This thesis deals with the performance of the measurement accuracy in the optical measuring systems. The first part describes basic principles of metrology and the guidelines of the expression of uncertainty and the factors which influence measurement result. The second part classifies optical measuring systems and describes some measuring principles of them. The final part compares two optical gauges and the evaluation of some of their characteristics through the use of very simple experiments.

This thesis solves procedures of the management of the calibration laboratory to prove agreement of calibration results in specified types of gauges. These are gauge blocks (Johansson gauge), vernier height gauge, deformation manometer pressure and torque spanner. Furthermore designs documentation in accord with metrological confirmation. These are mainly calibration procedures of these gauges and procedures of definition measurement uncertainly and interpretation of results. Completed procedures of calibration are processed as attachment to this thesis with graphic design like as in experimental technician institute of ground forces.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical flow measurement technique that is used to measure volume flow rate at the exit of a turbulent, round nozzle. The objective of this thesis is to determine how to best make this measurement. The quality of the measurement is affected by a range of data acquisition parameters and how data are processed. Measurements are made over a range of different flows using the two main types of PIV: Two Component (2C), which uses one camera, and Stereo, which uses two cameras, similar to human eyes. Previous work done for data acquisition and processing of PIV in general is found to apply. Different parameters are tested, evaluated, and discussed. Both 2C PIV and Stereo PIV were found to underestimate flow by approximately 2%.

Spatial coordinate measurement systems play an important role in manufacturing and certification processes. There are many types of coordinate measurement systems including electronic theodolite networks, total station systems, video photogrammetry systems, laser tracking systems, laser scanning systems, and coordinate measuring machines. Each of these systems produces coordinate measurements containing some degree of uncertainty. Often, the results from several different types of measurement systems must be combined in order to provide useful measurement results. When these measurements are combined, the resulting coordinate data set contains uncertainties that are a function of the base data sets and complex interactions between the measurement sets. ISO standards, ANSI standards, and others, require that estimates of uncertainty accompany all measurement data. This research presents methods for quantifying the uncertainty fields associated with coupled spatial measurement systems. The significant new developments and refinements presented in this dissertation are summarized as follows: 1) A geometrical representation of coordinate uncertainty fields. 2) An experimental method for characterizing instrument component uncertainty. 3) Coordinate uncertainty field computation for individual measurements systems. 4) Measurement system combination methods based on the relative uncertainty of each measurement's individual components. 5) Combined uncertainty field computation resulting from to the interdependence of the measurements for coupled measurement systems. 6) Uncertainty statements for measurement analyses such as best-fit geometrical shapes and hidden-point measurement. 7) The implementation of these methods into commercial measurement software. 8) Case studies demonstrating the practical applications of this research. The specific focus of this research is portable measurement systems. It is with these systems that uncertainty field combination issues are most prevalent. The results of this research are, however, general and therefore applicable to any instrument capable of measuring spatial coordinates. / Ph. D.

The oil and gas industry need for high performing and low cost multiphase meters is ever more justified given the rapid depletion of conventional oil reserves. This has led oil companies to develop smaller/marginal fields and reservoirs in remote locations and deep offshore, thereby placing great demands for compact and more cost effective soluti8ons of on-line continuous multiphase flow measurement. The pattern recognition approach for clamp-on multiphase measurement employed in this research study provides one means for meeting this need. Cont/d.

