Precision medicine is defined as the use of genomics and big data approaches to health to better tailor the diagnosis and treatment of disease to patients. Precision medicine was conceived in the National Research Council’s 2011 report Towards Precision Medicine and was picked up by the Obama Administration in its 2015 launch of the Precision Medicine Initiative. Central to this is the All of Us Research Program, which seeks to sequence the genomes and conduct a longitudinal study of 1 million individuals to advance knowledge about various health outcomes. Precision medicine has been taken up by governments and organizations around the world, notably in China, where the term was incorporated in national plans in 2016 such as the 13th Five Year Plan and Healthy China 2030. Precision medicine became a “key strategy”, and a large amount of funding was pledged to finance the start of precision medicine projects at a range of research organizations, such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and BGI. My dissertation investigates why precision medicine attracted the attention of scientists, policymakers, and clinicians in the 2010s. It also traces how the precision medicine bandwagon gained so many allies globally, and what precision medicine means for stakeholders located at different positions in the emerging field. To answer these questions, I apply the concepts of global field and scientific capital to trace the emergence of precision medicine at the global and national levels. My argument analytically distinguishes between global scientific capital and national scientific capital in order to show how varying combinations of scientific capital orients actors towards different goals and priorities of precision medicine. More generally, I demonstrate how hybrids and “off-label” forms of science appear in the process of scientific globalization. In the introduction of the dissertation, I look to Bourdieu’s writing on scientific fields to lay out my theoretical framework of fields and capitals as it applies to global science. The dissertation is then organized into three substantive chapters. In Chapter 1, I trace the emergence of the global field of precision medicine drawing on two sources of data: first, a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications in precision medicine, and a further analysis of the key institutions and actors behind its global push. This chapter charts the contours of the global scientific field of precision medicine and the logics of accruing global scientific capital. In Chapter 2, I examine the differentiation of the national field of precision medicine in China from the global field, and trace the logics of accumulation for a national scientific capital. In this chapter, I draw on documentary analysis to tell the recent history of genomics in China, as well as interviews with scientists and participant observation of scientific conferences. In doing this, I shed light on two hybrid forms of precision medicine in China: Chinese Precision Medicine or the use of genomics to identify “Chinese DNA” and to cure “Chinese diseases”, and Precision Chinese Medicine or the use of genomics to open the “black box” of traditional Chinese medicine. In Chapter 3, I take the case of genetic talent testing in China to show how precision medicine is understood by the public. Making use of social media data, and a content analysis of news articles and marketing material, I argue against the “deficit model” of science used to paint parents who use genetic talent tests as scientifically illiterate. Instead, I show how this “off-label” use of genomics responds to broader social, political, and economic pressures of parenting in contemporary China, and argue that scientific capital continues to shape the circulation of genetic talent testing as it encounters the public. I conclude with notes on how the imaginary of precision medicine is affecting the practice of precision governance in China and observations of how the ongoing U.S.-China uncoupling may shape global science.

Aim. Baicalein is a bioactive flavonoid component isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, which has been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for the treatment of inflammation for centuries. Although various pharmacological effects of baicalein have been demonstrated, only limited studies in rats reported pharmacokinetic of baicalein, which exhibited a low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. In addition, no investigation on human oral absorption or metabolic kinetic profile was reported previously. The current project conducted a series of mechanistic studies aiming to elucidate the intestinal absorption, metabolism and disposition of baicalein. Since glucuronidation plays an important role in the first-pass metabolism of flavonoids including baicalein, additional studies on the relationship between human intestinal glucuronidation activities and chemical structures of flavonoids have also been performed. / Conclusion. Baicalein is well absorbed at intestine but subjected to extensive intestinal glucuronidation resulting in low oral bioavailability. The glucuronidation of baicalein is catalyzed by multiple UGT isozymes. The disposition of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide, the major metabolite of baicalein in vivo, is mediated by the MRP and OATP transporters. The nucleophilicity and stereo-conformation of -OH substituents are crucial for the intestinal glucuronidation of flavonoids. / Methods. For investigation on intestinal absorption, metabolism and disposition of baicalein, human Caco-2 cell monolayer model, rat in situ intestinal perfusion model, and in vitro metabolism model were employed in the present study. For the further investigation on the position preference on glucuronidation of flavonoids at human intestine, the in vitro rates of glucuronidation among seven commercially available mono-hydroxyflavones, namely 3-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 2'-, 3'- and 4'-mono-hydroxyflavones were determined and compared. / Results. The satisfactory permeabilities of baicalein obtained from both Caco-2 cell model and rat intestinal perfusion model indicated its potential good absorption at gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, absorption should not be the rate-limiting factor causing the low oral bioavailability of baicalein. However, extensive glucuronidation occurred in the rat intestine perfusion model with over 90% of baicalein being metabolized after intestinal absorption. Consistent findings were also observed in the in vitro enzyme kinetic studies of baicalein. The biotransformation of baicalein to baicalein 7-O-glucuronide was extensive in human liver microsome, human jejunum microsome, rat liver microsome, and rat jejunum microsome with intrinsic clearances (Vmax/Km) of 618, 446, 436, 298 mul/min/mg, respectively, which are orders of magnitude greater than those of most of western drugs that share the same metabolic pathway. Further enzyme kinetic studies using human recombinant glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) isozymes showed that UGT 1A1, 1A3, 1A8, 1A9, 1A7 and 2B15 were involved in the glucuronidation of baicalein with different kinetic profiles. Mechanistic studies on the disposition of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide formed from a rapid glucuronidation of baicalein in intestine demonstrated that this intracellularly formed glucuronide of baicalein could be actively extruded to both the apical and basolateral sides (the so called efflux) in Caco-2 cell model as well as rat intestinal perfusion model. It was also found that the efflux of the baicalein 7-O-glucuronide followed saturable enzyme kinetics and was effectively inhibited by multi-drug resistance associated proteins (MRP) and organic anion transporters (OATP) inhibitors. Further study on the relationship between flavonoid structures and glucuronidation activities using seven monohydroxyflavones demonstrated that the conjugation rates of 6- and 3'-monohydroxyflavones (HF) were much greater than those of 3-, 4'-, 7-, 2'-HF, while 5HF was the lowest. / Zhang Li. / "August 2006." / Advisers: Zhong Joan Zuo; Ge Lin. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1587. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-223). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

