<p>Numerous theories were established as to why doctors are leaving the country. A collection of stressors have presented itself and are seen as the contributing factors that lead to the outflow of doctors to other countries. Masia et al (2010) suggest that heavy workloads, afterhour calls, conflicts between work and personal lives, and dealing with life and death situations are stressors that form part of the daily routine of medical practitioners as well as financial pressures, insufficient budgets, a challenging working environment, information overload and threats of litigation can threaten the health and well-being of the medical practitioner. Various reasons contributed to doctor&rsquo / s leaving the country and can be explained and addressed by the push-pull theory of migration. Investigations were conducted to identify the reasons for doctors leaving the country. The significant push factors that were identified as most frequently noted in investigations were poor remuneration and wages, lack of job satisfaction, lack of future prospects (further education and career development), poor working conditions, HIV/AIDS, lack of quality of life, high levels of crime and violence, civil conflict and political instability, and a decline in the quality of the school education system. Relevant non-financial incentives shown to be significant in retaining medical practitioners include support, teamwork and feedback from supervisors. Training and recognition was also noted by medical practitioners as deciding factors on whether to stay in a rural area. South Africa has witnessed a major outflow of doctors that have left the country to seek employment elsewhere and has been seen as a potential problem for the near future. However, not enough research has been conducted to study the various sources of stress and determine ways in which to combat these stressors. This study aims to present an understanding of the various sources of stress that doctors face on a daily basis and also distinguish between various coping mechanisms. A sample of 150 doctors was used for the purpose of this study and was selected primarily from 3 Western provincial hospitals. Informed consent was obtained from the relevant authorities before participating in the study. A 36-item Stressor Checklist and a Ways of coping checklist, which were adapted from previous research, were administered. No significant differences in sources of stress were found, although males evaluated their experiences as being more stressful. Significant differences were, however, obtained in terms of coping mechanisms utilised. Female doctors had a greater propensity to utilise problem and appraisal-focused coping. However, males were more apt to utilise avoidance-coping. The research findings indicate a need for further research to be done, and can be highly beneficial for the purpose of therapeutic intervention.</p>

<p>Numerous theories were established as to why doctors are leaving the country. A collection of stressors have presented itself and are seen as the contributing factors that lead to the outflow of doctors to other countries. Masia et al (2010) suggest that heavy workloads, afterhour calls, conflicts between work and personal lives, and dealing with life and death situations are stressors that form part of the daily routine of medical practitioners as well as financial pressures, insufficient budgets, a challenging working environment, information overload and threats of litigation can threaten the health and well-being of the medical practitioner. Various reasons contributed to doctor&rsquo / s leaving the country and can be explained and addressed by the push-pull theory of migration. Investigations were conducted to identify the reasons for doctors leaving the country. The significant push factors that were identified as most frequently noted in investigations were poor remuneration and wages, lack of job satisfaction, lack of future prospects (further education and career development), poor working conditions, HIV/AIDS, lack of quality of life, high levels of crime and violence, civil conflict and political instability, and a decline in the quality of the school education system. Relevant non-financial incentives shown to be significant in retaining medical practitioners include support, teamwork and feedback from supervisors. Training and recognition was also noted by medical practitioners as deciding factors on whether to stay in a rural area. South Africa has witnessed a major outflow of doctors that have left the country to seek employment elsewhere and has been seen as a potential problem for the near future. However, not enough research has been conducted to study the various sources of stress and determine ways in which to combat these stressors. This study aims to present an understanding of the various sources of stress that doctors face on a daily basis and also distinguish between various coping mechanisms. A sample of 150 doctors was used for the purpose of this study and was selected primarily from 3 Western provincial hospitals. Informed consent was obtained from the relevant authorities before participating in the study. A 36-item Stressor Checklist and a Ways of coping checklist, which were adapted from previous research, were administered. No significant differences in sources of stress were found, although males evaluated their experiences as being more stressful. Significant differences were, however, obtained in terms of coping mechanisms utilised. Female doctors had a greater propensity to utilise problem and appraisal-focused coping. However, males were more apt to utilise avoidance-coping. The research findings indicate a need for further research to be done, and can be highly beneficial for the purpose of therapeutic intervention.</p>

