New Jersey is one of only three states in the United States offering a paid maternity leave benefit beyond temporary disability insurance at the present time. Understanding the impact of state maternity leave policies on low-income mothers is of particular urgency, since previous research suggests this group is less likely to utilize paid leave than wealthier women. In addition, existing literature also suggests that in a poverty environment, with its already existing vulnerability to social, emotional, cognitive, and health impairments, rapid return to work postpartum may be particularly damaging to the physical and emotional health of both mothers and their babies. This study examines the effectiveness of the New Jersey law mandating payments to postpartum mothers who were employed before giving birth. Using a mixed methods approach, outcomes from high- and low-income mothers were compared regarding the usage and impact of Family Leave Insurance (FLI), New Jersey’s paid family leave policy. For the quantitative study, data from 497 postpartum mothers from the Center for Disease Control’s 2012 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data set were analyzed. For the qualitative study, three high- and three low-income mothers from the same New Jersey county were interviewed in depth, and six narrative profiles were constructed. Data from the qualitative and quantitative analyses were combined. Consistent with existing literature, quantitative results suggested poor FLI utilization. However, there was no significant association (p > .05) between low-income status (household income under $22,000) and FLI usage. A statistically significant (p < .05) association between FLI usage and postpartum depression in low-income mothers was noted. Qualitative findings supplemented and explained the quantitative results. The qualitative data suggested policy underutilization stemmed from poor public awareness due to inadequate publicity, lack of community education, and poor advisement on the part of human resource personnel and New Jersey Department of Labor of Workforce Development call-in center advisors. Results also suggest that if parameters of FLI and the awareness of the policy remain the same, the benefits existing research associates with paid maternity leave will not be fully reaped by New Jersey families.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 2008. / "Committee: Peter Berg, Dale Belman, Mark Roehling, Steven Haider, and Stacy Dickert-Conlin." Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-192). Also issued in print.

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Abstract in English, IsiZulu and Sepedi / Business Management / M. Com

The thesis will deal with the views and ideas of expectant parents how to articulate concerns for their child with employment and unpaid domestic work. The thesis will also focus on the transition to parenthood as a new phase of family life. The author will try to uncover the current situation and strategies of young couples. Keywords Maternity leave, parental leave, strategies, housework Obsah Úvod............................................................................................................................................7 1. Teoretická část........................................................................................................................8 1.1 Rodina...............................................................................................................................8 1.1.1 Proměny rodiny..........................................................................................................8 1.1.2 Demografické trendy vývoje české rodiny................................................................9 1.2 Představy a změny očekávané s narozením potomka - kvantitativní pohled.................11 1.3 Rodinné a pracovní dráhy...............................................................................................13 1.4 Slaďování rodinného a...

O Brasil oferece para a trabalhadora formal uma legislação particular de proteção do salário e emprego. Não se sabe ao certo qual o efeito dessa proteção sobre os investimentos realizados precocemente, por outro lado, cresce a literatura que destaca a essencialidade desse tipo de investimento para formação da saúde e das habilidades cognitivas e não cognitivas dos agentes. Sabendo disso, o objetivo desta dissertação é estimar os efeitos do aumento da licença maternidade e da proteção do salário e emprego, impostos pela Constituição de 1988, sobre outputs de saúde das crianças. Para tanto, utilizamos os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição de 1989 e empregamos a metodologia de Diferenças-em-Diferenças que usa o fato de que a mudança constitucional possui efeitos diversos sobre as mães que trabalham no setor formal e aquelas que estão no setor informal. O principal resultado encontrado é o efeito negativo sobre a incidência de baixo-peso ao nascer dos infantes cujas mães estão expostas às mudanças constitucionais. Não foram encontrados efeitos sobre os demais outputs de saúde avaliados. / Brazil offers a special law protection of wages and employment for formal working mothers. As far as I am concerned, it is not known which effect this protection has on early investments. On the other hand, there is extended literature that highlights that this kind of investments is crucial for the development of health, cognitive and non cognitive abilities. With that in mind, the objective of this dissertation is to estimate the effects of maternity leave and protection of wages and employment, under the 1988 Constitution, on children\'s health outputs. This study uses data from the Brazilian Survey on Nutrition and Health - 1989 and the methodology of Differences-in-Differences. This methodology uses the fact that constitutional changes have different effects on mothers who work in the formal sector when compared with those who are in the informal sector. The main conclusion is the negative effect on the incidence of low-birth weight infants whose mothers are exposed to the constitutional changes. Effects were not found on other outputs of health evaluated.

Objectives: The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the situation of women returning to work after maternity leave in Austria and the Czech Republic, to design a special career coaching program for them and to evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: Questionnaires, interviews and career coaching program. The sample consisted of female high school, college and university graduates returning to work after maternity leave. Results: The research showed that women tend not to advance in their careers and perceive a lack of support in career development from their employers. We found no significant differences between Austrian and Czech women regarding the length of maternity leave and strategies for coping with work/family conflicts, though they differ in their approach to career management. The career coaching program was designed according to the detailed analysis of needs of our respondents and was evaluated as very effective.

