Infertility affects 1 in 8 couples and the literature discusses the emotional effects infertility has on an individual. One option for infertility is to attempt medical interventions and the literature in the field does not explain why some people attempt more interventions than others. Using data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), Cycle 6, this quantitative study aims to understand the relationship between traditional gender roles and values and the attempted number of medical interventions by individuals within a relationship experiencing infertility. The results from this study indicate that both males and females that are in relationship experiencing infertility are more likely to attempt medical interventions when they highly value the meaning of family, rather than their views on traditional gender roles and values for men and women.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender os símbolos atribuídos às tecnologias utilizadas na atenção obstétrica, como também conhecer as práticas femininas na busca por cuidados médicos na assistência ao parto. Para tanto, analisamos os relatos de 16 gestantes atendidas pelo setor privado e os de 13 gestantes assistidas pelo setor público. O estudo combinou duas técnicas qualitativas: a observação etnográfica e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A pesquisa encontrou, entre outros, os seguintes resultados: 1-a maioria das mulheres observadas expressou a preferência pelo parto normal. 2- o nascimento, independente do tipo de parto desejado, está associado a categorias de medo, tensão e risco. 3- o discurso médico, segundo as gestantes atendidas pela rede privada, reforça a ansiedade e medo feminino e de sua família na medida em que associa o parto normal à dor e ao risco de morte. A cesariana, por outro lado, é descrita como um parto seguro. 4- na maternidade pública, as mulheres e seus acompanhantes vivenciaram o parto normal de maneira sofrida e passiva. 5- práticas profissionais compatíveis com a humanização do parto e as orientadas pelo modelo médico hegemônico, isto é, centrado na tecnologia na atenção ao nascimento, coexistem na rede pública. Contudo, a abordagem normativa ainda está presente em ambas as práticas. 6- a participação das parturientes nas decisões sobre o parto é escassa na rede pública. Em suma, concluímos que mulheres e médicos compartilham a visão de parto normal enquanto categoria de risco e a cesariana como prática segura. / This work aims to understand the symbols associated to technologies adopted in obstetric practice, and also women practices in searching for medical cares during childbirth. This study was carried out from June 2011 to October 2011 in 16 pregnant women attending the private hospitals and 13 pregnants attending public sector. I combined two qualitative techniques: Ethnographic observation and Semi-structured interview. I identified some ethnographic findings, such as: 1- most of women request for vaginal birth. 2. birth experience, regardless of delivery type desire, is associated with three categories: fear, tension and risk of death. 3-medical discourse, according to pregnant women attending private hospitals, reinforces womens and their families fear of pain and the risks of vaginal births. Cesarean birth, on the other hand, is described as a safe childbirth. 4- at the public maternity, I observed that women and their partners have experienced a painful and passive vaginal birth. 5- professional practices of humanized birth and medical intervention based on technologies in birth assistance, co-exist in public hospitals. However, normative approach is still on both practices. 6- the womens participation on childbirth decision is rare at the public health institution examined. In sum, our data suggest that both women and obstetricians share perception of the risks inherit in natural process of birth. Cesarean section, on the other hand, is being considered a fitting and safe form of childbirth.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender os símbolos atribuídos às tecnologias utilizadas na atenção obstétrica, como também conhecer as práticas femininas na busca por cuidados médicos na assistência ao parto. Para tanto, analisamos os relatos de 16 gestantes atendidas pelo setor privado e os de 13 gestantes assistidas pelo setor público. O estudo combinou duas técnicas qualitativas: a observação etnográfica e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A pesquisa encontrou, entre outros, os seguintes resultados: 1-a maioria das mulheres observadas expressou a preferência pelo parto normal. 2- o nascimento, independente do tipo de parto desejado, está associado a categorias de medo, tensão e risco. 3- o discurso médico, segundo as gestantes atendidas pela rede privada, reforça a ansiedade e medo feminino e de sua família na medida em que associa o parto normal à dor e ao risco de morte. A cesariana, por outro lado, é descrita como um parto seguro. 4- na maternidade pública, as mulheres e seus acompanhantes vivenciaram o parto normal de maneira sofrida e passiva. 5- práticas profissionais compatíveis com a humanização do parto e as orientadas pelo modelo médico hegemônico, isto é, centrado na tecnologia na atenção ao nascimento, coexistem na rede pública. Contudo, a abordagem normativa ainda está presente em ambas as práticas. 6- a participação das parturientes nas decisões sobre o parto é escassa na rede pública. Em suma, concluímos que mulheres e médicos compartilham a visão de parto normal enquanto categoria de risco e a cesariana como prática segura. / This work aims to understand the symbols associated to technologies adopted in obstetric practice, and also women practices in searching for medical cares during childbirth. This study was carried out from June 2011 to October 2011 in 16 pregnant women attending the private hospitals and 13 pregnants attending public sector. I combined two qualitative techniques: Ethnographic observation and Semi-structured interview. I identified some ethnographic findings, such as: 1- most of women request for vaginal birth. 2. birth experience, regardless of delivery type desire, is associated with three categories: fear, tension and risk of death. 3-medical discourse, according to pregnant women attending private hospitals, reinforces womens and their families fear of pain and the risks of vaginal births. Cesarean birth, on the other hand, is described as a safe childbirth. 4- at the public maternity, I observed that women and their partners have experienced a painful and passive vaginal birth. 5- professional practices of humanized birth and medical intervention based on technologies in birth assistance, co-exist in public hospitals. However, normative approach is still on both practices. 6- the womens participation on childbirth decision is rare at the public health institution examined. In sum, our data suggest that both women and obstetricians share perception of the risks inherit in natural process of birth. Cesarean section, on the other hand, is being considered a fitting and safe form of childbirth.