A pilot clinical trial was conducted after the in-vivo and in-vitro studies: Eight subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited. However, the liver function tests of three subjects out of eight were found to be abnormal with elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, which was not reported in previous toxicity test. The trial was suspended immediately and a follow-up test showed that the elevated AST and ALT level had reverted back to normal within one month after termination of OPR intake. Although we could not accomplish a RCT, the pilot study revealed potential hepatotoxicity of OPR on human beings and it would raise the safety awareness of investigators on the use of herbal remedies in future clinical studies. / After the in-vivo and in-vitro studies, a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) was planned. Due to a lack of a Chinese version of instrument to measure osteoporosis-specific quality of life, an English version of the Osteoporosis-Targeted Quality of Life Questionnaire (OPTQoL) was translated into Chinese and linguistically validated according to the standard guideline. The newly formed Chinese OPTQoL can be used to assess the impact of new interventions on quality of life among Chinese osteoporosis patients. / Association of the incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis and Kidney-Vacuity Syndromes in TCM was investigated with the aid of a Kidney-Vacuity Syndromes scoring questionnaire. In the study, postmenopausal women, who suffered from deficiency of kidney "qi" and kidney "essence", had a significantly higher incidence of osteoporosis. These findings strongly supported that replenishing kidney qi and kidney essence was a logical therapeutic principle in the formulation of OPR. / In conclusion, this study investigated the use of TCM on the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in a systematic manner. It started from herbal formulation, basic science studies to clinical trial. It revealed beneficial effects of OPR on bones through in-vivo and in-vitro studies and demonstrated certain possible mechanism behind. On the other hand, the hepatotoxicity of OPR on human beings was also exposed and had not been reported in previous toxicity tests. The study provided valuable clinical data for other investigators on the potential hazards of herbal remedies although they had been validated as safe and effective in pre-clinical stage. / In search for safe, effective and low-priced medicine, the public have turned their attention to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Extensive experience has been accumulated in TCM regarding the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, which often involves the prescription of kidney-tonifying herbs. Therefore, the aim of the study, firstly, was to explore the association of the incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis and Kidney-Vacuity Syndromes in TCM, so as to formulate a rational kidney-tonifying herbal formula for osteoporosis research (OPR). Secondly, the effect of the formula was evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Thirdly, the Osteoporosis-Targeted Quality of Life Questionnaire was linguistically validated from English to Chinese, which was expected to be one of the outcome measurement tools in future clinical trials. Lastly, a pilot clinical study was performed, which revealed some potential hazards of the formula on human beings which have not been shown in previous works. / Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder which leads to an increased risk of bone fracture, disability or even death. It has become a major public health threat and the worldwide incidence of osteoporotic fracture is projected to increase two fold within the next 50 years. Postmenopausal women, being affected by a lack of estrogen, face a much higher risk of the disease. This study would therefore focus on type I osteoporosis (i.e. postmenopausal osteoporosis). Although current medications can slow down the bone deterioration process, their side effects and high cost had impaired patients' compliance with long term treatment. / The effect of OPR for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis was then evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In the in-vivo study, an osteoporosis model was established by performing ovariectomy on the four-week-old C57BL/6 mice. A high bone turnover rate was induced and OPR successfully slowed down the high turnover rate of bones by decreasing bone formation and resorption process without increasing the uterine linings. However, its beneficial effect on bones could not be detected on bone mineral density measurement. / The potential mechanism of action of OPR on bones was explored by in-vitro study. OPR was shown to induce cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like UMR 106 cells. Furthermore, the estrogenic activity of OPR was detected by MCF-7 cell line, which has been stably transfected with estrogen responsive elements (ERE). OPR was shown to possess an estrogenic activity in a dose dependent manner and was comparable to the positive control at a concentration of 200 and 1000 mug/ml. The induced estrogenic activity by OPR may be associated with the presence of phytoestrogen within the herbal formula. These findings suggested that the beneficial effect of OPR on bones might relate to its direct positive effect on osteoblast and its estrogenic-like activity. / Liong, Ching. / Adviser: Chun-tao Che. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves ). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Ng, Chun Fai. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-197). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Luo, Kewang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-305). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Chan Chak Ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-202). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract in Chinese 摘耍 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.xii / List of figures --- p.xiii / Abbreviations --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Definition of diabetes mellitus --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Classification of diabetes mellitus --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Type 1 diabetes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Type 2 diabetes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Other forms of diabetes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Complications of diabetes mellitus --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Current treatment of diabetes mellitus --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Type 1 diabetes --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Type 2 diabetes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Diet and exercise --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Medication --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- The use of herbal medicines in diabetes treatment --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6 --- "Hypothesis, objectives and design of the project" --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Preparation and authentication of traditional Chinese medicines --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Background information of the formulae --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Component herbs of formula1 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objectives --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Raw herbal materials and formula 1 extract --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Thin layer chromatography of the component herbs --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Raw herbal materials water extraction --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Results --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Thin layer chromatography of the component herbs --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Raw herbal materials water extraction --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6 --- Discussion --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The anti-diabetic effects of formula 1 and its component herbs in vitro --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Type 2 diabetes and peripheral tissues --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Type 2 diabetes and liver --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Type 2 diabetes and intestinal glucose absorption --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objectives --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cell lines --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Cell culture media, buffers, reagents and culture wares" --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- "Chemicals, media and reagents for 3T3-L1 differentiation" --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Chemicals and reagents for 3T3-L1 and Hs68 2-deoxy-D- glucose (2-DG) uptake assay --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Chemicals and buffers for H4IIE glucose production assay and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) assay --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- "Animal, buffers and reagents for preparation and glucose uptake assay of brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV)" --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Reagents for bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4 --- Methods --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Cell culture --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Studies on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Oil red O staining of the 3T3-L1 cells --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- 2-DG uptake assay of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Studies on gluconeogenesis in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Glucose production assay --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- PEPCK assay --- p.94 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Studies on BBMV glucose uptake --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Preparation of BBMV --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Preparation of the chloroform extract of the herbal water extract --- p.96 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Glucose uptake assay of BBMV --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- BCA (Bicinchoninic acid) protein assay --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Glucose production and PEPCK assay in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.108 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Glucose uptake assay in BBMV --- p.113 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.119 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.119 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Glucose production and PEPCK activity in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.123 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Glucose absorption in BBMV --- p.125 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The anti-diabetic effects of formula 1 and Rhizoma Smilacis Chinensis in vivo --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Diabetic animal models --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objective --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3 --- Materials --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Animals --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Chemicals and reagent kit --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4 --- Methods --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Induction of diabetes in rats --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Oral glucose tolerance test --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Basal glycaemia test --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Plasma glucose level determination --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.142 / Chapter 4.5 --- Results --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Oral glucose tolerance test --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Basal glycaemia test --- p.147 / Chapter 4.6 --- Discussion --- p.151 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The effects of the TCM treatment on glucose homeostasis in diabetic foot ulcer patients --- p.155 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2 --- Objective --- p.156 / Chapter 5.3 --- Materials --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Study subjects --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Blood sample --- p.158 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Chemicals and reagents for erythrocyte glucose uptake assay --- p.158 / Chapter 5.4 --- Methods --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Preparation of blood sample --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Zero-trans influx of 3-OMG uptake in erythrocytes --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.161 / Chapter 5.5 --- Results --- p.162 / Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion --- p.166 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- General discussion and conclusion --- p.168 / Chapter 6.1 --- Overview of the project and analysis of research findings --- p.168 / Chapter 6.2 --- Limitations of the study --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3 --- Future directions --- p.174 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.177 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- References --- p.177 / Appendices --- p.203 / Appendix I The determination of the sugar contents in the herbal water extracts by high performance liquid chromatography --- p.203 / Appendix II Basal glycaemia test of formula 1 (822mg/kg) on nO-STZ rats --- p.206

Chan Yiu-Pong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Declaration --- p.vi / Table of content --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of abbreviation --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of Semen Oroxyli --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chemical constituents of Oroxylum indicum seed --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pharmacological studies --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction to tracheal secretion --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Mucus composition --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sputum formation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Expectorant --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Secretolytic drugs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Mucolytic drugs --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Assays of studying expectorant activity --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Tracheal phenol red secretion system --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Introduction to oxidant and antioxidant --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Oxidants/ reactive oxygen species --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Production of oxidants/ reactive oxygen species --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Reactive oxygen species reaction products --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.1 --- DNA damage --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.2 --- Protein damage --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.3 --- Lipid damage --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Antioxidant --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Endogenous antioxidants --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.1 --- Superoxide dismutase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.2 --- Catalase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.3 --- Glutathione and glutathione peroxidases --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Synthetic and natural antioxidants --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Vitamin C --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Tocopherols (Vitamin E) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Assays for studying antioxidative activities --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- DPPH radical scavenging system --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- APPH-induced