Population growth and urbanization are projected by the United Nations to add 2,5 billionpeople to the world’s urban population by 2050. We need to construct buildings in anunprecedented scale to meet global housing demand. Sustainable development is critical.Compared to traditional heavy constructions, lightweight wooden constructions are moreenvironmentally friendly and will play a key role in meeting future demands. However, thereare two major problems with lightweight constructions that need to be addressed: 1) Limitedlow frequency sound insulation and 2) Variations in sound insulation.Annoyance from walking sound tend to be higher in lightweight than in heavy constructionseven with the same measured sound insulation. The Swedish research program AkuLiteindicated that the correlation between measured sound insulation and annoyance wassignificantly improved by extending current evaluation methods from 50 Hz down to 20 Hz.Secondly, large variations in sound insulation between nominally identical lightweightconstructions are common, which leads to larger safety margins. By identifying and quantifyingunderlying causes, production costs can be minimized and the performance can be improved.The aim of the thesis is to develop a new evaluation method for impact sound insulation thatbetter correspond to rated annoyance, and to identify and control underlying causes forvariations in sound insulation. The thesis contains six papers.In Paper I and II, sound insulation measurements were carried out in a large number ofnominally identical rooms of two different industrially prefabricated lightweight woodenconstructions. The purpose was to assess and quantify the variations in impact and airbornesound insulation. In Paper I, 30 nominally identical apartments of a volume based system wasevaluated. The apartments on the highest floor achieved significantly better sound insulationdue to the extra weight on lower floors affecting the elastic connections between stories. InPaper II, 18 rooms of a cross-laminated timber system of plate elements were evaluated.Additionally, several potential parameters related to measurement uncertainty wereinvestigated.Paper III deals with measurement uncertainty. An empirical study of reverberation timemeasurements showed that current methods need to be improved, if sound insulationrequirements are to be extended to 20 Hz.Paper IV and V verified that the frequency range 20-50 Hz is important for walking soundannoyance, and that alternative frequency adaptation terms can improve the correlation betweenmeasured impact sound insulation and annoyance ratings. In Paper IV, the methodology was toperform extensive field measurements in apartment buildings of various construction types andto perform questionnaire surveys among the residents. In Paper V, the methodology was toevaluate annoyance based on binaural recordings of walking sound in a two-part listening test.In Paper VI, 70 measurements in a lightweight wooden system were evaluated to quantify thetotal variations in impact and airborne sound insulation from 20 and 50 Hz, respectively. It wasconcluded that the proposed metrics of impact sound insulation were primarily determined bythe impact sound level 20-40 Hz and that the measurement methods must be evaluatedthoroughly to avoid excessive safety margins. A new evaluation method for impact sound insulation from 25 Hz, that correspond to the ratedannoyance for both heavy and lightweight constructions is proposed. By using the proposedmethod and attending the specific causes for variations, the lightweight industry will be able todevelop improved multi-story dwellings with higher perceived acoustic quality. / <p>Forskningsfinansiärer:</p><p>Sven Tyréns Stiftelse</p><p>Formas</p>

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2019-03-01T12:48:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Ferreira Heissler_.pdf: 5310998 bytes, checksum: 8847fea2dddf83be1123bea3df10448c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-01T12:48:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Ferreira Heissler_.pdf: 5310998 bytes, checksum: 8847fea2dddf83be1123bea3df10448c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-09 / Nenhuma / Atualmente no Brasil as construtoras necessitam projetar e construir edificações residenciais com condições mínimas de isolamento acústico, e para tal, as características acústicas do sistema construtivo devem ser bem conhecidas. Para as condições de projeto, utilizam-se dados de isolamento acústico dos sistemas ensaiados em laboratório como valores de input em simulações computacionais, e assim, estimar os resultados que poderão ser obtidos em ensaios em campo. Entretanto, os requisitos que o sistema deve atender, na atual norma brasileira, são fundamentados somente em ensaios experimentais em laboratório ou em campo, particularmente, não contemplando o uso de métodos de predição acústica para se estimar o desempenho em etapas de projeto. Isso acarreta em uma necessidade de amostragem total da edificação, uma vez que requisitos são estipulados de acordo com a situação de uso das unidades. Deste modo, este trabalho busca apresentar resultados da diferença padronizada de nível ponderado e nível de pressão sonora de impacto-padrão ponderado de diferentes sistemas construtivos ensaiados em uma mesma edificação, com foco na análise comparativa das diferentes áreas e geometrias e na estimativa obtida de softwares de predição acústica. Os ensaios foram realizados em edifícios residenciais situados na região de Porto Alegre, de acordo com as normas técnicas ISO 16283-1 e ISO 16283-2, e estimados com o uso de software SONarchitect. Uma análise da incerteza de medição a partir de uma série histórica de dados foi realizada para se verificar se há influência da geometria na incerteza expandida. Para a condição de ruído aéreo, verificou-se que parte dos ensaios apresentaram resultados simulados com valor menor que os encontrados através de ensaio, e a incerteza de medição tende a um valor maior conforme o aumento do volume do cômodo ensaiado. Já para os ensaios de transmissão ao ruído de impacto, os valores estimados ficaram muito próximos dos resultados de ensaio, entretanto, não foi possível relacionar a incerteza de medição com o volume do cômodo ensaiado. / Currently in Brazil, building companies need to design and construct residential buildings with a minimum of acoustic insulation conditions, and to this end, the acoustic characteristics of the constructive system must be well known. For the design situation, sound insulation data of the systems tested in the laboratory are used as input values in computational simulations, and thus, to estimate the results that can be obtained in field tests. However, the requirements only contemplate the minimum results that the system must have when performed in the laboratory and verified in the field situation, not allowing the use of acoustic prediction methods to estimate the performance in design stages. This entails a need for total sampling of the building since requirements are established according to the kind of the units. Thus, this study aims to present results of the weighted standardized sound level difference and weighted standardized impact sound pressure level of different building systems tested in the same building, with a focus on comparative analysis of different areas and geometry and obtained from estimation of acoustic prediction software. The tests were carried out in residential buildings located in the region of Porto Alegre, according to the technical standards ISO 16283-1 and ISO 16283-2, and estimated with the use of software SONarchitect. An analysis of the uncertainty of measurement from a historical data series was carried out to verify if there is influence of the geometry in the expanded uncertainty. For the airborne condition, it was found that part of the tests presented shown results with a lower value than those found by means of the test, and the measurement uncertainty tends to be higher as the volume of the room tested increases. However, for the impact noise transmission tests, the estimated values were very close to the test results, however, it was not possible to relate the measurement uncertainty to the volume of the room tested.

