Mass gatherings stress local and global health care systems as they bring together individuals from all over the world that have very different health conditions. We firstly provide an overview of the concepts and results of mathematical epidemiology and public health. Secondly, we present an introduction to the mathematical modelling of measles using deterministic and stochastic approaches for both single and multiple populations. Lastly, we develop a model for mass gatherings and present an application to measles during the Hajj by studying an SIR deterministic metapopulation model with residency and its stochastic analogue. The models incorporate real world country data and time dependent movement and transmission rates, accounting for realistic volume of international travel and seasonality of measles activity. Numerical results for the deterministic system are presented. We conclude with a discussion on further work.

Mass gatherings stress local and global health care systems as they bring together individuals from all over the world that have very different health conditions. We firstly provide an overview of the concepts and results of mathematical epidemiology and public health. Secondly, we present an introduction to the mathematical modelling of measles using deterministic and stochastic approaches for both single and multiple populations. Lastly, we develop a model for mass gatherings and present an application to measles during the Hajj by studying an SIR deterministic metapopulation model with residency and its stochastic analogue. The models incorporate real world country data and time dependent movement and transmission rates, accounting for realistic volume of international travel and seasonality of measles activity. Numerical results for the deterministic system are presented. We conclude with a discussion on further work.

Em epidemiologia matemática, muitos modelos de propagação de doenças infecciosas em populações têm sido analisados matematicamente e aplicados para doenças específicas. Neste trabalho um modelo de propagação de dengue é analisado considerando-se diferentes hipóteses sobre o tamanho da população humana. Mais precisamente, estamos interessados em verificar o impacto das variações populacionais a longo prazo no cálculo do parâmetro Ro e no equilíbrio endêmico. Vamos discutir algumas ideias que nortearam o processo de definição do parâmetro Ro a partir da construção do Operador de Próxima Geração. Através de um estudo qualitativo do modelo matemático, obtivemos que o equilíbrio livre de doença é globalmente assintoticamente estável se Ro é menor ou igual a 1 e instável se Ro>1. Para Ro>1, a estabilidade global do equilíbrio endêmico é provada usando um critério geral para estabilidade orbital de órbitas periódicas associadas a sistemas autônomos não lineares de altas ordens e resultados da teoria de sistemas competitivos para equações diferenciais ordinárias. Também foi desenvolvida uma análise de sensibilidade do Ro e do equilíbrio endêmico com relação aos parâmetros do modelo de propagação. Diversos cenários foram simulados a partir dos índices de sensibilidade obtidos nesta análise. Os resultados demonstram que, de forma geral, o parâmetro Ro e o equilíbrio endêmico apresentam considerável sensibilidade a taxa de picadas do vetor e a taxa de mortalidade do vetor. / In mathematical epidemiology many models of spread of infectious diseases in populations have been analyzed mathematically and applied to specific diseases. In this work a dengue propagation model is analyzed considering different assumptions about the size of the human population. More precisely, we are interested to verify the impact of population long-term variations in the calculation of the parameter Ro and endemic equilibrium. We will discuss some ideas that guided the parameter setting process Ro from the construction of the Next Generation Operator. Through a qualitative study of the mathematical model, we found that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if Ro is less or equal than 1 and unstable if Ro> 1. For Ro> 1 the global stability of the endemic equilibrium is proved using a general criterion for orbital stability of periodic orbits associated with nonlinear autonomous systems of higher orders and results of the theory of competitive systems for ordinary differential equations. Also a sensitivity analysis of the Ro and the endemic equilibrium with respect to the parameters of the propagation model was developed. Several scenarios were simulated from the sensitivity index obtained in this analysis. The results demonstrate that in general the parameter Ro and the endemic equilibrium are the most sensitive to the vector biting rate and the vector mortality rate.

En basant l'analyse des modèles épidémiologiques sur leur représentation graphique plutôt que sur leurs équations différentielles, il est possible de mettre en évidence plusieurs concepts importants à l'aide des composantes d'un hypergraphe. On décrit une manière formelle de créer automatiquement un système d'équations différentielles à partir de ces composantes et on adapte ensuite la définition du produit cartésien pour les hypergraphes décrits, ce qui permet la fusion de modèles. À l'aide d'un algorithme qui ajoute automatiquement de nouvelles composantes à l'hypergraphe, il est possible d'isoler virtuellement certains individus, afin d'expliciter le calcul de nombres de reproduction. On montre ensuite que la forme des équations différentielles créées admettent une solution unique et que l'algorithme d'ajout aux hypergraphes est stable au niveau de la structure et de la dynamique des hypergraphes. On trouve que la méthode décrite pour le calcul des nombres de reproduction permet une meilleure prédiction de la croissance de l'épidémie que le calcul standard \(\mathcal{R}_t = \mathcal{R}_0 \cdot S / N\) et que le calcul de \(\mathcal{R}_0\) est très similaire aux résultats trouvés à l'aide de la matrice de prochaine génération, en plus d'être plus simple à mettre en place et d'offrir une justification plus robuste. On conclue ce mémoire en décrivant sommairement un processus d'apprentissage automatique des paramètres dans les modèles à compartiments, afin de permettre une calibration de modèles plus rapide. L'apprentissage machine peut être intégré en faisant appel à la librarie torchdiffeq, qui implémente les équations différentielles ordinaires neuronales en utilisant Pytorch. / By basing the analysis of epidemiological models on their graphical representation rather than on their differential equations, it is possible to highlight a few key concepts by using the components of a hypergraph. We give a formal way to automatically create a system of differential equations by using these components and we then adapt the definition of the cartesian product for the defined hypergraphs, which permits the merging of models. Using an algorithm which automatically adds new components to the graph, we can virtually isolate a few individuals to explicitly compute the reproduction numbers. We then show that the resulting differential equations allow for a unique solution and that the modification algorithm is stable for the structure and dynamics of the hypergraphs. We find that the described method for the computation of reproduction numbers gives a more accurate prediction of the growth of the epidemic than the standard computation \(\mathcal{R}_t = \mathcal{R}_0 \cdot S/N\) and that the computation of \(\mathcal{R}_0\) is very similar to the results found using the next generation matrix method, as well as being simpler to integrate into models and offering a more robust justification. We conclude this thesis with a brief outline of an automatic learning process for the parameters in compartmental models, which allows a faster calibration of epidemiological models. The implementation of machine learning can be done through the torchdiffeq library, which applies the theory of neural ordinary differential equations using Pytorch.