hemolysis system --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the research --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Semen Oroxyli --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Assay for studying expectorant activity --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Phenol red standard curve --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Tracheal phenol red secretion system --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Assays for studying antioxidative activity --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- DPPH radicals scavenging system --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- AAPH-induced red blood cell hemolysis system --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Extraction, fractionation and purification of Semen Oroxyli" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- 70% ethanol extraction of Semen Oroxyli --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Fractionation in polyamide column --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Fractionation in resin column --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Sub-fractions separation from 95% ethanol soluble fraction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Pure compounds obtained from sub-fractions --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Nulcear magnetic resonance (NMR) for identification --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results of Expectorant Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Expectorant Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Expectorant Activity on Semen Oroxyli ethanol extract --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Expectorant activities of fractionations of Semen Oroxyli ethanol extract --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results of Antioxidative Activity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Antioxidative activity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Antioxidative activity of 70% ethanol extract --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Antioxidative activity of fractions of 70% ethanol extract --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Antioxidative activity on sub-fractions fractionated from 95% ethanol-soluble fraction --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Antioxidative activity on pure compounds isolated from sub-fractions --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results of Identification of Pure compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Identification of compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Compound A --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Compound B --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Compound C --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Compound D --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Compound E --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1 --- Discussion of expectorant activity of Semen Oroxyli --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion of antioxidative activity of Semen Oroxyli --- p.75 / Chapter 6.3 --- General Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.82 / Appendix A Procedures for preparing the phenol red standard curve for tracheal phenol red secretion system. --- p.85 / Appedix B 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra --- p.87 / References --- p.98

Chen Qian. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-156). / Abstract and questionnaires in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 中文摘要 --- p.III / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.IV / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.V / LIST OF TABLES --- p.VII / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.IX / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "General principles of diagnosis, treatment and efficacy evaluation in TCM" --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Basic principle of TCM in diagnosis and treatment --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Principles of combination use of TCM --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Principles of TCM prescription --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- TCM is beneficial to human health --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- "TCM is beneficial, but needs further modernized confirmation" --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- TCM is effective when used following the principles of TCM --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The proper use and efficacy of TCM need further investigations --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3 --- Unwanted effects of TCM --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Unwanted effects of TCM are commonly seen --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Adverse effects of TCM classified based on medical systems --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Reasons related to adverse effects of TCM --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4 --- Studies on the use of TCM in Hong Kong --- p.31 / Chapter 1.5 --- Hypothesis and purpose of this study --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- METHODOLOGY --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- Rationale of questionnaire survey --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Choice of study method --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Types of diseases in the survey --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- Issues related to implementation of questionnaire survey --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Interviewers and respondents --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Materials of the survey --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Collection period of questionnaire form --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Procedure of the questionnaire survey --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Questionnaire format and the content --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Statistics methods --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Pilot study for validation of the survey --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- RESULTS --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results from the main patient survey --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- General characteristics of main patient group…… --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The attitude of the main patient group towards TCM --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Use of herbal medicines in the main patient group --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for tonics or food supplements --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for treating illnesses --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results from medical patients --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- General characteristics of medical patients in the survey --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The attitude of medical patients towards TCM --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Use of herbal medicines in medical patients --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for tonics or food supplements --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for treating illnesses --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Use of herbal medicine in the patients with the metabolic syndrome --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- About the patients with hypertension and/or dyslipidaemia --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- About the patients with diabetes mellitus --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results from surgical patients --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General characteristics of surgical patients --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The attitude of surgical patients towards TCM --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Use of herbal medicines in surgical patients --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for tonics or food supplements --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for