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / Numerous theories were established as to why doctors are leaving the country. A collection of stressors have presented itself and are seen as the contributing factors that lead to the outflow of doctors to other countries. Masia et al (2010) suggest that heavy workloads, after hour calls, conflicts between work and personal lives, and dealing with life and death situations are stressors that form part of the daily routine of medical practitioners as well as financial pressures, insufficient budgets, a challenging working environment, information overload and threats of litigation can threaten the health and well-being of the medical practitioner. Various reasons contributed to doctor's leaving the country and can be explained and addressed by the push-pull theory of migration. Investigations were conducted to identify the reasons for doctors leaving the country. The significant push factors that were identified as most frequently noted in investigations were poor remuneration and wages, lack of job satisfaction, lack of future prospects (further education and career development), poor working conditions, HIV/AIDS, lack of quality of life, high levels of crime and violence, civil conflict and political instability, and a decline in the quality of the school education system. Relevant non-financial incentives shown to be significant in retaining medical practitioners include support, teamwork and feedback from supervisors. Training and recognition was also noted by medical practitioners as deciding factors on whether to stay in a rural area. South Africa has witnessed a major outflow of doctors that have left the country to seek employment elsewhere and has been seen as a potential problem for the near future. However, not enough research has been conducted to study the various sources of stress and determine ways in which to combat these stressors. This study aims to present an understanding of the various sources of stress that doctors face on a daily basis and also distinguish between various coping mechanisms. A sample of 150 doctors was used for the purpose of this study and was selected primarily from 3 Western provincial hospitals. Informed consent was obtained from the relevant authorities before participating in the study. A 36-item Stressor Checklist and a Ways of coping checklist, which were adapted from previous research, were administered. No significant differences in sources of stress were found, although males evaluated their experiences as being more stressful. Significant differences were, however, obtained in terms of coping mechanisms utilised. Female doctors had a greater propensity to utilise problem and appraisal-focused coping. However, males were more apt to utilise avoidance-coping. The research findings indicate a need for further research to be done, and can be highly beneficial for the purpose of therapeutic intervention. / South Africa

Student Number : 9713472V - PhD thesis - School of Anatomical Sciences - Faculty of Health Sciences / The medical professional requires expertise in a wide range of disciplines as well as competence encompassing knowledge, skills and attitudes. Of these, the knowledge and skills gained in Anatomy play a fundamental role in contributing to the quality and performance of the medical practitioner. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of the teaching-learning Anatomy in the training of doctors at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane in Mozambique and therefore to contribute to the effectiveness of the medical curriculum to ensure that it produces high quality medical professionals. The following questions were addressed: i) Is the Anatomy course perceived by the students to be structured to address their needs regarding medical practice? ii) Is there a relationship between performance in Anatomy and other disciplines as recalled by the students? iii) Do medical students demonstrate a satisfactory knowledge of Anatomy in dealing with patients in practice? The study involved the medical students in the clinical cycle and the junior doctors employed at the Central Hospital of Maputo City. Data obtained by means of questionnaires, examination of clinical reports and interviews was analysed statistically by the SPSS programme. The results showed that overall the students have a positive view of how well the Anatomy course meets their clinical needs, and that there is a direct relationship between knowledge of Anatomy and the ability to perform in the clinical setting. There is however a need to review the current medical curriculum in order to achieve better integration between the courses and cycles and particularly to improve the efficacy of the teaching-learning process by selecting the content more appropriately and adjusting the assessment procedures. From this study recommendations may be made to help improve the students’ application of anatomical knowledge by increasing vertical and horizontal integration in the curriculum and introducing earlier exposure to clinical problem solving. Further studies are needed to better understand the impact of assessing the outcomes of the basic sciences such as Anatomy on the educational process as well as on medical practice.

Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities School of Human and Community Development 0216845j mulaudzit@highveldmail.co.za / The aim of the present study was to explore how women general practitioners experience work-family conflict, their sense of coherence, coping resources as well as implications of these on their level of job satisfaction. This involved investigating the bi-dimensional model of the work-family conflict and measuring them against other investigated variables like coping resources, sense of coherence and job satisfaction. The research was conceptualized based on the stress and coping models. Literature review based mostly on international level revealed that women doctors do experience work-family conflict and that it does impact on their level of well-being. The sample, which consisted of women general practitioners residing in the Gauteng province, was obtained using snowballing method and non-probability sampling method. A hundred and fourteen questionnaires were distributed by mail and within a period of three months only 28 questionnaires had been returned of which 22 were used for statistical procedures. Statistical analysis involved a number of procedures including Pearson correlation, t-test procedures and partial correlation methods. The results revealed that women general practitioners do experience work-family conflict especially one aspect of it known as the family interference with work (F→W). Furthermore results indicated that the experience of work-family conflict, specifically the F→W amongst these women does affect their level of job satisfaction in a significantly negative way. Demographics on the other hand proved to have no significant impact on the level of job satisfaction amongst these women. Lastly, it was noted that even though these women employed a wide variety of coping resources none of them proved to have any significant effect on their level of job satisfaction.

<p>During the Fall of 2001 a survey created by Kathleen Cannings and sponsored by the Swedish Medical Association was sent out to a random sample of 1 out of every 12 medical doctors in Sweden. Using this data, linear regressions have been estimates to study the effects of variables such as age, gender, and unionization on the wages of Swedish doctors. The results indicate that variables such as age, tenure, and union bargaining all have a positive impact on wages. The relative wage advantage was around 7 percent for both age and union bargaining, while the effect of tenure was lower by about 5 percent. These three variables have more positive effects for male doctors, which suggest that gender discrimination is still a reality in the medical field. During 2001, male physicians could expect an almost 6 percent higher average wage than their female colleges.</p>

During the Fall of 2001 a survey created by Kathleen Cannings and sponsored by the Swedish Medical Association was sent out to a random sample of 1 out of every 12 medical doctors in Sweden. Using this data, linear regressions have been estimates to study the effects of variables such as age, gender, and unionization on the wages of Swedish doctors. The results indicate that variables such as age, tenure, and union bargaining all have a positive impact on wages. The relative wage advantage was around 7 percent for both age and union bargaining, while the effect of tenure was lower by about 5 percent. These three variables have more positive effects for male doctors, which suggest that gender discrimination is still a reality in the medical field. During 2001, male physicians could expect an almost 6 percent higher average wage than their female colleges.

Compreendendo a mobilidade do trabalho como um fenômeno que promove o deslocamento espacial, setorial e profissional de trabalhadores, com o objetivo de o capital explorar força de trabalho e acumular excedente econômico e observando que os médicos no Brasil trabalham de forma particularmente diversificada, transversa e longitudinalmente, em múltiplos sub-empregos, procura-se apreender dimensões da mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Com a intenção de contribuir para a compreensão e crítica do fenômeno da disponibilidade desses profissionais, como processo sócio-histórico significante para a implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde, desenvolvem-se táticas de aproximação sucessiva ao empírico da mobilidade do trabalho de médico, em diversidade metodológica, pela integração de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, utilizando-se de entrevista, pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de documentos e de dados secundários de pesquisas. Apreende-se, além de espacial, setorial e profissional, um deslocamento temporal na mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no modo como se dispõe no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Captura-se o desenvolvimento de estratégias e contra-estratégias de mobilidade, indicando-se que, constituído como um dilema, da falta ou da má distribuição de médicos, o problema culmina tratado muitas vezes de forma derivada, restrita e recalcada, apesar de aludidos os seus condicionantes e determinantes. Colhem-se representações e categorias de pensamento de atores dos sistemas de formação, de gestão de sistema de serviço de saúde e de representação da categoria profissional de médicos sobre possibilidades e limites de interiorização do trabalho médico no Brasil denotativas da fragmentação e segmentação do sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Prestam-se outras contribuições para estudos de epidemiologia, de sociologia do trabalho e de psicologia do trabalho. / Understanding labor mobility as a phenomenon that promotes spatial, sectoral and professional displacement of workers, with the aim of capital exploiting their workforce and accumulating economic surplus, noting that medical doctors working in Brazil do it in a way which is particularly diverse, transverse and longitudinal, in multiple sub-jobs, seeking to grasp the dimensions of mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the Brazilian system of health services. Aiming to contribute to the understanding and critique the phenomenon of availability of such professionals as a significant socio-historical process for the implementation of the National Universal Health System, developing tactics of successive approximation to the empirical labor mobility of medical, in methodological diversity, by the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, using interviews, literature review and analysis of documents and secondary data research. Seizing up, beyond spatial, sectoral and professional, a temporal shift in the mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the way it disposes the Brazilian system of health services. Capture the development of strategies and counter-strategies of mobility, indicating that, constituted as a dilemma, of lack or maldistribution of medical doctors, the problem often culminates being treated derivatively, restricted and repressed, although alluded their condition and determinants. Representations and thought thinking categories of actors of formation systems, management systems of health service and representation of the profession of medical doctors about the possibilities and limits of internalization of medical work in Brazil are gathered denoting the fragmentation and segmentation of the Brazilian health services system. It lends other contributions to epidemiology, sociology of work, psychology of work studies.

