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Our paper analyzes how paid parental leave schemes affect female labor force participation in Sweden. We examine this question on municipality level from 2003 to 2019. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of a policy reform made in 2016 and analyze how it mainly affects women and their participation rate. It contributes to the fields of economics but also has a sociological aspect. We expect the policy reform to increase the share of parental leave days taken out by men, decrease the women's share, and increase female labor force participation. The empirical results do not show statistically significant evidence that the reform in 2016 increased or decreased women's participation rate. However, the share of net days taken out by men rises, and the share of female net days falls.

While there is abundant research and literature on the transition to becoming a mother while working and on mothers and work-life balance, literature on clergy and, in particular, clergywomen and work-life balance is scarce. This study contributes to that literature by utilizing role theory and grounded theory methods to investigate the experience of 12 clergywomen who negotiated maternity leave with their congregations and the implications of that process on how they understood and managed their roles as mothers and pastors. The result is a model for role management through the process of negotiating maternity leave which identifies and describes the causal conditions; personal, church and intervening factors; overall experience of negotiation and consequences of the negotiation, including decisions about role management. Major findings include the observations that the most influential church factor seems to be the overall stability and organizational health of the congregation and its leadership and that a presbytery level policy may be the only effective intervention in a difficult negotiation. Limitations of the study, as well as recommendations for future study, clinical implications, and recommendations for denominational leaders are also discussed. / Master of Science

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the legislation of parental leave in the Czech Republic and in Sweden in particular with respect to the possibilities of work-life balance, to evaluate an actual use of the system, its impacts on the individual labour markets and gender equality, to subsequently compare these two models and to propose amendments of legislation. The topic was chosen due to its significant impact on a vast amount of people and due to its currency with respect to a progressive change of perception of single parent's roles. The thesis is divided into five chapters following the main aim of the thesis, a comparison of several legislations. The first Chapter shortly describes the main terminology which has been used within the thesis and which is the main subject matter of the paper. Maternity, parental and paternity leave are defined mainly with respect to the purposes of the individual matters. The second Chapter deals with the legislation of the European Union. The relation of the Czech and European law in this field in general is analysed at first. An overview of legal documents related to the so called "family friendly policies" follows and the core of the chapter is the description of particular legislation of maternity, parental and paternity leave based on corresponding...

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-15T13:32:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicolau Rafael Guimarães Coelho.pdf: 528512 bytes, checksum: 132075b0ad02b8127de4e84ea16dead3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-15T13:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicolau Rafael Guimarães Coelho.pdf: 528512 bytes, checksum: 132075b0ad02b8127de4e84ea16dead3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / The objective of the present study is the analysis of a current topic of great relevance, namely, women's work and maternity, according to the current legal system. For this approach, it is necessary to highlight the dual role that women play in society, either as a worker in search of capital for the support of her family and as administrator of the home, and to provide means of subsistence in the first moments of the new life that was Conceived. Thus, there is no denying the need to reassess the role of motherhood, given the increased participation of women in the labor market. Including women in the labor market goes far beyond their qualification, just as men do. It means respecting their hormonal, personal and family characteristics, where maternity is highlighted, as it is a general knowledge of the difficulty of reconciling responsibilities arising from the labor market and the obligations arising from maternity. Despite the adverse scenario of maternity and the economic crisis in Brazil, the transition and increase in the number of women entering and remaining in the Brazilian labor market is perceptible. It should be noted that a brief analysis of statistics reveals that men still have higher wages, which demonstrates a discriminatory nature of the insertion of women into the labor market. On the other hand, there is an increase in female employment in middle-level qualification occupations, with relatively more compensated income, with labor benefits extended by the Federal Constitution of 1988, and supported by the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT) As in several activities that historically have always been occupied by the male sex, such as, engineering, drivers, among others / O objetivo do presente estudo é a análise de um tema atual e de grande relevância, qual seja, o trabalho da mulher e a maternidade, conforme o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Para essa abordagem, se faz necessário destacar o duplo papel que a mulher exerce na sociedade, seja como trabalhadora em busca do capital para o sustento de sua família e como administradora do lar, devendo prover meios de subsistência nos primeiros momentos da nova vida que foi concebida. Dessa forma, não há como negar a necessidade de reavaliar o papel da maternidade, perante o aumento da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. Incluir a mulher no mercado de trabalho vai muito além de sua qualificação, tal como ocorre com os homens. Significa respeitar suas características hormonais, pessoais e familiares, onde destaca-se a maternidade, eis que é de conhecimento geral a dificuldade de conciliar as responsabilidades oriundas do mercado de trabalho e as obrigações decorrentes da maternidade. Em que pese o cenário adverso decorrente da maternidade e a crise econômica que o Brasil atravessa, é perceptível a transição e o aumento do número de mulheres que ingressam e permanecem cada vez mais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Importante salientar, que uma breve análise das estatísticas, revela que os homens ainda possuem maiores salários, o que demonstra um caráter discriminatório da inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho. Por outro lado, observa-se o aumento da atividade feminina em ocupações de nível médio de qualificação, com rendimentos relativamente mais compensadores, com benefícios trabalhistas ampliados pela Constituição Federal de 1988, e sendo amparadas pela Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), bem como em diversas atividades que historicamente sempre foram ocupadas pelo sexo masculino, tais como, engenharia, motoristas, entre outras