Nenhuma medição é realizada com perfeição absoluta, uma vez que todos os valores encontrados são aproximações do valor real e todas as medidas, independente de sua finalidade ou qualidade, possuem uma incerteza. A incerteza de medição é um parâmetro associado ao resultado, que caracteriza a dispersão em torno dos seus valores. O conceito de incerteza de medição já é adotado em laboratórios de calibração e também muito aplicado na área de engenharia; no entanto em análises toxicológicas esta abordagem ainda é recente e há poucos relatos na literatura científica. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da incerteza de medição em análises toxicológicas confirmatórias de substâncias psicoativas - anfetaminas (anfetamina e metanfetamina), ácido 11-nor-&#916;9-tetraidrocanabinol carboxílico (THC-COOH) e benzoilecgonina - em urina, detectados pela técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). A microextração em fase líquida (LPME) mostrou-se eficaz na determinação de THC-COOH, e após a completa validação, o método desenvolvido foi aplicado na quantificação de amostras de urina de referência provenientes do National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) dos Estados Unidos da América (SRM1507b - NIST). As principais contribuições para a incerteza do método foram a concentração do analito, a acurácia, seguidos da precisão e do volume de amostra. A incerteza combinada obtida foi equivalente a 8%. A LPME também apresentou-se eficiente para a extração das anfetaminas e a incerteza combinada obtida por este método foi 2,1%. No método de detecção de benzoilecgonina, a principal fonte de incerteza foi a acurácia do método e o resultado da incerteza combinada da análise de uma urina de referência (SRM1508a - NIST) foi 4,8%. Todos os valores de incerteza de medição encontrados em nosso estudo estão de acordo com as normas e referências internacionais e também são condizentes com os valores estipulados pela NIST nos laudos de análise das amostras de referência. / Neither measurement is made with absolute perfection, once all the values are approximations of the actual value and all measures, independent of its purpose or quality, have an uncertainty. Measurement uncertainty is a parameter associated with the result, which characterizes the dispersion around their values. The concept of measurement uncertainty is already used in calibration laboratories and also widely applied in engineering, however, in toxicological analysis, this approach is recent and there are few reports in the scientific literature. Therefore, this work aimed to study the measurement uncertainty in confirmatory toxicological analysis of psychoactive drugs - amphetamines (amphetamine and methamphetamine), acid 11-nor-&#916;9-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (THC - COOH) and benzoylecgonine - in urine detected by the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS). The liquid phase microextraction (LPME) was effective in the determination of THC-COOH, and after complete validation, the method was applied to the quantification of urine samples of reference from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of United States of America (SRM1507b - NIST). The main contributions to the uncertainty of the method were the analyte concentration, accuracy, followed by the precision and the sample volume. The combined uncertainty obtained was equivalent to 8%. The LPME also presented efficient for the extraction of amphetamine and combined uncertainty obtained by this method was 2.1%. In the method of detection of benzoylecgonine, the main source of uncertainty was the accuracy of the method and the result of the combined uncertainty of the analysis of a urine reference (SRM1508a - NIST) was 4.8%. All values of measurement uncertainty found in our study are in accordance with international standards and references and are also consistent with the values stipulated by certificate of analysis of NIST reference samples.