La Chirurgie Augmentée fait appel à des dispositifs médicaux (Dispositifs de Chirurgie Augmentée ou DCA) permettant au chirurgien de mieux se repérer dans l'espace, et donc d'enrichir son environnement chirurgical en vue de faciliter la réalisation de son geste. L'essor de ces dispositifs, par leur multiplication et par leur médiatisation, a amené les pouvoirs publics à s'interroger sur la qualité associée aux interventions assistées de ces appareils. Dans ce travail, nous illustrons la problématique de la Qualité associée aux interventions assistées de DCA par une description historique du premier robot médical actif utilisé pour la pose de prothèses totales de hanche. Nous abordons ensuite la notion de la qualité en médecine en général puis de la qualité des DCA en particulier. Nous verrons qu'il n'y a pas de dispositions spécifiques pour ces dispositifs et qu'il n'apparaît pas adéquat de parler de la qualité d'un DCA sans prendre en compte l'environnement dans lequel il est utilisé. C'est pourquoi il est essentiel de structurer l'usage de ces dispositifs ainsi que l'environnement dans lequel ils sont utilisés. Une des manières de structurer cet environnement est d'utiliser les ontologies. En utilisant la fonction d'édition d'ontologies du logiciel ISIS, nous avons modélisé une intervention chirurgicale pour insuffisance ligamentaire du ligament croisé antérieur, avec et sans DCA, ainsi que l'environnement associé. Cette représentation ontologique est constituée d'un ensemble de 45 Diagrammes Ontologiques (DO) comportant au total 1072 concepts. Nous décrivons le matériel et la méthode utilisés pour construire l'ensemble de ces diagrammes. Pour parler de la qualité des DCA, un utilisateur peut créer son système d'information à partir de notre modèle ontologique afin de disposer de ses propres indicateurs. La validation de notre modèle structurel a été réalisée par un expert à travers un scénario d'une intervention chirurgicale, créé à partir du modèle ontologique. Nous abordons enfin les perspectives possibles de notre travail. / Augmented surgery uses medical apparatus (Augmented Surgery Devices or ASD) allowing the surgeon to improve their orientation, and thus enhance the surgical environment to facilitate carrying out their actions. The development of these devices, their proliferation and the media exposure they receive, has led the government to question the quality associated with interventions assisted by these apparatus. In this paper, we illustrate the issues of quality associated with ASD-assisted interventions through a chronological description of the first active medical robot used for fitting total hip replacements. We then discuss the notion of quality in medicine in general and finally the quality of ASD in particular. We will see that there are no specific provisions for these devices and it doesn't seem appropriate to speak of the quality of an ASD without taking into account the environment in which it is used. This is why it is crucial to structure the use of these devices as well as the environment in which they are used. One way to structure this environment is to use ontologies. Using the ontology editing function of the ISIS software, we modeled surgery, as well as the associated environment, for ligament insufficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament with and without ASD. This ontological representation consists of a set of 45 Ontological Diagrams (OD) having a total of 1072 concepts. We describe the materials and methods used to build all of these diagrams. To speak of the quality of ASD, a user can create their information system from our ontological model in order to have their own metrics. The validation of our structural model was carried out by an expert through a scenario of surgery, created from the ontological model. Finally we discuss the possible prospects for our work.

