Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:37:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05588.pdf: 8394403 bytes, checksum: 33b933f7290f619b3b70e1fecfad5373 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Em conseqüência do aumento da demanda de gás e petróleo no mercado nacional e internacional, as especificações e certificações dos resultados de analises químicas de tubos para gasodutos e oleodutos têm se tornados cada vez mais exigentes. Um contínuo desenvolvimento tem sido realizado para a melhoria de aços microligados da classe API (American Petroleum Institute). As propriedades do aço dependem do controle da composição química e parâmetros de processo durante sua fabricação. Neste trabalho, foi realizada comparação das incertezas de medição entre as técnicas de espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por comprimento de onda (WDXRF) e de emissão óptica com fonte de arco voltaico (OES-spark) nas análises de acompanhamento de processo na produção de aços classe API. Usualmente, este tipo de análise requer menos de 40 segundos para completa caracterização química para ajuste nos parâmetros de processo de produção. As principais fontes de influência nas análises químicas foram avaliadas por planejamento de experimentos. Os elementos constituintes e traço como Al, Si, P, S, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Nb, Mo e Sn foram determinados utilizando as metodologias normalizadas pela ASTM E-322, E-415, E-1009 e E-1085. Os materiais de referência certificados 185A e 187A da CMI (Czech Metrology Institute) foram utilizados para avaliação dos métodos. As incertezas das medições de resultados e a validação com relação a repetitividade e reprodutibilidade das medições foram obtidas conforme os testes estatísticos, recomendados pela norma ISO/IEC 17025. A incerteza de medição para cada elemento é discutida para ambas as técnicas. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Atualmente, existem cimentos resinosos que dispensam o uso prévio de sistemas adesivos (autoadesivos) e aliam as vantagens dos cimentos resinosos às dos cimentos não resinosos, sendo recomendados para todas as restaurações indiretas, inclusive a cimentação de pinos intrarradiculares. Devido à falta de conhecimento do comportamento desses cimentos perante as diferentes técnicas de manipulação e aplicação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a força de retenção de 3 cimentos autoadesivos, quando empregados na cimentação de pinos intrarradiculares de fibra de vidro. Para isso, foram selecionados 45 caninos humanos, divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos (N=15) diferenciados pelos cimentos: Grupo I - BisCem (Bisco), Grupo II - Breeze (Pentron Clinical Technologies, LLC) e Grupo III Maxcem (Kerr). Esses grupos foram divididos em três subgrupos, variando a técnica de aplicação e de manipulação: Subgrupo A - Ponta automisturadora/Ponta aplicadora, Subgrupo B - Espatulação/Lentulo, Subgrupo C - Espatulação/Centrix. O teste de push-out foi realizado com uma velocidade de 1 mm/min, e a força de retenção foi expressa em Mega Pascal (MPa). O cimento Breeze apresentou os maiores resultados médios para os subgrupos A, B e C (12,27 ± 3,19 Mpa; 13,65 ± 2,51 MPa; 13,64 ± 3,65 MPa), quando comparados aos cimentos Biscem (7,25 ± 2,37 MPa; 13,37 ± 1,80 MPa; 9,48 ± 2,38 MPa), e Maxcem Elite (7,87 ± 1,12 MPa; 7,21 ± 1,43 MPa; 9,89 ± 1,43 MPa. Somente para o cimento Biscem houve diferença estatística significante entre seus subgrupos. Assim, pôde-se concluir que, de acordo com os resultados deste estudo, a técnica de aplicação e manipulação pode influenciar na resistência retentiva, dependendo do cimento autoadesivo utilizado. / Currently, there are resin cements that do not require prior use of adhesive systems (self-adhesive), and combine the advantages of resin cements with that of non-resin cements, and are recommended for all indirect restorations, including intraradicular cementation. Due to the lack of understanding about the behavior of these cements in the presence of the different handling and application techniques, the objective was to evaluate the retention strength of 3 self-adhesive cements, when used in cementing intra-radicular fiberglass posts. For this, 45 human canines were selected and divided randomly into three groups (N = 15) for different cements: roup I - Bisco (Bisco), Group II - Breeze (Pentron Clinical Technologies, LLC) and Group III - Maxcem (Kerr). These groups were divided into three sub-groups by varying the application and handling technique: Sub-group A - Automix/Point tip applicator, Sub-group B - Handmix/ Lentulo, Sub-group C Handmix/ Centrix. The test of push-out was performed with a speed of 1 mm / min, and the retention strength was expressed in Mega Pascal (MPa). The Breeze cement, showed the highest average for sub-groups A, B and C (12.27 ± 3.19 MPa, 13.65 ± 2.5 MPa, 13.64 ± 3.65 MPa)when compared to the Biscem cement (7.25 ± 2.37 MPa, 13.37 ± 1.80 MPa, 9.48 ± 2.38 MPa), and Maxcem Elite (7.87 ± 1.12 MPa, 7.21 ± 1 , 43 MPa, 9.89 ± 1.43 MPa. Only for the Biscem cement was there statistically significant difference between the sub-groups. Thus, one can conclude that according to the results of this study, the application and handling technique may influence the retentive strength depending on the self-adhesive cement used.

