香港醫療衛生發展的論述，通常至1941年便停止，然後由1945年重新探討，跳過了二次大戰期間的日治時代。雖然有大量關於英軍回憶、遊擊隊、一些口述歷史等的研究書籍，但這時期仍未得到充分的關注，尤其在社會發展方面。本文以《香港日報》為主要材料，嘗試析述被忽略的日治醫療衛生史。 / 有關戰前香港醫療衛生的史觀，主要有「殖民醫學」與「殖民現代性」兩套理論。前者認為殖民力量將西醫強加於本地社會；後者則強調殖民統治帶來的正面作用，和殖民地有其獨特形式的現代性。直至日治前夕，香港的中西醫仍較為對等，中醫在民間有極大支持；西醫在政府政策上享有優勢。然而戰後出現的卻是另一景象，無論民間或政府皆接受西醫為主流醫學，中醫則潛藏於民間繼續傳承。這不代表中醫已被淘汰，只是西醫的發展已蓋過中醫，其中原因須追溯日治期間。日治政府承接英國殖民政府推行西醫，社會上有大量西醫常識流通，藥物使用習慣講求科學，日治時期的這些因素都為西醫在戰後普及做準備。 / 本文為過往研究所忽略作補充，藉此重新思考「日治歷史」的意義。誠然這段歷史是傷痛的，但也不可主觀地跳過而不作討論，日治時期是連接香港二戰前後的發展。醫療衛生正是其中一個脈絡，本研究將就此提出新視角。 / The analyses on Hong Kong medical and hygienic history often split into two time slots, one from the beginning as the British colony until 1941 and the other from 1945 to the present, mostly overlooking the period of Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945. Although there are plenty of books for general readers, for examples, memoirs of British troops and Chinese guerillas, and oral history records about the Japanese occupation in Hong Kong, this period has not yet received due academic treatment. This dissertation, therefore, studies the neglected medical history of Hong Kong under the Japanese occupation using Honkon Nippō (Hong Kong News) as the main reference. / Approaches to the discussion on prewar Hong Kong medical history apparently depend on two theories, namely the “colonial medicine and the “colonial modernity. The former perspective believes that colonial powers forced colonized societies to follow the European modernity, while the latter stresses the positive effects brought by colonizers and formations of own unique modernity among colonies. Before the Japanese occupation, both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine (WM) enjoyed fair status, with the TCM gaining overwhelming support from the Hong Kong society and the latter receiving administrative advantages from the colonial government. After the WWII, however, both the Hong Kong society and the government recognized the WM to be the mainstream therapy, and thus, the TCM was only praciticed at the bottom level of society without official acknowledgement. Nevertheless, this did not represent the elimination of the TCM and merely revealed the development of WM surpassing the TCM. The reason should be traced back to the period of Japanese occupation when the government sustained the policy of the British colonial government to spread the WM, causing circulation of a large amount of medical knowledge in the society and a trend of scientific drug using. All these factors benefited to the popularization of WM in Hong Kong society after WWII. / This study fills in a missing link of previous research and rethinks the implication of the “history of Japanese occupation. Indeed, the history is painful but one should not subjectively omit it because this period connected the development of Hong Kong between prewar and postwar era. This study sheds new light on medical history as well as history of Japanese occupation. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李威成. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-201). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Li Weicheng. / 論文摘要 --- p.i / Abstract of thesis entitled --- p.ii / 鳴謝 --- p.iii / 圖表目錄 --- p.vi / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究動機與目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.5 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究方法 --- p.12 / Chapter 第四節 --- 論文架構 --- p.17 / Chapter 第五節 --- 研究意義 --- p.19 / Chapter 第二章 --- 戰前香港的醫療衛生發展 --- p.20 / Chapter 第一節 --- 殖民地政府的醫療衛生事業沿革 --- p.21 / Chapter 第二節 --- 民間的醫療衛生常識 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三節 --- 戰前香港醫療衛生與日本人 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四節 --- 《香港日報》的創辦與發展 --- p.43 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三章 --- 日治香港政府的醫療衛生概觀 --- p.51 / Chapter 第一節 --- 日治政府醫療管理與醫生註冊 --- p.52 / Chapter 第二節 --- 疾病控制與防疫運動 --- p.67 / Chapter 第三節 --- 環境衛生與糞便處理 --- p.76 / Chapter 第四節 --- 區制、戶籍登記與醫療衛生制度 --- p.87 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.97 / Chapter 第四章 --- 從《香港日報》看日治時期醫療衛生常識的傳播 --- p.99 / Chapter 第一節 --- 副刊專欄與醫藥新知 --- p.100 / Chapter 第二節 --- 公共衛生資訊的提供 --- p.116 / Chapter 第三節 --- 小結 --- p.133 / Chapter 第五章 --- 從《香港日報》看日治時期治療藥物的供應 --- p.135 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《香港日報》中的藥物廣告 --- p.136 / Chapter 第二節 --- 流通市面的藥物 --- p.155 / Chapter 第三節 --- 贈醫所及個人醫師的角色 --- p.165 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.173 / Chapter 第六章 --- 總結日治時期的影響──香港醫療的延續與前進 --- p.175 / Chapter 第一節 --- 醫療體制的過渡 --- p.175 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從日治醫療史看日治歷史性質 --- p.187 / Chapter 附錄(一) --- 日治期間各分區新舊名稱轉換、區長副區長及區會員數目表列 --- p.191 / Chapter 附錄(二) --- 香督令第二十一號(1942年)[節錄] --- p.192 / Chapter 附錄(三) --- 香督令第十六號(1944年) --- p.193 / 參考書目 --- p.194