Nenhuma medição é realizada com perfeição absoluta, uma vez que todos os valores encontrados são aproximações do valor real e todas as medidas, independente de sua finalidade ou qualidade, possuem uma incerteza. A incerteza de medição é um parâmetro associado ao resultado, que caracteriza a dispersão em torno dos seus valores. O conceito de incerteza de medição já é adotado em laboratórios de calibração e também muito aplicado na área de engenharia; no entanto em análises toxicológicas esta abordagem ainda é recente e há poucos relatos na literatura científica. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da incerteza de medição em análises toxicológicas confirmatórias de substâncias psicoativas - anfetaminas (anfetamina e metanfetamina), ácido 11-nor-&#916;9-tetraidrocanabinol carboxílico (THC-COOH) e benzoilecgonina - em urina, detectados pela técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). A microextração em fase líquida (LPME) mostrou-se eficaz na determinação de THC-COOH, e após a completa validação, o método desenvolvido foi aplicado na quantificação de amostras de urina de referência provenientes do National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) dos Estados Unidos da América (SRM1507b - NIST). As principais contribuições para a incerteza do método foram a concentração do analito, a acurácia, seguidos da precisão e do volume de amostra. A incerteza combinada obtida foi equivalente a 8%. A LPME também apresentou-se eficiente para a extração das anfetaminas e a incerteza combinada obtida por este método foi 2,1%. No método de detecção de benzoilecgonina, a principal fonte de incerteza foi a acurácia do método e o resultado da incerteza combinada da análise de uma urina de referência (SRM1508a - NIST) foi 4,8%. Todos os valores de incerteza de medição encontrados em nosso estudo estão de acordo com as normas e referências internacionais e também são condizentes com os valores estipulados pela NIST nos laudos de análise das amostras de referência. / Neither measurement is made with absolute perfection, once all the values are approximations of the actual value and all measures, independent of its purpose or quality, have an uncertainty. Measurement uncertainty is a parameter associated with the result, which characterizes the dispersion around their values. The concept of measurement uncertainty is already used in calibration laboratories and also widely applied in engineering, however, in toxicological analysis, this approach is recent and there are few reports in the scientific literature. Therefore, this work aimed to study the measurement uncertainty in confirmatory toxicological analysis of psychoactive drugs - amphetamines (amphetamine and methamphetamine), acid 11-nor-&#916;9-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (THC - COOH) and benzoylecgonine - in urine detected by the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS). The liquid phase microextraction (LPME) was effective in the determination of THC-COOH, and after complete validation, the method was applied to the quantification of urine samples of reference from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of United States of America (SRM1507b - NIST). The main contributions to the uncertainty of the method were the analyte concentration, accuracy, followed by the precision and the sample volume. The combined uncertainty obtained was equivalent to 8%. The LPME also presented efficient for the extraction of amphetamine and combined uncertainty obtained by this method was 2.1%. In the method of detection of benzoylecgonine, the main source of uncertainty was the accuracy of the method and the result of the combined uncertainty of the analysis of a urine reference (SRM1508a - NIST) was 4.8%. All values of measurement uncertainty found in our study are in accordance with international standards and references and are also consistent with the values stipulated by certificate of analysis of NIST reference samples.

Gamma-ray spectrometry measurements performed on site, or “in situ”, is a widely used and powerful method that can be employed both to identify and quantify ground deposited radionuclides. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the calibration of high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors for in situ measurements, and calculate the combined uncertainty and potential systematic effects. An improved semi-empirical calibration method is presented, based on a novel expression for the intrinsic detector efficiency that includes both the energy and angular response of the detector. A three-layer model for the description of the depth distribution of the radionuclide and the soil density is proposed. The combined uncertainty of intrinsic detector efficiency calibrations and in situ measurements according to the proposed method was estimated. The uncertainty in the intrinsic detector efficiency was found to be 5.1 and 8.1% (coverage factor k=1, i.e. for a confidence interval of about 68%), for the two detectors calibrated. These numbers were, however, at a later stage reduced to 3.7 and 4.2%, using a revised expression for the intrinsic detector efficiency. For in situ measurements, the combined standard uncertainty was found to be 15-20% (k=1), based on the original expression for the intrinsic detector efficiency. Monte Carlo models of the two detectors were created and Monte Carlo calculated values for intrinsic detector efficiency were compared with experimental data. As a discrepancy was found, a thorough investigation of the detector response was performed. Scanning of the detector surface with a collimated 59.5 keV photon beam revealed the detector response to be highly irregular over the detector surface. It was concluded that the efficiency deficit of the detector could most likely be attributed to an increase in dead layer thickness compared with manufacturer supplied data. The thickness of the dead layer was estimated to be 1.5-1.9 mm, whereas the nominal value was 0.7 mm. Radiographs of the detectors were produced that provided valuable information about the physical dimensions of the germanium crystal, as well as its actual location within the detector housing. The Monte Carlo models were employed to calculate in situ measurement efficiencies for measurements of 137Cs deposition from the Chernobyl fallout. Results from the Monte Carlo simulations were compared both with the semi-empirical method and with soil sample data, and satisfactory agreement was confirmed. It was then proceeded to employ the Monte Carlo model to calculate the effect on in situ measurement results by two influencing parameters: ground curvature and activity in trees. Neither of these parameters was found to influence the result by more than about 25%. This deviation is comparable with the measurement uncertainty, and should not deter from measurements in such terrain.