Três métodos de obtenção de pó de U3O8 de alta densidade foram estudados: trituração de pastilhas sInterizadas de U3O8; sinterização de grânulos de U3O8 calcinado; e sinterização de grânulos de diuranato de amônio (DUA). Testes foram conduzidos variando-se a temperatura e o tempo de calcinação do DUA, bem como o tempo de sinterização, resultando em dez lotes de U3O8. Os processos foram comparados em termos de características dos pós obtidos, rendimento granulométríco e número de etapas. O teor de impurezas, a área de superfície específica, a estequiometria, a morfologia, a densidade, a distribuição de porosidade e a identificação de fases foram considerados como parametros de caracterização dos pós. As principais conclusões mostraram que o segundo método (no qual o DUA foi calcinado a 600°C por 3h) forneceu os melhores resultados. Além disso, o terceiro método também produziu bons resultados, porém com dificuldades de manuseio do DUA. / Three preparation methods of high-density U3O8 powder have been studied: grinding of sintered U3O8 pellets, sintering of calcined U3O8 granules; and sintering of ammonium diuranate (ADU) granules. Experiments have been carried out varying ADU calcination time and temperature as well as sintering time, yielding ten U3O8 batches. Powder characteristics, granulometric yield, and number of process steps have been taken into account for comparison purposes. Impurity content, specific surface area, stoichiometry, morphology, density, porosity distribution and phase identification have been considered as parameters for powder characterization. The main conclusions show that the second method (following a 6000C/3h ADU calcination) gives the best results. Moreover, the third method gives also good results, but there were some difficulties with ADU handling.

Objetivo: O propósito do estudo é avaliar a biocompatibilidade de uma hidroxiapatita nanoparticulada em subcutâneo de ratos.Material e Métodos: A amostra foi constituída de 30 ratos brancos machos (Wistar) com aproximadamente 90 dias de vida com peso aproximado de 320 gramas. Foram inoculados 0,30 gramas de hidroxiapatita nanoparticulada no subcutâneo dos ratos e avaliados após eutanásia em microscopia óptica em 03, 07, 14, 21, 45 e 60 dias. Resultados: Não foi encontrada biocompatibilidade do material testado, porém o material foi totalmente reabsorvido após 45 dias, sem sinais de inflamação com características de tecido normal. / Objective: The aim is to evaluate the biocompatibility of a nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite in subcutaneous tissue of rats. Methods: The sample consisted of 30 male Wistar white rats aged between 90 days and weighing about 320 grams. 0.30 grams of nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite were inoculated in the subcutaneous tissue of the rats and after euthanasia a light microscopy evaluation was done in periods of 03, 07, 14, 21, 45 and 60 days. Results: Biocompatibility of the experimental material was not found, but it was completely reabsorbed in a period of 45 days, with no signs of inflammation and characteristics of a normal tissue.

Thesis deals with FDM 3D printing method and testing capabilities of optimum printing conditions for different materials. The aim of this work is to design and manufacture of experimental device that enables printing to investigate these conditions. A device designed in this work was named UK3DP and allows dual color object printing with maximum dimensions of the square base of 150 mm and a height of 150 mm. Before printing, the user can set almost all parameters affecting the printing process, including air temperature in heated chamber that is part of it. To verify the functionality several materials are tested, including ABS, PC and PEI. It also describes basic verification of the influence of selected parameters on the print result. Performs tensile tests confirming the influence of ambient temperature during printing on the quality of fiber connections, examines the final quality of the surface for each layer height and compares the resulting deformation of printed objects with other printers. The result of this work is a 3D printer capable of testing printing conditions for both existing and new types of materials with a range of user adjustable parameters.

