in English Obstacles to work as a set of legal facts have fundamental influence on employment relations and concern each and every employee as well as employer (correlatively). The goal of this thesis was to explore this area of employment law thoroughly and to indicate individual rights and duties of both parties in employment relations, including those which surpass the Labour Code and its implementing legislation. This was to be accomplished by providing a comprehensive treatise on the subject with solutions to possible unexpected situations not covered in the Labour Code. Obstacles to work are defined as legally acknowledged circumstances that - on the part of the employee - impede or forbid the performance of work, and - on the part of the employer - impede or forbid the assignment of work, in cases when the employee"s absence from work is excused by the employer in compliance with the terms stated by employment laws, internal regulations or employment contract. Compensatory wage or salary and conditions of payment to idle workers are determined by the above-mentioned documents. The introduction of this doctoral thesis deals with the reasons why this particular topic was chosen and introduces Eurostat"s surveys which are further analyzed to the details. The main objective of this thesis is to...

Reconciliation of work and family life Abstract This thesis deals with the reconciliation of work and family life in the Czech Republic from a legal perspective. Finding a suitable balance between work and family life enables an individual to return to work sooner from maternity and parental leave. This balance also has a positive effect on the productivity of employees, birth rates, elimination of gender stereotypes and causes a reduction of the unemployment rate among women. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the number of articles of employment law and social security law that are relevant to the issues of reconciliation of work and family life, to analyze the relevant legislation, and to draw attention to some practical problems. Also, the paper will evaluate the impact of this legislative framework and legal institutes on work and family life and recommend alterations "de lege ferenda". The thesis of this paper is that reconciliation of work and family life is an endless process and that there are several problem areas related to it that need improvement within the Czech Republic. The work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter identifies the main issues related to the reconciliation of work and family life. It gives the overview of the international,...

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of working women when they announce their pregnancies, take maternity leave, transition back to work, and utilize flexible work policies. Using a qualitative methodology, transcripts of in-depth interviews were analyzed utilizing a life history approach. Key findings of the study are that women perceive more negative responses to the announcement of their pregnancies than positive ones. In terms of maternity and parental leave policies, all the participants had access to these benefits. Women found issues with financial adequacy, administration, and duration of these policies. Mothers found that financial support from the Canadian government was inadequate to allow them to take the full duration of the 52-week maternity and parental leave for which they were eligible. In addition, employer “top-up” payments were limited and administrative details of maternity leave were often not discussed fully with pregnant workers. When women returned to work, they found that workplaces did not offer resources such as a phased-in return to work or personnel to help them re-engage with their prior work projects. Women discussed the challenges of managing their dual roles of worker and mother and found that managers and coworkers put them in a mommy mould which lessened the quality of their assignments. New mothers found that they had difficultly juggling their work and home responsibilities, finding time for themselves, and receiving increased domestic support from their spouses. While some workplaces offered women flexible workplace policies, not all mothers chose to access them as they found these policies often negatively impacted their career progression. Other issues were a lack of flexible workplace policy transparency, inconsistent manager support, and difficulty maintaining a flexible schedule. Findings have major implications for an improved response from managers upon pregnancy announcement, improved dialogue among employers about increasing “top up” maternity leave pay to new mothers, developing a formal transition plan for new mothers returning to the workplace, and expanding the use of flexible workplace policies.

