Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1957. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [245]-254).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-77). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-77). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 78 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-61).

The purpose of this research project was to establish a formula optimization computer program to be used for quality control in the meat processing industry. In contrast to linear programming, such a program would search for the best quality formulations that meet predetermined product specifications within allowable cost ranges. Since quality as a function of the ingredients has been found to be explained better by nonlinear equations, the program had to be able to handle nonlinear equations as objective functions as well as constraints to make it an effective formula optimization method. The first part of the study established the IBM BASIC formula optimization computer program (FORPLEX). The FORPLEX is based on the modified version of the Complex method of Box. The FORPLEX was found to be effective in the optimization of nonlinear objective function problems that were linearly constrained, making it suitable for formula optimization purposes. The second part of this study involved the development of statistically significant quality prediction equations for a 3-ingredient model frankfurter formulation. The three ingredients were: pork fat, mechanically deboned poultry meat and beef meat. Ingredient-quality equations were generated through mixture experimentation. Specific quality parameters were evaluated at observation points given by an extreme vertices design. Scheffe's canonical special cubic model for three components was fitted to the experimental data using multiple regression analysis. The statistical validity of the equations for prediction purposes was assessed by analysis of variance, adjusted multiple coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate and analysis of residuals. Fourteen of 17 regression models developed were considered adequate to be used for prediction purposes. In order to have a better understanding of the relationship between ingredient proportions and the quality parameters, three different techniques were used: (a) response surface contour analysis, (b) correlation analysis and (c) scatterplot matrices analysis. The third part of this study consisted of the computational optimization of frankfurter formulations using the FORPLEX program. Several frankfurter formulation optimization trials were performed. In each trial, different combinations of quality parameters were considered measures of the formulations' quality. Target quality values were either selected based on a target formulation or were individually selected. In both cases the FORPLEX was able to find best quality formulations that met the constraints imposed on them. Differences between predicted and target quality values existed in all the computed optimum formulations when the target values were individually selected. Differences existed because it was difficult for the formulations to meet all the target quality values. Target quality values should be selected carefully since failure to obtain formulations that meet the target quality as closely as possible lay not with the performance of the FORPLEX but with the selection of the target quality values. Five optimum formulations found by FORPLEX were compared with seven least-cost formulations which were found by increasing the lower limit of the fat binding constraint. The predicted quality of each FORPLEX optimum formulation was close to its respective target quality. The least-cost formulations showed, in general, considerable departure from the target quality values set in the FORPLEX formulations. The adequacy of the models for predicting the quality of frankfurter formulations could not be evaluated since the meat ingredients had been stored frozen for 6 months. The models did not account for the effect of extended frozen storage on the quality of the formulations. Results of this study indicated that formula optimization based on the Complex method (FORPLEX) is the more suitable technique for food formulation. The FORPLEX may be able to replace linear programming computer programs currently being used in the processed meat industry. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

British Columbia Beef Producers' Income Assurance Program (FIAP) was implemented in 1974 to try to alleviate the income instability problem facing B.C. beef producers. The objective of this study was to estimate the costs and effects of FIAP and alternative stabilization schemes in meeting some likely provincial government goals for the B.C. beef industry. Due to a lack of knowledge of policy makers' objectives, simulation was chosen because it is a relatively convenient research technique for studying a non-optimizing problem. Simulation can trace out the likely impacts of alternative schemes, without putting them into practice. A mathematical model was built to incorporate the major features of the B.C. beef industry, in accord with relevant theory, experience and industry knowledge. A set of production assumptions and alternative schemes designed to stabilize beef producer income were also incorporated into the model. Later the mathematical model was translated for use on the computer. The model was validated with historical production data over the period 1959-1978, to ensure that it was a valid representation of the real world system. The model was initially run without government intervention. Then it was run for each of the alternative income stabilization schemes to estimate the likely impacts of each scheme. The cost and effects for different schemes were also compared to show the relative effectiveness of each scheme. The impacts of different schemes were shown by a set of summary measures that were thought to be of most interest to policy makers. Net welfare changes were also estimated and included in the summary measures. The estimated results show that FIAP and the other stabilization schemes considered would be capable of achieving a goal of income instability, when compared to the "no scheme" situation. From the government point of view, the guaranteed price scheme was shown to be most effective in both raising beef producer gross revenue and reducing income variability. FIAP, as it existed in 1977, offered the greatest net producer receipts to B.C. beef producers. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Flaked, skinless and boneless turkey thighs were successively washed in 0.03M sodium phosphate buffers at pH 5.8, 7.4 and 8.0. Proximate, mineral and riboflavin composition, as well as protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility (AD) using the rat bioassay technique were determined for three replications. The color modified tissue (CMT) had a higher (P=0.0429) moisture content and less (P=0.0527, 0.1240 and 0.0047, respectively) crude protein, fat and ash than flaked thigh (THI). Percentage of iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and manganese decreased (P=0.0187) after color modification, whereas calcium, zinc and copper concentrations did not change (P=0.1184) and sodium increased (P=0.0058). Riboflavin was reduced by 30%. The PER of CMT evaluated was lower (P=0.0318) than THI, but higher (P=0.0001) than either casein or egg albumin diets. AD of CMT was 90.7% which is comparable to other meat products. The overall nutritional evaluation of CMT determined that it has potential as a raw material in further processed foods. / Master of Science

