Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 romaojunior_ra_me_ilha.pdf: 1695973 bytes, checksum: 6992b12bda00db43f59a137a888f15ab (MD5) / Com o aumento da mecanização da colheita de cana de açúcar e a diminuição da prática de queima prévia da palha nos canaviais em função de protocolos ambientais estabelecidos entre os usineiros e o governo, cresce significativamente a quantidade de palha disponível no campo. Neste trabalho é analisada a utilização de palha como combustível suplementar para caldeiras convencionais de alta pressão (para bagaço), possibilitando assim um aumento de geração de energia excedente com a possibilidade de ser exportada para comercialização. Para tanto, são realizados estudos de perdas, ganhos e investimentos com a introdução da palha na indústria através de análises termodinâmicas de geração de energia, produção de álcool e açúcar, eficiências de equipamentos como colhedoras de cana, sistema de lavagem de cana a seco, picador de palha, caldeira de alta pressão, moagem da cana, entre outros. Como o poder calorífico inferior da palha é quase o dobro do poder calorífico do bagaço a geração de energia excedente para comercialização apresenta uma grande vantagem para o setor, sendo as perdas em produção de açúcar e álcool poucos significantes devido ao alto valor da venda de eletricidade / With the increasing mechanization of the sugar cane harvest and the decline in the prior practice of burning of sugar cane straw, due to ambient protocols established by government and sugar and alcohol industries factories, there is a significant increase of the amount of straw available in the field. This paper considers the use of straw as additional fuel in conventional high-pressure boilers (of bagasse), thus enabling an increase in generation of energy surplus with the possibility to be exported for commercialization. For this, studies of losses, gains and investments are carried out with the introduction of straw in the industry through thermodynamics analysis to generate energy, production of alcohol and sugar, efficiencies of equipment like as mechanical cane harvest, washing system of cane to be dried, mincer of straw, high-pressure boiler, milling of sugar cane, among others. As the lower power heating of the straw is nearly twice of lower power heating the bagasse the generation of energy for commercialization presents a great advantage for the factories, and the losses in production of sugar and alcohol are not much significant due to the high value of electric energy sale

Orientador: Ricardo Alan Verdu Ramos / Banca: João Batista Campos Silva / Banca: Alcides Padilha / Resumo: Com o aumento da mecanização da colheita de cana de açúcar e a diminuição da prática de queima prévia da palha nos canaviais em função de protocolos ambientais estabelecidos entre os usineiros e o governo, cresce significativamente a quantidade de palha disponível no campo. Neste trabalho é analisada a utilização de palha como combustível suplementar para caldeiras convencionais de alta pressão (para bagaço), possibilitando assim um aumento de geração de energia excedente com a possibilidade de ser exportada para comercialização. Para tanto, são realizados estudos de perdas, ganhos e investimentos com a introdução da palha na indústria através de análises termodinâmicas de geração de energia, produção de álcool e açúcar, eficiências de equipamentos como colhedoras de cana, sistema de lavagem de cana a seco, picador de palha, caldeira de alta pressão, moagem da cana, entre outros. Como o poder calorífico inferior da palha é quase o dobro do poder calorífico do bagaço a geração de energia excedente para comercialização apresenta uma grande vantagem para o setor, sendo as perdas em produção de açúcar e álcool poucos significantes devido ao alto valor da venda de eletricidade / Abstract: With the increasing mechanization of the sugar cane harvest and the decline in the prior practice of burning of sugar cane straw, due to ambient protocols established by government and sugar and alcohol industries factories, there is a significant increase of the amount of straw available in the field. This paper considers the use of straw as additional fuel in conventional high-pressure boilers (of bagasse), thus enabling an increase in generation of energy surplus with the possibility to be exported for commercialization. For this, studies of losses, gains and investments are carried out with the introduction of straw in the industry through thermodynamics analysis to generate energy, production of alcohol and sugar, efficiencies of equipment like as mechanical cane harvest, washing system of cane to be dried, mincer of straw, high-pressure boiler, milling of sugar cane, among others. As the lower power heating of the straw is nearly twice of lower power heating the bagasse the generation of energy for commercialization presents a great advantage for the factories, and the losses in production of sugar and alcohol are not much significant due to the high value of electric energy sale / Mestre

Lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) is an important component of the human diet in the world, but in the meantime, Europe produces only 26% of the lentils it consumes. This is partly due to strong agronomic weaknesses that reduce yield such as lodging, bruchid beetles and weeds, especially in organic farming. Intercropping, the simultaneous growing of two or more species in the same field is tested here as an option to reduce these drawbacks and develop organic lentil production. The aims of this thesis were to (1) assess the potential of lentil-spring wheat intercrops to produce organic lentil, (2) understand the mechanisms that explain their performances, and (3) evaluate the profitability of such intercrops. A two-year field experiment was carried out in southwestern France in 2015 and 2016 under organic farming rules. Four lentil and two wheat cultivars were grown as sole crops and intercrops in multiple additive and substitutive designs. Our results showed that the total intercrop attainable grain yield was higher than the mean of sole crops. Yet, lentil yield in intercrop was lower than in sole crop as the result of a strong competition for resources from wheat in early lentil growth stages reducing the number of branches per plant of lentil. This led to lower gross margins of intercrops. However, lentil lodging was strongly reduced in intercrops thus its mechanical harvest efficiency increased. This led to similar mechanically harvested yields of lentil in intercrop and sole crop. Consequently, after mechanical harvest and grain cleaning, the marketable gross margin of intercrops was higher than that of sole crops. Our results suggest that (1) intercrop had no effect on bruchids, (2) the most effective intercrop is when lentil is at sole crop density and wheat at 15-20%, (3) intercrop performance is due to complementary use of N pools through legume N2 fixation and (4) the intensity of interspecific interactions depends on year, wheat density and genotypes. Our work indicates that lentil-spring wheat intercrop can develop organic lentil production but a better understanding of Genotype x Environment x Cropping system interactions may be useful to design optimized managements.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique de Jesus Ferreira UFG.pdf: 921641 bytes, checksum: f357e620c5aad468e937598f66249718 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-29 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the insecticide thiamethoxam in simultaneous application with sugarcane harvest, under mulch, using a mounted sprayer system in the harvester machine and manual application method to control of Mahanarva fimbriolata. The experiments were carried out in the municipal district of Goianésia, Goiás State, in the period from October 2007 to September 2008. Two experiments were carried out set up side by side, in the same area. One experiment was applied using the sugarcane harvester, with a mounted sprayer system set up behind of the harvester, spraying the insecticide over the crop line and covering with mulch right after. The second experiment was applied in the manual method using a backpack sprayer pumped by CO2. The trials were set up in randomized blocks with six replicates. It was tested four rates of thiamethoxam, commercial brand named Actara 250 WG®. The tested rates were: 0 (untreated check), 100, 150 e 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare. The root froghopper infestation in the experiments was evaluated at 35, 75, 127 e 191 days after application. The parameters evaluated at the harvest timing were stalks diameter and yield increase. It was adopted the biometry method to estimate the yield. The M. fimbriolata infestation fluctuated during the evaluated period and the higher infestation level occurred in December and April. It was observed a negative significant correlation between the rates of thiamethoxam and the infestation level of M. fimbriolata to the two application modality. Thiamethoxam provided significative reduction of M. fimbriolata until 191 DAA for all rates, compared to untreated check (dose 0). Regarding the influence of the insecticide in stalks diameter it was observed a significant increment of 10,46% at rate of 100 g of active ingredient per ha when applied in the harvester machine. The treatments did not affect the yield (t ha-1). The application modality of insecticide under mulch, at harvest timing, using a mounted sprayer in the harvester machine showed to be a viable option in the sugarcane crop. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência do inseticida thiamethoxam em aplicação sob a palhada no momento da colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar, através de equipamento instalado na colhedeira e em aplicação manual, simulando a colhedeira, visando o controle da cigarrinha-das-raízes Mahanarva fimbriolata. Os experimentos foram realizados no município de Goianésia, Estado de Goiás, no período de outubro de 2007 a setembro de 2008. Foram realizados dois experimentos, instalados lado a lado. Um experimento constou da aplicação de thiamethoxam com colhedora de cana, utilizando um equipamento instalado na parte traseira, pulverizando o inseticida sobre a soqueira e cobrindo com a palha expelida logo em seguida. O segundo experimento foi aplicado manualmente com equipamento costal pressurizado à CO2. O delineamento adotado foi de blocos casualizados, com seis repetições. Foram testadas quatro doses do inseticida thiamethoxam, marca comercial Actara 250 WG®, sendo 0 (testemunha), 100, 150 e 200 gramas de ingrediente ativo por hectare. A infestação de cigarrinha-das-raízes nos experimentos foi avaliada aos 35, 75, 127 e 191 dias após a aplicação. No momento da colheita foi avaliado o diâmetro de colmos e a produtividade estimada através do método de biometria. A população de M. fimbriolata variou durante as épocas avaliadas, sendo que os maiores picos de infestação ocorreram nos meses de dezembro e abril. Observou-se uma correlação negativa significativa entre doses de thiamethoxam e infestação de M. fimbriolata, nos dois métodos de aplicação, sendo que aos 191 DAA todas as doses apresentaram redução significativa da população de cigarrinha-das-raízes, comparados à testemunha. Em relação à influência do inseticida no diâmetro de colmo, observou-se incremento significativo de 10,46% para a dose de 100 g de ingrediente ativo por hectare de thiametoxam aplicado na colhedora. Entretanto os tratamentos não afetaram a produtividade de colmos (t ha-1). O conjunto de equipamentos instalados na colhedora pode ser utilizado para aplicação de thiamethoxam visando o controle de Mahanarva fimbriolata.