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of working women when they announce their pregnancies, take maternity leave, transition back to work, and utilize flexible work policies. Using a qualitative methodology, transcripts of in-depth interviews were analyzed utilizing a life history approach. Key findings of the study are that women perceive more negative responses to the announcement of their pregnancies than positive ones. In terms of maternity and parental leave policies, all the participants had access to these benefits. Women found issues with financial adequacy, administration, and duration of these policies. Mothers found that financial support from the Canadian government was inadequate to allow them to take the full duration of the 52-week maternity and parental leave for which they were eligible. In addition, employer “top-up” payments were limited and administrative details of maternity leave were often not discussed fully with pregnant workers. When women returned to work, they found that workplaces did not offer resources such as a phased-in return to work or personnel to help them re-engage with their prior work projects. Women discussed the challenges of managing their dual roles of worker and mother and found that managers and coworkers put them in a mommy mould which lessened the quality of their assignments. New mothers found that they had difficultly juggling their work and home responsibilities, finding time for themselves, and receiving increased domestic support from their spouses. While some workplaces offered women flexible workplace policies, not all mothers chose to access them as they found these policies often negatively impacted their career progression. Other issues were a lack of flexible workplace policy transparency, inconsistent manager support, and difficulty maintaining a flexible schedule. Findings have major implications for an improved response from managers upon pregnancy announcement, improved dialogue among employers about increasing “top up” maternity leave pay to new mothers, developing a formal transition plan for new mothers returning to the workplace, and expanding the use of flexible workplace policies.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-11-07T14:30:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Karina Abibi Rimes.pdf: 2968146 bytes, checksum: b626de60b480429ec42e20c25052827d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-11-07T14:30:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Karina Abibi Rimes.pdf: 2968146 bytes, checksum: b626de60b480429ec42e20c25052827d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T14:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Karina Abibi Rimes.pdf: 2968146 bytes, checksum: b626de60b480429ec42e20c25052827d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Saúde da Comunidade. Centro de Ciências Médicas / Centro Social Nossa Senhora das Graças / O aleitamento materno exclusivo é recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde até os seis meses de vida da criança, e o trabalho materno pode interferir na sua prática. No Brasil, a legislação garante a licença-maternidade de 120 dias para as trabalhadoras formais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a associação entre o trabalho materno com licença-maternidade e a prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Foi conduzido um estudo transversal em 2013 com mães de crianças menores de seis meses, assistidas pelas nove unidades básicas de saúde com Posto de Recebimento de Leite Humano Ordenhado do município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (n=429). Características sociodemográficas maternas, domiciliares, da assistência pré-natal, do parto, do estilo de vida materno, da criança, da assistência à saúde e da alimentação infantil foram investigadas por meio de entrevistas. Análises univariada, bivariada e múltipla foram realizadas, sendo obtidas razões de prevalências ajustadas (RPa) por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, segundo modelo conceitual hierarquizado. O modelo final foi composto pelas variáveis que se associaram (p≤0,05) ao aleitamento materno exclusivo (desfecho). Entre as mães entrevistadas, 23,1% estavam em licença-maternidade e 17,2% estavam trabalhando. A prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo em menores de seis meses foi de 50,1%. O trabalho materno com licença-maternidade se associou a uma maior prevalência do desfecho (RPa=1,91; IC95% 1,32-2,77), comparado às mães que trabalhavam sem licença-maternidade. Prevalências menores de aleitamento materno exclusivo se associaram à cor de pele/raça materna não branca (RPa=0,81), à ausência de companheiro (RPa=0,60), à realização de menos de seis consultas pré-natais (RPa=0,62), ao consumo materno de bebida alcoólica (RPa=0,60), à idade crescente da criança em meses (RPa=0,69) e ao uso de chupeta (RPa=0,67). A licença-maternidade contribuiu para a prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo em crianças menores de seis meses de vida, indicando a importância desse benefício na proteção do aleitamento materno exclusivo para as mulheres inseridas no mercado de trabalho formal / The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of life, and maternal work can interfere with this practice. In Brazil, the legislation guarantees maternity leave of 120 days for formal workers. This study aimed to analyze the association between maternal work with maternity leave and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 with mothers of children under six months of life, assisted by the nine primary health care units with Human Milk Donation Services in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil (n=429). Maternal sociodemographic and residence characteristics, prenatal care, childbirth, maternal lifestyle, characteristics of the infant, health care and infant feeding were investigated through interviews. Univariate, bivariate and multiple analyzes were performed, and adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance, according to a hierarchical conceptual model. The final model was composed by the variables associated (p≤0.05) with exclusive breastfeeding (outcome). Among mothers interviewed, 23.1% were on maternity leave and 17.2% were working. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children under six months was 50.1%. Maternal work with maternity leave was associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome (APR=1.91; CI95% 1.32-2.77), compared to mothers who worked without maternity leave. Lower prevalences of exclusive breastfeeding were associated with non-white maternal skin color/breed (APR=0.81), absence of a partner (APR=0.60), less than six prenatal visits (APR=0.62), maternal consumption of alcoholic beverage (APR=0.60), increasing age of the child in months (APR=0.69) and pacifier use (APR=0.67). Maternity leave contributed to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in children under six months of life, indicating the importance of this benefit in the protection of exclusive breastfeeding for women in the formal labor market

The thesis deals with women in Komerční banka focusing on their career and possibilities of work-life balance. The main aim of the thesis is to find out an attitude of the bank towards the equal opportunities, employees' awareness of instruments of family policy as well as the biggest difficulties in women's career. In order to support the practical part of the thesis, we present information about women's role in society, women in the media, career, equal rights and work-life balance. The adopted method of the empirical part is an individual interview with women managers and a questionnaire aimed at selected employees of the bank.

The thesis deals with the role of media in the life of "young" parents. The theoretical part presents the current trends in the attitude to printed and online media for a selected target group, specifically women and men on maternity and parental leave. The principal question of the thesis is the attitude of a selected group of people to the media content. Has the relation to the media subjectively changed in this new life role? The research method is a qualitative interview with ten respondents (seven women and three men). The analysis is based on methods of grounded theory - first at the level of open coding, then the axial coding. The conclusion summarizes the researched findings, and among other things, whether the interviewees see changes in their relation to the media due to parenthood and if they do, which changes they realize.