Medical interventions such as interventions in the physical integrity of the patient are some of the most important interventions in the personal rights of individuals guaranteed by constitutional laws and international conventions. The basis for criminal law investigation of physician's procedure is an issue of professionally correct procedure (procedure called lege artis). The healthcare provision - including the interventions in the physical integrity of the patient - is perceived in Czech law as a law qualified activity undertaken for the purpose approved by the legal order. As a result of the constitution of informed consent of the patient with a medical procedure this fact must be taken into account when defining a new criminal characteristics of medical intervention. The dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive legal analysis of the criminal aspects related to decisions made by physicians and to the medically indicated care provision in the context of legislative changes in healthcare, recodification of criminal law as well as civil law. Issues related to active intentional termination of life on request of the patient (euthanasia) were not subject to the processing of this matter. The dissertation analyzes in detail the individual institutes of healthcare legislation, medico-legal...

Les assistances circulatoires mécaniques de longue durée (ACM) sont une stratégie de plus en plus répandue pour le traitement des patients porteurs d’insuffisance cardiaque avancée. Cependant, cette option thérapeutique reste associée à des complications immédiates at au suivi parfois particulièrement graves (telles que la thrombose de pompe, les évènements thromboemboliques et le dysfonctionnement du dispositif). Nous formulons l’hypothèse que l’analyse du positionnement postopératoire du dispositif (et notamment, de sa canule d’admission intraventriculaire) peut fournir des informations utiles à la prédiction des évènements cliniques cités ci-dessus. Nous formulons aussi l’hypothèse qu’il est possible d’optimiser la prise en charge de ces patients (choix du dispositif, choix du site ventriculaire et des modalités d’implantation) par le moyen d’une planification préopératoire assistée par ordinateur. Nous avons donc mis en place deux axes de recherche. Dans le premier, nous proposons un système original d’analyse d’orientation intraventriculaire de la canule d’admission (par rapport à la valve mitrale native) ; celui-ci démontre une association significative entre orientation de la canule en direction du septum interventriculaire et apparition clinique des complications. Ce moyen supplémentaire de prédiction spécifique-patient sera validé sur des cohortes plus large et testé dans le cadre d’une étude prospective. Dans le deuxième axe, nous proposons une solution d’implantation virtuelle spécifique patient. Elle est basée sur une segmentation semi-automatique des structures cardiaques, une visualisation augmentée du scanner préopératoire, un positionnement virtuel d’une représentation numérique des différents dispositifs, et une analyse de collision de celui-ci avec la paroi thoracique (ACM mono-ventriculaire et coeur artificiel total) ou le ventricule droit (ACM mono-ventriculaires). Nous ouvrons enfin les perspectives vers une approche d’analyse et prédiction physiologique basée sur la simulation par ordinateur de l’hémodynamique du ventricule gauche assisté. / Long-term circulatory mechanical assist devices are increasingly employed in the management of patients with advanced heart failure. Nonetheless, this therapeutic strategy is still associated with immediate and long-term complications; among these, pump thrombosis, thromboembolic events and pump dysfunction are particularly dreadful. Mechanical factors are involved in their pathogenesis. We hypothesize that the analysis of the post-implantation positioning of the devices (and particularly of the admission cannula for left ventricular assist devices) might provide additional useful information for the prediction of the above events. We also hypothesize that it is possible to optimize the management of these patients (under the perspective of device selection, choice of the left ventricular implantation site and implantation modalities) through computer-assisted preoperative planning. We have therefore established two axes of research. With the first axis, we propose an original system for orientation analysis of the intraventricular admission cannula with respect to the mitral valve (postoperative CT scan). This analysis indicates a significant association between the cannula orientation towards the interventricular septum and the occurrence of early/delayed complications. This novel method will be validated in larger cohorts and tested in a prospective clinical investigation. With the second axis, we propose a virtual implantation solution (environment Cami-TK), based on semi-automatic segmentation of cardiac structures (preoperative CT scan), augmented visualization of the CT scan images, virtual positioning of a 3D mesh representing the devices, and collision analysis with the thoracic structures (left ventricular assist devices and total artificial heart) or the right ventricle (ventricular assist devices only). We finally indicate future investigations concerning the application of computational fluid dynamics to facilitate computer simulation of the hemodynamics within the assisted left ventricle, and refined prediction of adverse events.