Compreendendo a mobilidade do trabalho como um fenômeno que promove o deslocamento espacial, setorial e profissional de trabalhadores, com o objetivo de o capital explorar força de trabalho e acumular excedente econômico e observando que os médicos no Brasil trabalham de forma particularmente diversificada, transversa e longitudinalmente, em múltiplos sub-empregos, procura-se apreender dimensões da mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Com a intenção de contribuir para a compreensão e crítica do fenômeno da disponibilidade desses profissionais, como processo sócio-histórico significante para a implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde, desenvolvem-se táticas de aproximação sucessiva ao empírico da mobilidade do trabalho de médico, em diversidade metodológica, pela integração de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, utilizando-se de entrevista, pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de documentos e de dados secundários de pesquisas. Apreende-se, além de espacial, setorial e profissional, um deslocamento temporal na mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no modo como se dispõe no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Captura-se o desenvolvimento de estratégias e contra-estratégias de mobilidade, indicando-se que, constituído como um dilema, da falta ou da má distribuição de médicos, o problema culmina tratado muitas vezes de forma derivada, restrita e recalcada, apesar de aludidos os seus condicionantes e determinantes. Colhem-se representações e categorias de pensamento de atores dos sistemas de formação, de gestão de sistema de serviço de saúde e de representação da categoria profissional de médicos sobre possibilidades e limites de interiorização do trabalho médico no Brasil denotativas da fragmentação e segmentação do sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Prestam-se outras contribuições para estudos de epidemiologia, de sociologia do trabalho e de psicologia do trabalho. / Understanding labor mobility as a phenomenon that promotes spatial, sectoral and professional displacement of workers, with the aim of capital exploiting their workforce and accumulating economic surplus, noting that medical doctors working in Brazil do it in a way which is particularly diverse, transverse and longitudinal, in multiple sub-jobs, seeking to grasp the dimensions of mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the Brazilian system of health services. Aiming to contribute to the understanding and critique the phenomenon of availability of such professionals as a significant socio-historical process for the implementation of the National Universal Health System, developing tactics of successive approximation to the empirical labor mobility of medical, in methodological diversity, by the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, using interviews, literature review and analysis of documents and secondary data research. Seizing up, beyond spatial, sectoral and professional, a temporal shift in the mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the way it disposes the Brazilian system of health services. Capture the development of strategies and counter-strategies of mobility, indicating that, constituted as a dilemma, of lack or maldistribution of medical doctors, the problem often culminates being treated derivatively, restricted and repressed, although alluded their condition and determinants. Representations and thought thinking categories of actors of formation systems, management systems of health service and representation of the profession of medical doctors about the possibilities and limits of internalization of medical work in Brazil are gathered denoting the fragmentation and segmentation of the Brazilian health services system. It lends other contributions to epidemiology, sociology of work, psychology of work studies.

By applying the theory of compensating differentials on a self-compiled data set on the 67 sites in Sweden that offer medical internships, I seek to identify the factors of an internship that determine its salary. Because prospective interns tend to queue for popular internships, I use an estimated equilibrium salary that incorporates the opportunity cost of delaying the internship. I find a significant independent correlation between the travel time to the nearest major city and salary that is suggestive of a compensating differential. The results imply that a larger salary differentiation can mitigate the widespread phenomena of maldistribution of physicians.