This thesis is focused on the situation of women - mothers in the Czech labor market as a vulnerable population groups. The work comprehensively analyzes the current system of support for women on maternity leave and subsequent return to the labor market. The theoretical part provides basic concepts and institutions associated with the harmonization of work and family life of women. The analytical part is focused on the causes of insecure women, which are captured from different angles: women, employers, and experts such as sociologists and psychologists. The analysis also provides a comparison of the CR family policy with selected European countries. To better illustrate, the work included a survey that was conducted in the South Region by the questionnaire method. In conclusion this thesis, there are summarizes most important findings detected during processing of the topic.

Submitted by Larissa Bueno Stolar (larissa.stolar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T21:23:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 1852887 bytes, checksum: c5c80fa51893dec873bdf07c59ba535e (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Conforme conversamos. Refazer os itens mencionados e fazer novamente a postagem. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição. att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2018-04-04T14:10:56Z (GMT) / Submitted by Larissa Bueno Stolar (larissa.stolar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T15:42:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoRevisada_LarissaStolar.pdf: 1852464 bytes, checksum: d66b7059bf1c4ff8ffb82d9477669e4f (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Larissa, Conforme orientado, por favor fazer os ajustes e submeter novamente,. Att Pamela Tonsa on 2018-04-04T22:58:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by Larissa Bueno Stolar (larissa.stolar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T23:23:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-revisada-padrao.pdf: 1852572 bytes, checksum: 8ee459fddbcf08cce392705e33bc95f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-04-05T12:42:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-revisada-padrao.pdf: 1852572 bytes, checksum: 8ee459fddbcf08cce392705e33bc95f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-05T15:37:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-revisada-padrao.pdf: 1852572 bytes, checksum: 8ee459fddbcf08cce392705e33bc95f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T15:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-revisada-padrao.pdf: 1852572 bytes, checksum: 8ee459fddbcf08cce392705e33bc95f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / Esta dissertação investiga o efeito da ampliação da licença-maternidade de 120 para 180 dias em empresas que aderiram ao Programa Empresa Cidadã, criado pela Lei 11.770 em 2008. A prorrogação de 60 dias na licença não é obrigatória para as trabalhadoras das firmas participantes, ou seja, a participação das mulheres é voluntária. Este estudo investiga os impactos do programa nas carreiras das mulheres elegíveis, usando informações da RAIS, coletadas pelo Ministério do Trabalho. Especificamente, efeitos em emprego e salário são explorados. Ampliações na licença-maternidade geram efeitos mistos; se por um lado consistem em um atrativo para a participação de mulheres na força de trabalho, por outro tornam as mulheres mais onerosas para os empregadores. Este artigo busca ampliar o debate sobre a duração da licença-maternidade; até o momento apenas um trabalho foi publicado sobre o tema no Brasil, enquanto há sete projetos tramitando no Legislativo sobre o assunto. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que as pessoas elegíveis ao programa estão usando os 60 dias adicionais de licença-maternidade e que o Programa Empresa Cidadã não trouxe impacto para o nível de emprego ou salário das mulheres beneficiadas. / This dissertation investigates the effects of paid maternity leave extension from 120 to 180 days on firms that have joined the Empresa Cidadã Program, enacted by the Brazilian federal law 11.770 in 2008. The extension of the leave is not mandatory for the employees of participant firms, that is, women opt to take or not the extra 60 days. This study intends to understand the impacts of this program on the entitled workers’ careers, using administrative information on all formal workers in Brazil, gathered by the Ministry of Labor. Specifically, effects on wage and employment of women in participant firms are explored. Extensions on paid maternity leave produce a twofold effect; while they can attract women to the workforce, women become more onerous to employees. This research intends to broaden the debate on maternity leave extension; up to this moment, there is only one published article on this subject in Brazil whereas there are seven legislative proposals being discussed in the Congress on this matter. The results of this research show that women eligible to the maternity leave extensions are using the 60 aditional days and that the Empresa Cidadã program did not impact employment and wages of eligible women.