La lentille (Lens culinaris Med.) est une composante importante des régimes alimentaires de nombreuses populations à travers le monde mais sa consommation en Europe est relativement faible. L’Europe produit seulement 26% de sa consommation de lentille et ce déficit est en partie causé par d’importants verrous agronomiques comme la verse, les bruches et la compétition des adventices qui réduisent ses rendements, notamment en agriculture biologique. Les associations de cultures, définies comme la culture simultanée d’au moins deux espèces différentes sur une même surface pendant une durée significative, sont considérées comme une option pour lever ces verrous agronomiques et ainsi développer la production de lentille en agriculture biologique. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de (1) évaluer le potentiel des associations de lentille et de blé de printemps pour produire de la lentille en conditions d’agriculture biologique et (2) comprendre les principaux mécanismes sous-jacents à la performance des associations. Des essais agronomiques ont été mis en place en 2015 et 2016 en conditions d’agriculture biologique. Quatre variétés de lentille et de blé de printemps ont été conduites en culture pures et en plusieurs associations de type substitutif et additif. Nos résultats montrent que le rendement moyen des associations avant récolte mécanique était plus élevé que le rendement moyen des cultures pures. Néanmoins, le rendement de lentille en association était inférieur à celui de la lentille en culture pure en raison d’une compétition forte et précoce du blé pour les ressources qui a causé la diminution nombre de ramifications par plante de la lentille. Le prix de la lentille étant environ quatre fois plus élevé que celui du blé, la marge brute des associations avant récolte était inférieure à celle de la lentille en culture pure. Cependant, la verse de la lentille a été fortement réduite en association, entrainant une augmentation de l’efficacité de sa récolte mécanique. En conséquence les rendements de lentille issus de la récolte mécanique se sont avérés similaires en association et en culture pure. Enfin, après tri et nettoyage des graines, la marge brute des associations sur le rendement commercialisable était supérieure à celle des cultures pures. Nos résultats montrent que (1) les associations n’ont pas eu d’effet sur le taux de bruchage des lentilles, (2) l’association la plus performante est constituée de lentille à densité équivalente à la culture pure dans laquelle on ajoute 15-20% de blé, (3) la performance des associations est due à une utilisation complémentaire de l’azote rendue possible par la fixation symbiotique de l’azote par la lentille et (4) l’intensité des compétitions entre espèces dépendent de l’année, de la densité de blé et des génotypes. En conclusion, nos travaux indiquent que les associations de lentille et de blé de printemps peuvent permettre de développer la production de lentille en agriculture biologique mais qu’une meilleure compréhension des interactions de type génotype x environnement x conduite pourrait permettre de mettre au point des couverts encore plus performants. / Lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) is an important component of the human diet in the world, but in the meantime, Europe produces only 26% of the lentils it consumes. This is partly due to strong agronomic weaknesses that reduce yield such as lodging, bruchid beetles and weeds, especially in organic farming. Intercropping, the simultaneous growing of two or more species in the same field is tested here as an option to reduce these drawbacks and develop organic lentil production. The aims of this thesis were to (1) assess the potential of lentil-spring wheat intercrops to produce organic lentil, (2) understand the mechanisms that explain their performances, and (3) evaluate the profitability of such intercrops. A two-year field experiment was carried out in southwestern France in 2015 and 2016 under organic farming rules. Four lentil and two wheat cultivars were grown as sole crops and intercrops in multiple additive and substitutive designs. Our results showed that the total intercrop attainable grain yield was higher than the mean of sole crops. Yet, lentil yield in intercrop was lower than in sole crop as the result of a strong competition for resources from wheat in early lentil growth stages reducing the number of branches per plant of lentil. This led to lower gross margins of intercrops. However, lentil lodging was strongly reduced in intercrops thus its mechanical harvest efficiency increased. This led to similar mechanically harvested yields of lentil in intercrop and sole crop. Consequently, after mechanical harvest and grain cleaning, the marketable gross margin of intercrops was higher than that of sole crops. Our results suggest that (1) intercrop had no effect on bruchids, (2) the most effective intercrop is when lentil is at sole crop density and wheat at 15-20%, (3) intercrop performance is due to complementary use of N pools through legume N2 fixation and (4) the intensity of interspecific interactions depends on year, wheat density and genotypes. Our work indicates that lentil-spring wheat intercrop can develop organic lentil production but a better understanding of Genotype x Environment x Cropping system interactions may be useful to design optimized managements.