La prématurité, définie par un accouchement avant 37 semaines d'aménorrhée, ne cesse de croître en France. Elle a des facteurs de risque médicaux et socio-économiques. Elle se trouve au coeur des enjeux de la sécurité de la naissance et de l'efficience du système de santé, au nom desquelles les maternités de proximité sont fermées progressivement depuis 1998, sans égard pour une équité spatiale des populations. L'étude de l'impact de ces restructurations sur un vaste territoire comme la Bourgogne est d'autant plus intéressante que cette dernière cumule des facteurs de dispersion avec un peuplement en périphérie de ses limites régionales, une moyenne montagne centrale difficile à franchir, le Morvan, et une faible densité de population et de professionnels de santé. Notre travail a permis de confirmer la répartition hétérogène du taux d'accouchement prématuré en Bourgogne. Pour expliquer cette disparité, et à l'aide principalement de données individuelles du PMSI (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information) et contextuelles de l'INSEE (Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Economiques), nous avons étudié séparément ses relations avec l'accessibilité physique, la distance socio‐économique et l'organisation des soins, avec un accent sur les réseaux de santé périnatale qui caractérisent cette région. Nous avons enfin réuni tous les facteurs explicatifs pertinents dans une analyse multi niveaux dont les modèles hiérarchiques linéaires sont les plus adaptés pour prendre en compte simultanément des données individuelles et des données contextuelles agrégées. Les résultats identifient des clusters de prématurité et montrent que la disparité de la prématurité repose essentiellement sur la disparité spatiale du désavantage socio‐économique et sur la situation d'isolement du Morvan central. Ce travail devrait permettre d'intervenir auprès de ces territoires pour améliorer ou compenser leurs facteurs de risque de prématurité / Prematurity, defined as a birth occurring before 37 weeks of gestation, is increasing in France. It has medical and socio‐economic risk factors. It is of concern to issues about birth security and healthcare efficiency, according to which the local maternity units have been gradually closed since 1998, regardless of spatial equity for the population. The study of the impact of the restructuring on such a vast area as Burgundy is all the more interesting that Burgundy combines factors of dispersion such as its settlement on the edge of its regional boundaries, a central mountain Morvan difficult to drive through, and the low density of its population and of its health professionals. Our work has confirmed the heterogeneous distribution of the rate of preterm delivery in Burgundy. To explain this disparity, in mainly using individual data from PMSI (Programme de Medicalization of Information Systems) and contextual data from INSEE (National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies), we studied separately the prematurity relationships with physical accessibility, with socio‐economic distance and with perinatal care organization, with a special focus on perinatal health networks that characterize this region. We finally gathered all the relevant explanatory factors in a multilevel analysis with hierarchical linear models that are best suited to take into account both individual and aggregate contextual data. The results identify prematurity clusters and show that prematurity disparity is mainly based on spatial disparity of socio‐economic disadvantage and on the situation of isolation of central Morvan. This work should cause interventions to be carried out within these areas to improve or compensate their risk factors

Thesis (Master of Nursing)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / In the fight against the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), one of the aspects to be taken into consideration is the self-esteem of pregnant women. Professional nurses in maternity settings need to support pregnant women, with a focus on providing balanced care to meet all of the women’s needs and build their self-esteem. Self-esteem reflects one’s subjective emotional evaluation of one’s worth. A decrease in the self-esteem of the individual with HIV/AIDS infections is common and professional nurses should advise patients on the appropriate ways to deal with HIV/AIDS. A supportive environment for HIV/AIDS women could enhance their self-esteem. The researcher overheard HIV/AIDS positive patients in a maternity unit express their feelings of worthlessness and wondered how he could support them to have self-worth. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the role of professional nurses in promoting a healthy self-esteem in hospitalised, pregnant women with HIV/AIDS in a maternity unit in a public hospital in Cape Town. The study was qualitative in nature, departing from assumptions of the theoretical framework of Eric Erikson. An exploratory, descriptive, contextual, qualitative design was followed when the semi-structured interviews were conducted. The accessible population comprised of 15 professional nurses working at the maternity unit. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of 11 professional nurses (participants) working in a maternity unit who met the eligibility criteria. Individual interviews were conducted with eight participants as a starting point until data saturation was reached. After obtaining permission from the necessary authorities, the researcher visited the manager of the unit. Two pilot individual interviews were conducted to determine whether the research questions were understood. The researcher explained the purpose and information on the information sheet and obtained informed consent. Interviews lasted 45 minutes were conducted in a private room and recorded. The researcher used an interview schedule and made field notes while conducting the interviews. Data triangulation of the interviews and field notes ware done. Thematic analysis coding was applied to analyse data. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability. The following ethical principles of privacy, the right to withdraw and anonymity were followed. The findings indicated HIV/AIDS-related stigma as the main cause of a poor self-esteem among pregnant women with HIV/AIDS. Participants furthermore felt that there is a need for training and skills development of professional nurses to enable them to understand how to support HIV/AIDS pregnant women and enhance their self-esteem. It was concluded that professional nurses should support pregnant women with HIV/AIDS places a socio-economic burden on societies and has set the world into spending millions on healthcare settings in an attempt to curb the disease.