The processed meats operation of a typical Viiginia meat-packing firm was analyzed to investigate the possibilities of improving the operation. Linear programming was chosen as the analytical tool. Large firms in competing areas have adopted programming and found it profitable. Little information has been available relative to the usefulness of programming to the size of operations typical in Virginia. Least-cost ingredient mixes were developed for the various processed products. Optimum product combinations were ascertained under various conditional restraints. The marginal value products of restrictive resources were estimated. The possibility of improving the pattern of production was investigated and an optimum array of prices portrayed for an established operation. Regardless of the competitive situation faced by the firm, linear programming will be useful in decreasing the cost of the ingredient mixes and in directing the purchase of restrictive ingredients. The feasibility of adjusting an operation in accordance with an optimum product combination and/or an optimum array of prices will be determined largely by the competitive situation faced by a particular firm. Since no two firms operate under the same conditions or face the same competitive situation, the applicability of programming will therefore vary from firm to firm. The results suggest that programming can be an extremely valuable management tool for Virginia packers when used to suggest ways of decreasing operating costs and to provide guidelines for the many decisions involved in the production and sale of processed meats. / Master of Science

Fifty-nine mature "Western" (Suffolk x Rambouillet) and 71 mature ¼ - Finn (Suffolk x Finn-Rambouillet) ewes were bred to Suffolk-Hampshire rams to lamb in either spring (March) or fall (September). Effects of ewe breed type and lambing season on ewe fertility (ewes lambing/ewes exposed), prolificacy (lambs born/ewe lambing) and lambing date, and on lamb birth weight, 30-d survival, and average daily gain (ADG) to 55 d and to weaning were evaluated. Fertility was higher in spring than in fall (94 vs 64%, P<.01). Use of %-Finn ewes tended to increase fertility in fall lambing (69 vs 59%, P<.25) but not in spring (94 vs 93%). Use of ¼ -Finn increased prolificacy by .36 lambs; fall lambing reduced prolificacy by .49 lambs. Lambs of Western ewes were born 5 d later (P<.01) and .6 Ib heavier (P<.001) than lambs of ¼ -Finn ewes. Lamb survival and ADG to 55 d and to weaning were not affected by ewe breed. Season affected ADG: fallborn lambs grew faster to 55 d (P< .05) and to weaning (P< .001) than spring-born lambs, attributable to differences in environmental factors. Effect of weaning on growth of spring-born lambs grazing summer pasture was analyzed. Spring lambs weaned at 90 d of age to graze independently grew more slowly and were older at market weight than lambs remaining with their dams on native perennial pastures (.24 vs .42 lb/d, P<.001; 201 vs 186 d of age, P<.001). Use of millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke) as annual mid-summer forage and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) as annual late-fall forage were investigated. Dry ewes grazing millet lost weight in one yr, but averaged .23 Ib/d gain in a second yr; weaned lambs grazing pearl millet averaged .32 lb/d gain over 2 yr. Lactating and dry ewes grazing turnip had average weight changes of -.37 and +.11 lb/d, respectively. Budgets for production systems were constructed. Variable revenues and expenses for all combinations of ewe breed type, lambing season, weaning treatment, and annual forage use were integrated into an annual production system. The most profitable production systems were those that exhibited the greatest reproductive efficiency, required the least drylot time to finish lambs, and maximized use of perennial pastures. / Master of Science

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