analyse des perturbations anisotropes autour d’une des solutions mentionnées précédemment, pour pouvoir étudier la stabilité des solutions cosmologiques au sein de cette théorie. J’ai aussi exploré la possibilité de répondre à une question de longue date, qui est l’origine de la matière noire en utilisant la théorie dRGT. En effet l’idée est de partir de cette dernière pour obtenir une théorie mathématiquement et physiquement cohérente d’un champ massif de spin-2 sur un fond arbitraire, Ainsi, à la place de décrire l’énergie noire, j’ai conjecturé que le champ maintenant décrit pouvait faire partie de la matière noire, dont la nature est une des grandes questions de la physique moderne. / Cosmology in general and the cosmological constant problem are highly important as an insight on new physics. Indeed thanks to the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe a whole bunch of new theories appeared. Until then, the General Relativity was the theory describing the Universe at large scale, but now several alternatives are good candidates to provide a better description about the large scale behaviour of our Universe. Among these theories, there is one called ghost-free Massive Gravity which gives the graviton a mass in order to mimic the cosmological constant instead of using the so-called dark energy. This theory was proved to be consistent but, until nowadays, the existence of viable cosmologies is still an on-going issue. In the first part of this thesis, we investigated a procedure to obtain all de Sitter solutions in dRGT theory, using de Sitter space as the physical space, with at reference metric depending on a Stuckelberg field T(t; r). The second part is devoted to the analysis of the anistropic perturbations around one of this solution, to investigate the stability of the cosmology of the theory. In the last part, we explore the posibility to answer a long-standing question, using the ghost-free Massive Gravity as a starting point in order to obtain a consistent theory of a massive spin-2 field on an arbitrary background. This time, instead of describing the dark energy, we conjecture that this field can be a part of dark matter, which is one of the substantial question for modern physics.

Diploma thesis - Kateřina Schlöglová - 2011 1/2 English abstract Granulites of the Rychleby Mts. represent relics of high-pressure eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks that are scattered in various crustal and mantle segments of the Variscan orogen in central Europe. These rocks may provide important insights into early stages of Variscan plate convergence and burial as well as exhumation mechanisms. We use mineral assemblages and chemistry to reconstruct the pressure-temperature paths, mechanisms of melting, and conditions of mineral preservation of high-pressure granulites, as well as whole- rock geochemistry to aid in interpretation of granulite precursors and their geodynamic setting. The mafic granulites consist of garnet, omphacite, two feldspars, and quartz with accessory rutile and zircon. The peak assemblage was partly replaced by pargasitic amphibole and biotite. Garnet grains are zoned from Grs36Py10Alm54 (core) to Grs20Py38Alm42 (rim), and host inclusions of phengite, omphacite, unmixed feldspars, kyanite, and rutile. Omphacite composition varies from Di44Hd14Jd42 (inclusions in garnet) through Di63Hd20Jd17 (porphyroblasts) and Di63Hd24Jd13 (symplectitic intergrowths with plagioclase). Reintegrated composition of the feldspar porphyroblasts is Or43Ab53An04. The felsic granulite variety is composed...

We have performed 3D ambient noise tomography of the Bohemian Massif. We invert adopted inter-station dispersion curves of both Love and Rayleigh waves in periods 4-20 s, which were extracted from ambient noise cross-correlations, using a two-step approach. In the first step, the inter-station dispersion curves are localized for each period into the so-called dispersion maps. To account for finite-frequency effects, gradient method employing Fréchet kernels is used. Assuming membrane wave approximation of the surface wave propagation at each period, the kernels were calculated using the adjoint method. To reduce the effect of data noise, the kernels were regularized by Gaussian smoothing. The proper level of regularization is assessed on synthetic tests. In the second step, the phase-velocity dispersion maps are inverted into a 3D S-wave velocity model using the Bayesian approach. The posterior probability density function describing the solution is sampled by more than one million models obtained by Monte-Carlo approach (parallel tempering). The calculated variance of the model shows that the well resolved part corresponds to the upper crust (i.e., upper 20 km). The mean velocity model contains mainly large scale structures that show good correlation with the main geologic domains of the Bohemian...