Background: This research explores whether rural Community Maternity Units (CMUs) contribute to NHS Scotland’s Quality Ambitions of safe, effective and person centred care. Currently there is no available recent evidence regarding the quality of this particular model of care in a rural setting. This research makes an important contribution given that most women are encouraged to access local maternity services. Design: An exploratory case study was used with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to the qualitative data collection and analysis. Quantitiative data were collected and analysed to provide descriptive statistics. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one a retrospective medical records review was undertaken to provide quantitative data on the care provided. Phase two was an observation of team meetings, interviews with staff and focus groups with stakeholders in roles aligned to the provision of care at the CMUs. In phase three observations of clinical encounters and interviews with women informed by aide memoire diaries were used. Findings: Maternity services provided by the CMU teams achieved a consistently high standard of safety and effectiveness when measured against national guidelines, standards and other evidence. The stakeholders appreciated the ability within these small teams to provide local, accessible services to women with effective support when required from tertiary services. The women valued person centred and relationship based continuity of antenatal carer, provided by compassionate named midwives, but were disappointed by the discontinuity when complications occurred. Conclusions: The CMUs’ physical position within the community, smallness of scale and the midwifery team’s ethos of normality within a socially based but medically inclusive service facilitated local access for most women to maternity care. This service provision addressed NHS Scotland’s Healthcare Quality Strategy of improving health and reducing inequalities for the people of Scotland. The role of the named midwife was key to providing high quality care by maintaining connections across contextual boundaries for women experiencing normal and complicated pregnancies. This research provides an original contribution to the study of rural maternity service provision in Scotland to help inform future sustainability and service development of rural CMUs.

Nous avons réalisé un état des lieux de la prise en charge des femmes au moment d’un accouchement en France, dans un contexte où la médecine fondée sur les preuves occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans la pratique des professionnels, où la fermeture de nombreuses maternités entraîne une concentration des naissances dans des établissements publics et spécialisés de plus en plus grands, et où l’on souhaite répondre aux besoins des femmes et à certaines de leurs demandes.Dans une première partie nous avons décrit comment les caractéristiques des maternités contribuent à expliquer les variations dans la prise en charge des femmes. Nous avons abordé la question pour la durée du séjour en post-partum et l’organisation de la prise en charge médicale à la sortie de la maternité, et pour les actes réalisés pendant l’accouchement chez des femmes à bas risque (déclenchement, césarienne, extraction instrumentale et épisiotomie). Dans une deuxième partie nous avons cherché à estimer la part des césariennes avant travail potentiellement évitables et la part des déclenchements sans motif médical et nous avons recherché quels facteurs étaient associés à ces actes.Le contenu des soins différait peu selon la taille ou le niveau de spécialisation de la maternité, sauf pour les interventions potentiellement évitables ou sans motif médical, plus fréquentes dans les petites maternités moins spécialisées, et les durées de séjour en maternité, beaucoup plus courtes dans les grandes maternités et celles de type 3. A l’inverse, le statut privé de la maternité influençait de manière forte la prise en charge des femmes : les interventions y étaient plus fréquentes, parfois en réponse à des demandes des femmes (déclenchements sans motif médical). Les caractéristiques médicales des femmes avaient un impact sur la réalisation des interventions obstétricales, avec des associations similaires à celles déjà publiées, mais les caractéristiques sociales des femmes influaient peu sur le contenu des soins.Les résultats fournissent un bilan général, utile pour évaluer les politiques de santé publique. Ils soulèvent des questions sur l’organisation des services et les processus qui conduisent aux décisions de réaliser certaines interventions obstétricales. / We assessed practices during delivery and the postpartum period in France, in a context where evidence based medicine plays a more and more important role in professional practice, where the closure of maternity units leads to a concentration of births in large public and specialized units, and where professionals want to meet the needs of women and some of their requests.We first described how maternity units’ characteristics contribute to explain variations in obstetrical intervention’s rates. We studied postpartum length-of-stay and support for women after discharge from maternity unit, and interventions performed during labor among low-risk women (inductions, cesareans, instrumental deliveries and episiotomy).In a second part we estimated the proportions of potentially avoidable cesarean deliveries and inductions without medical indications; we also investigated which factors were associated with these interventions.Obstetrical practices differed slightly depending on the size or the level of care of maternity units, except potentially avoidable cesareans, which were more frequent in small and low-specialized units, and postpartum length-of-stay, which were shorter in large and type 3 units. On the contrary, the private status of the unit strongly influenced the management of delivery: all studied interventions were more frequent in private units, sometimes in response to maternal requests (inductions without medical indications for example). Women’s medical characteristics had an impact on obstetric intervention rates; the associations were similar to those previously reported in other publications. However social characteristics had little influence on the content of care.The results provide an overall evaluation, useful for assessing perinatal public health policies. They raise questions about maternity unit organization and processes that lead to decisions to perform obstetrical interventions.