The background variables, GDP per capita, marketization, industrialization and urbanization are used to control different levels of development across provinces. The role of the state is measured in the following ways. First, financial capacity, administrative capacity and coercive capacity are used to measure the role of state capacity in BMI extension. The study examines whether there is a difference in choosing different agencies to collect social insurance premiums: one is local taxation agency and the other is social insurance agency. Third, the performance of BMI is measured through the deposit rates of BMI funding which reflects governments' ability to manage the BMI program. In the current policy, employers are charged largely the social insurance fees. So their willingness and capabilities to pay will affect BMI coverage. The study investigates two kinds of employers: loss making State-Owned-Enterprises (SOE hereafter) and Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIE hereafter). On the employee's part, the percent of informal employment in total urban employment is used to measure the effect of adverse employment conditions on BMI coverage. Trade union density is used to estimate the labor organization strength. / The complicated process of extending coverage is related to three major stakeholders: state, employers and employees. These three stake-holders influence BMI progress. Also, the background factors (such as the economic growth) should be taken into account for the regional variations in development level. Since BMI is a typical social policy field, this study reviews major theories about social policy development: logic of industrialism, power resource theory and state-centered approach and so on. These theories help organize pieces of phenomena into a unified framework and testable hypotheses are also derived. / The contributions of this study can be twofold. First, from the theoretical aspect, this research tests several welfare state development theories using Chinese data. In this way, it does not only expand the scope conditions of theories, but also improves our understanding of the social policy development in China, an outlier of traditional western democracies. Second, this study tests some controversial issues on BMI development and the research findings provide knowledge support for the policy practice in the real world. / The low coverage of social health insurance is one of the causes of the problems in Chinese health care system which is criticized for the rising health cost, large share of out-of-pocket payments and health inequality issue. The Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Employees (BMI hereafter) was chosen as the subject of my investigation. It was established in 1998 for the working population and till now it has not achieved universal coverage yet. The Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Residents (BMI-R hereafter) was started in 2007 and it is still in pilot stage, therefore data are still inadequate. In rural areas, the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS hereafter) achieved almost full coverage in 2008. Thus extending coverage is not issue at concern for NCMS. Besides, the NCMS data at province level are quite limited. Considering the stages of policy development and data access, BMI-R and NCMS are not included in this study. / The proportion of winning lawsuit in labor disputes is used to measure the function of labor protection system. This study adopts the panel method. Data is ranging from the year 1999 to 2005 and the unit of analysis is province/year. They were collected from various official statistics and constructed into a panel database which can trace the development of BMI from its origin to most recent situation. / The research question is what are the determinants of BMI's coverage? It is originated from some puzzling observations: the NCMS achieved full coverage in four years and it is a voluntary participation insurance program. On the contrary, why the mandatory BMI did not reach universal coverage after almost ten years' development? Besides, the progress of BMI across different provinces varied greatly. Given the policy designing and starting points are rather similar, how can we explain these variations? / The research yields several interesting results. First, the roles of financial capacity and administrative capacity in BMI development are supported by data, especially the social insurance agency. Second, results show that using local taxation to collect social insurance premiums has better effects in extending coverage than the