The main cause of spacecraft failures is due to the harsh space environment; therefore, rigorous testing of materials used in modern spacecraft is imperative to ensure proper operation during the life span of the mission. Enhancing the capabilities of ground-based test facilities allows for more accurate measurements to be taken as it better simulates the environment to which spacecraft will be exposed. The range of temperature measurements has been significantly extended for an existing space environment simulation test chamber used in the study of electron emission, sample charging and discharge, electrostatic discharge and arcing, electron transport, and luminescence of spacecraft materials. This was accomplished by incorporating a new two-stage, closed-cycle helium cryostat, which has an extended sample temperature range from 450 K, with long-term controlled stability of -7Pa) that can simulate diverse space environments. These existing capabilities include controllable vacuum and ambient neutral gases conditions (< 10-7 to 10-1 Pa), electron fluxes (5 eV to 30 KeV monoenergetic, focused, pulsed sources ranging from 10-4 to 1010 nA-cm-2), ion fluxes (<0.1 to 5keV monoenergetic sources for inert and reactive gases with pulsing capabilities), and photon irradiation (numerous continuous and pulsed monochromatic and broadband IR/VIS/UV [0.5 to 7 eV] sources). The original sample mount accommodates one to four samples of 1 cm to 2.5 cm diameter in a low-temperature carousel, which allows rapid sample exchange and controlled exposure of the individual samples. Multiple additional sample mounts have been added to allow for standalone use for constant voltage measurements, radiation induced and conductivity tests, as well as extended capabilities for electron-induced luminescent measurements to be conducted using various material sample thickness in the original existing space environment simulation test chamber.

As electronic packages and their thermal solutions become more complex the reliability margins in the thermal solutions diminish and become less tolerant to errors in reliability predictions. The current method of thermally stress testing thermal solutions can be over or under predicting end of life thermal performance. Benefits of accurate testing and modeling are improved silicon yield in manufacturing, improved performance, lower cost thermal solutions, and shortened test times. The current method of thermally stress testing is to place the entire unit in an elevated isothermal temperature and periodically measure thermal performance. Isothermally aging is not an accurate representation of how the unit will be used by the customer and does not capture the thermal gradients and mechanical stresses due to different coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials used in the thermal solution. A new testing system, CITRAM which is an acronym for Constant Interface Temperature Reliability Method, has been developed that uses an electronic test board. The approach captures the thermal and mechanical stresses accurately and improves test time by 20-30% as a result of automation. Through this study a difference in the two methods has been identified and the new CITRAM method should be adopted as current practice.

Standard test methods provide product developers with information regarding materials' suitability for different purposes. Typically, current standards are suitable for determining the mechanical properties of new materials. However, in the case of electronic textiles (E-Textiles) and wearable technology (wearables), adding conductive components with added functionality makes utilizing textile standards difficult, and these standards will not provide information on mechanical and electrical properties of conductive elements. New standards for E-Textile and wearables testing are needed to ensure product developers can obtain the information necessary to make informed decisions about new products. Standards organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Institute for Printed Circuits (IPC) are working on new methods for testing E-Textiles and wearables but must ensure the tests are rugged before publication and industry adoption. This study focuses on performing a ruggedness test for a new IPC test method for abrasion resistance of E-Textiles.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Indirect composites were introduced so that the composites can be cured extraorally to improve the degree of conversion and other material properties. These materials are indicated as long term full coverage dental restorative materials. However the mechanical and physical properties of new Second Generation Indirect Composites for this particular application have not been fully evaluated. The purpose of the study was to compare the appropriateness of the four commercially available laboratory composite resins for application as long term full coverage restorative materials. Water solubility and sorption levels, staining resistance, gloss, surface roughness, wear due to tooth brush abrasion, two-body and three-body wear, fracture toughness and radiopacity of four indirect composite restorative materials; Radica (Dentsply), Sculpture Plus (Pentron), Belleglass-NG (Kerr) and Gradia Indirect (GC America) were determined. The results showed that the four composites differed significantly from each other. Bell eglass-NG and Gradia Indirect showed negative water solubility. All the four groups demonstrated less color stability when exposed to coffee slurry for 3 weeks. Significant decrease in gloss and volume occurred when the omposites were exposed to simulated tooth-brush abrasion. Sculpture Plus v demonstrated lowest abrasion and attrition wear resistance among the four indirect composites. Radica had the highest fracture toughness and radiopacity of all the composites with values close to or less then dentin. In conclusion, different indirect composite systems possessed different mechanical and physical advantages when compared to each other. In general, Belleglass-NG demonstrated superior advantages due to its higher abrasion and attrition wear resistance and stain resistance. This was followed by Radica,Gradia Indirect and Sculpture Plus.