O Brasil oferece para a trabalhadora formal uma legislação particular de proteção do salário e emprego. Não se sabe ao certo qual o efeito dessa proteção sobre os investimentos realizados precocemente, por outro lado, cresce a literatura que destaca a essencialidade desse tipo de investimento para formação da saúde e das habilidades cognitivas e não cognitivas dos agentes. Sabendo disso, o objetivo desta dissertação é estimar os efeitos do aumento da licença maternidade e da proteção do salário e emprego, impostos pela Constituição de 1988, sobre outputs de saúde das crianças. Para tanto, utilizamos os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição de 1989 e empregamos a metodologia de Diferenças-em-Diferenças que usa o fato de que a mudança constitucional possui efeitos diversos sobre as mães que trabalham no setor formal e aquelas que estão no setor informal. O principal resultado encontrado é o efeito negativo sobre a incidência de baixo-peso ao nascer dos infantes cujas mães estão expostas às mudanças constitucionais. Não foram encontrados efeitos sobre os demais outputs de saúde avaliados. / Brazil offers a special law protection of wages and employment for formal working mothers. As far as I am concerned, it is not known which effect this protection has on early investments. On the other hand, there is extended literature that highlights that this kind of investments is crucial for the development of health, cognitive and non cognitive abilities. With that in mind, the objective of this dissertation is to estimate the effects of maternity leave and protection of wages and employment, under the 1988 Constitution, on children\'s health outputs. This study uses data from the Brazilian Survey on Nutrition and Health - 1989 and the methodology of Differences-in-Differences. This methodology uses the fact that constitutional changes have different effects on mothers who work in the formal sector when compared with those who are in the informal sector. The main conclusion is the negative effect on the incidence of low-birth weight infants whose mothers are exposed to the constitutional changes. Effects were not found on other outputs of health evaluated.

Chapter 1 evaluates the effect of relaxing fiscal rules on policy outcomes applying a quasi-experimental research design. We implement a "difference-in-discontinuities" design by combining the before/after with the discontinuous policy variation generated by the implementation of the Domestic Stability Pact on Italian municipalities between 1999 and 2004. Our estimates show that relaxing fiscal rules triggers a substantial deficit bias, captured by a shift from a balanced budget to a deficit that amounts to 2 percent of the total budget. The deficit comes primarily from reduced revenues as unconstrained municipalities have lower real estate and income tax rates. The impact is larger if the mayor can run for reelection, the number of political parties seated in the city council is higher, voters are older, the performance of the mayor in providing public good is lower, and cities are characterized by historical deficit, consistently with models on the political economy of fiscal adjustment. Chapter 2 studies the electoral response to the Ghost Buildings program, a nationwide anti tax evasion policy in Italy, which used innovative monitoring technologies to target buildings hidden from tax authorities. The difference-in-differences identification strategy exploits both variation across towns in the ex ante program scope to increase enforcement as well as administrative data on actual building registrations. After the policy, local incumbents experience an increase in their reelection likelihood. These political returns are higher in areas with higher speed of public good provision and with lower tax evasion tolerance, implying complementarity among enforcement policies, government efficiency, and the underlying tax culture. Chapter 3 examines reasons for cross-country variation in maternity leave provision. We show that the less tolerant a society is of gender-based discrimination, the longer the maternity leave it will optimally mandate. We collected new data on the number of gender-differentiated personal pronouns across languages to capture societies' attitudes toward gender-based discrimination. We first confirm, using within-country language variation, that our linguistic measure is correlated with attitudes toward gender-based discrimination. Then, using cross-country data on length of maternity leave we find a strong correlation between our measure of attitudes and the length of maternity leave. / Economics

The South African mining industry has been a male dominated environment for a very long time. With changes in government policy and legislation, discriminatory laws forbidding women to work underground have been repealed and the mining industry have since been trying to accommodate women. Unfortunately there is an imbalance to this general trend of increase shown by the consistently low numbers of female employees within the mining industry. It was far-fetched for management to perceive that women can ever play a role in the underground mining industry. Unfortunately the perceptions of management is having an enormous impact on the attitudes of the rest of the employees in this industry. This leads to discrimination in the mining industry that will make it difficult for the women seeking financial stability. The whole mining industry should learn to adapt to this idea of women in mining. Employing women in the mine is a challenge of the mindset of viewing mining as a men's world. The objective of this research was to determine the experience of women in the platinum mining industry in South Africa as well as the impact that women entering the mining industry could have on the mines in terms of the working conditions, harassment, physiological aspects, ergonomics, physical strength, discrimination etc. The research method for this article consists of a brief literature review and an empirical study. A qualitative design has been used on an availability sample (N = 14) females in the platinum mining industry. The qualitative research makes it possible to determine the subjective experience of women working in the platinum mining industry. The literature focused on previous research on the experience of women entering the mining industry as an employee. vii The outcome of this research was that the male worker attitude and discrimination have an enormous impact on women that are entering the mining industry. One of the more difficult hurdles to overcome is the harassment that women need to deal with The women are also facing a huge challenge in terms of their physical strength not being adequate in order to perform up to a minimum of eight hours per day in the harsh working conditions including the ergonomics of the mining industry. Most of the women are entering the mining industry for financial reasons in order to survive in the South f i c a n Economic environment of today. After a hard day performing these physical activities they need to face their responsibilities at home in order to manage a work-home life balance. Management need to start seeking solutions to make the mining industry a more women free environment for example focussing on facilities for women. The fact that women were appointed into the mining environment covering traditionally male sectors, also speaks to a commitment to changing the face of the mining industry. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.