alternative approach. This result will give an end to the decade-long debate on choice of social insurance premiums collection agencies. Third, the deposit rates of BMI funding are negatively related with BMI coverage. It implies that governments should improve the performance of BMI so as to attract more people to enroll in this program. Fourth, the union density in the private sector is positively related with BMI coverage. This result disagrees with the conventional wisdom that the Chinese trade unions are useless. It implies that strengthening the organization of employees (even through the official channel) can protect the rights of employees in some degree. / 劉軍強. / Adviser: Cheek-Kie Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-222) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Junqiang.

Taking into account of the colonial nature of modern Hong Kong, this author is to examine how the TWGHs as a medical space gradually developed from one that used only Chinese medicine into one in which Chinese medicine and western medicine coexisted. However, it finally became a western style hospital using only western medicine in the inpatient services in the 1940s, along with the growing hegemony of western medicine that was underpinned by colonial power. The multidimensional relationships among different agents in the process of transformation of medical services in the TWGHs constitutes another important theme of this thesis. These relationships touched upon a series of significant interactions between colonial government and Chinese community, colonial authorities and the Tung Wah Board of Directors, Chinese and western medical practitioners, Chinese community and the Tung Wah authorities, and so on. / The implantation, dissemination and expansion of modern western medicine, as an important part of western learning that infiltrated into the Orient, exerted profound impacts on Chinese traditional medical patterns and Chinese medical ideas and practices. As the center for exchange between Chinese and Western Culture, Hong Kong became a significant space for the spread and practice of western medicine. A wide range of western medical services and activities were delivered and developed by the colonial government, western missionaries, benevolent societies, and private practitioners in order to promote the development and popularization of western medicine among the Chinese community, including the establishment of hospitals, dispensaries and clinics, the opening of medical schools and training of western doctors, and the promotion of public health education. / This thesis also points out that the early intense prejudice and resistance against western medicine is not necessarily and cannot be entirely attributed to the underlying difference in the concept and practice of healing and sickness in the two different medical systems. Instead, I argue that a number of technical and practical factors in the delivery of western medical services provided by different agencies greatly affected and determined the choices and uses of the Chinese population. At the same time, the gradual recognition and reception of western medicine among the Chinese was not only the passive result of the compulsory western medical system developed by the colonial government, but also an active realization of the real efficiency and value of western medicine among the indigenous population and their consent and acceptance of its ideology and cultural value, to a great extent. / This thesis examines the confrontation and interaction between Chinese medicine and Western medicine, and the diverse and complicated Chinese attitudes towards western medicine by studying the history of the introduction of western medicine into Hong Kong and the case of transformation of Chinese and western medical services in the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals (TWGHs) during the period between 1894 and 1941. The history of the TWGHs dates back to the opening of the Tung Wah Hospital in 1870. Originally intended for the accommodation and treatment of those Chinese who had strong fears and prejudices against western medicine, the Tung Wah Hospital was founded to provide treatment only by Chinese doctors using Chinese medicine. The bubonic plague of 1894 in Hong Kong marked an important turning point in the history of medical services of the Tung Wah Hospital. Since then, western medicine was formally introduced into the Tung Wah Hospital in 1897. / 楊祥銀. / Adviser: Hon-ming Yip. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0715. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-306). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Yang Xiangyin.