In der Zeit der Weimarer Republik war Adele Schreiber eine der bekanntesten Frauen Deutschlands und in allen Verzeichnissen bekannter deutscher Frauen zu finden. Durch den Bruch in ihrem Leben, herbeigeführt durch die sich abzeichnende Herrschaft der Nationalsozialisten, die sie ins Exil zwang, geriet sie in Vergessenheit und war schon nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in die Bedeutungslosigkeit gefallen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll nicht nur das Leben Adele Schreibers an sich, sondern auch ihre Position in der Frauenbewegung ab der Jahrhundertwende thematisiert werden, die zahlreichen Querverbindungen zwischen den einzelnen Organisationen, aber auch zwischen Adele Schreiber und anderen Mitstreiterinnen. Adele Schreiber ist eine derjenigen Frauen, die seit der Jahrhundertwende in vorderster Reihe in der Frauenbewegung mitgekämpft haben. Setzte sie sich, 1898 in Berlin angekommen, zuerst intensiv für die Schaffung einer Frauenversicherung ein, so kämpfte sie wenig später gleichermaßen für das Frauenwahlrecht und engagierte sich im Mutter- und Kinderschutz. Doch neben aller sozialpolitisch engagierten Arbeit und journalistischer Tätigkeit für die Durchsetzung der Rechte der Frau war Adele Schreiber auch politisch tätig. Als Reichstagsmitglied der SPD ab 1920 bemühte sie sich auf politischer Ebene um eine gesetzlich festgelegte Anerkennung und Mündigkeit der Frau. Selbst nach dem Exil, das sie in der Schweiz und in Großbritannien verbrachte, verfolgte sie bis zu ihrem Tod 1957 mit wachen Augen die politischen Entwicklungen in Deutschland und der Welt. / During the time of the Weimar republic, Adele Schreiber was one of the most famous women in Germany and could be found all the accounts by well-known German women. Due to the break in her life brought about by the threatening seizure of power by the National Socialists which forced her into exile, she became forgotten and by the end of the Second World War she had already disappeared into insignificance. The following work attempts not only to explore the life of Adele Schreiber itself, but also her position in the women's movement from the turn of the century onwards, the numerous inter-connections between the separate organisations and between Adele Schreiber and other fellow-activists. Adele Schreiber is among those women who fought in the front line of the women's movement from the turn of the century onwards. Having initially committed herself intensively, as a newcomer in Berlin in 1898, to the cause of introducing an insurance for women, she fought equally hard a short time later for women's suffrage and she became involved in the issues of maternity leave and child protection. But besides all her committed socio-political activities and her work as a journalist for the attainment of women's rights, Adele Schreiber was also politically active. As a member of the Reichstag for the SPD from 1920 onwards, she strived in the political arena for a legally effective acknowledgement and declaration of women as political entities. Even after she went into exile in Switzerland and Great Britain she followed vigilantly the political developments in Germany and throughout the world until her death in 1957.

The United States is the only developed nation that fails to provide its citizens with paid parental leave. The lack of parental benefit provision operates to the detriment of individuals and society as a whole by contributing to inequity across gender, race, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation. As the demographics of the American workforce have changed, public policy has not kept pace. Paid parental leave is associated a number of health, economic, and social benefits. However, the greatest barrier to legislating paid parental leave is the philosophical underpinnings of American politics, specifically the strong current of liberal individualism and absence of maternalism. This thesis examines the policy option space for paid parental leave in the United States and recommends a paid parental leave policy that is gender-neutral and has a combination of three months individual leave and three months of shared leave at 100 percent wage replacement.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyse public policies of the Czech republic and Germany which are focused on work-life balance of families with children under three years of age. In its theoretical part the diploma thesis offers description of how current changes in our society affects work-life balance, gender equality, women and their aspirations, desicion- making of families concerning their preproduction plans and fertility itself. As next this thesis brings explanation of relationship between different public policy designs and their affects on harmonization of both life spheres, gender equality and free choice of life strategy. In the anylitical part the diploma theses analyses concrete public policy instruments of both chosen countries, compares them with each other using predefined categories and offers analysis performed in the framework of familialism concept formulated by Sigrid Leitner. Finally, in the chapter "Discussion and summary of recommendation" the diploma thesis offers suggestions for modification of some concrete regulations in the Czech republic inspired by chosen regulations that are currently used in Germany and that are considered as instruments with potential to positively influent harmonization of both life spheres, gender equality and free choice of life strategy.