Women re-entering the labour market after parental leave represent one of the most vulnerable groups in the labour market. During parental leave, women frequently lose contact with their original employment. Depending on the length of parental leave, they fail, or have limited opportunities to develop their labour skills and knowledge. It happens very often, that they lose their jobs and face a very difficult life situation as they must find a new job after the termination of parental leave. This issue has been dealt with since 2004 at the regional level following the introduction of Act No. 435/2004 Coll., on employment, within the Active Employment Policy. Motivating or requalification programs focusing on this group represent an appropriate solution to this social problem. The situation of women returning to the labour market after parental leave is also the subject of the presented master thesis. The theoretical part contains historical review and describes the actual situation using an analysis of two regions and local services supporting the re-integration of women after their parental leave. The objective of the practical part is to identify key motivations for women taking part in the supporting programs during or after parental leave.

LL.D. / This thesis critically evaluates the position of pregnant women (and women who have recently given birth) in the context of South African Labour Law and social security law, from both a comparative and a South African perspective. The fact that women fall pregnant and give birth to children, while men do not, raises issues of theoretical and practical importance in regard to equality issues. Pregnancy has historically been both the cause of and the occasion for the exclusion of many women from the workplace because of the practical difficulties many women face in reconciling the demands of paid work with family responsibilities – although there is no logical reason why women’s giving birth to children necessarily means that they should have primary responsibility for childcare. The underlying premise which underpins the subject matter of this thesis is that pregnant women are unfairly discriminated against in the workplace. While it cannot be denied that men and women are different and that the biological fact of pregnancy is a state unique to women, this “difference” has resulted in gender discrimination, and, more germane to this thesis, in pregnancy discrimination in the jurisdictions to be considered, namely, the United Kingdom, the European Union, SADC and South Africa. This thesis concentrates on various issues pertaining to pregnancy and maternity protection and emphasises the seemingly irreconcilable dichotomy between the desire to recognise and accommodate women’s unique role as child-bearers and the desire to achieve parity between the sexes in regard to conditions of employment, remuneration and general benefits. The central dilemma is whether women can be treated as equal to men in regard to opportunities, entry to the workplace and remuneration, on the one hand, and yet be treated in a special way when it concerns childbearing and childrearing, on the other. In this thesis it is argued that men and women are different and that social justice cannot therefore be achieved by equal treatment. In facing this challenge, legislatures and courts have become ensnared in the dichotomy of equality and distinction, and the question considered here is whether South Africa is fulfilling its constitutional and international obligations regarding the equal treatment, and the granting to them of equal opportunities and reasonable accommodation. This thesis develops an appropriate and relevant paradigm for pregnant women in the workplace. It identifies and highlights the existing deficiencies and lacunae in the South African legal system inherent in both labour law and social security law, and develops proposals for the possible amendment of the existing legislative framework by drawing largely on international, supranational, foreign and regional jurisdictions and by critically evaluating the current South African maternity terrain, particularly in the light of South Africa’s developing constitutional jurisprudence.

This diploma thesis is focused on the harmonization of work and family life. Specifically focused to the return of women with completed secondary education without leaving exam to the labor market after the maternity leave. The aim of this work is to find the unique determinants that affect transition between maternity leave and labor market. Next step is to compare unique factors with those that can be seen in the literature and specific determinants that can be seen in the financical sector. Adopted research strategy is qualitative approach, specifically semi-structured interview and questionnaire, which is conducted on nine preselected respondents. Collected data are analyzed by using open coding method, which brings us following details and conclusions. The respondents with completed secondary education without leaving exam are not interested in harmonization of work and family life, they would rather separate both spheres.The biggest barrier of return to the labour market is low education, the lack of kindegartens, night shifts and the lack of work experience. On the other hand there is an advantage on labor market if the mother have enough work experiences. Newly identified determinants are: poor financial situation of the family, the lack of information and sick child as a barrier of the transition between maternity leave and labor market. Vice versa contacts in the work field makes huge advantage when the mother has them. The results of this study provide hypotheses for further research. The contribution of this work is an insight to the return of a particular group of women to the labor market. It is possible that these women could experience different barriers than better educated mothers.