treating illnesses --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- TCM used in gynaecological and surgical patients --- p.70 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- DISCUSSION --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1 --- The use of TCM in Hong Kong patients --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2 --- The attitude of patients towards TCM --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3 --- Limitations in the survey --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4 --- Further investigations --- p.89 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1 --- TCM is commonly used in Hong Kong patients for either health promotion or illnesses prevention and treatment --- p.90 / Chapter 5 2 --- The use of TCM in Hong Kong patients lacks formal regulation and management --- p.90 / TABLES --- p.91 / APPENDIX --- p.133 / Chapter 1. --- Informed consent form --- p.133 / Chapter 2. --- Questionnaire form (English version) --- p.136 / Chapter 3. --- Questionnaire form (Chinese version) --- p.138 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.141 / Chapter 1. --- Full Publications --- p.141 / Chapter 2. --- Conference abstracts --- p.141 / REFERENCES --- p.144

Lam Kit. / Thesis submitted in: July 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-153). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.I / Table of Content --- p.II / List of Tables --- p.VII / List of Figures --- p.IX / Abbreviations --- p.XIV / Abstract --- p.XVI / 論文摘要 --- p.XIX / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Hepatitis B --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Brief Introduction of HBV --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- History of Hepatitis B Virus --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Hepatitis B Virus Infection around the World --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Hong Kong --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Hepatitis B Virus Infection in China --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.5.1 --- Update of HBV Infection in China --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.5.2 --- Problems in China --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hepatitis B Virology --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Hepadnaviridae Family --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- HBV Particles Types --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The HBV Genome --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- The Life Cycle of HBV --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3 --- HBV Transmission --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- HBV Therapy --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Phyllanthus Species --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6 --- Alexander Cells --- p.26 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- COMPARISONS OF AQUEOUS AND ORGANIC EXTRACTS OF THREE PHYLLANTHUS SPECIES OF THEIR IN VITRO ANTI-HBV EFFECTS --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Phyllanthus species --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- "Chemicals, Antibodies and Instrument" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Aqueous Extraction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Organic Extraction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cell line --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Toxicity of Extracts --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- IMx Assay --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- RNA Extraction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- RT-PCR --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Western Blotting --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Preparation of Protein Samples --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- Protein Transfer --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.7.4 --- Immumnoblotting --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.7.5 --- Protein Assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Toxicity of the Extracts --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Effects on HBsAg Secretion and Viral Gene Expression --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Analysis of Intracellular Viral Proteins --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE COMPONIENT FROM AN ORGANIC EXTRACT OF PHYLLANTHUS URINARIA (GUANGDONG) --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Methods --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Ethanol Extraction --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Partitions --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Column Purification --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Analytical Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Crystallization --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Analysis of Four Fractions after Partitions --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Screening of the Active Fraction after Column Chromatography of Fraction B --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Screening of the Active Fraction after Column Chromatography of Fraction6 --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Crystallization and Identification of the Isolated component --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Study Anti-HBV effects of pheophorbide a --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- STUDY OF PRE S I PROMOTER ACTIVITY OF HBV --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Methods --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Cell line --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Clonning of Pre SI Promoter from HBV Genome --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Gene Clean --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Restriction Enzyme Digestion --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Synthesis of T-Overhang EcoR V Cut pBluescript® II KS (-) --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- Ligation --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.2.7 --- DH5α Competent Cells Preparation --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.2.8 --- Transformation --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2.2.9 --- Plasmid Purification --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2.2.10 --- Transfection --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.2.11 --- Luciferase Assay --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Cloning of the Pre S I Promoter --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sequences of the Pre S I Promoter --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Pre S I Promoter Activities in Hep 3B Cell Line --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effects of Herbal Extracts on Pre S I Promoter --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.130 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.134 / REFERENCES --- p.141

Yim Wan Sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-109). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 槪論 --- p.iv / Table of contents --- p.v / List of abbreviations --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xv / List of Tables --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Oxidation stress --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Free radicals --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Hydrogen peroxide --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Menadione --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Diseases related to oxidative stress --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Liver Injury --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Antioxidants --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Importance of antioxidant --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Examples of antioxidant --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) formula Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan (WZ) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The WZ medicinal formula --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Pharmacological actions of WZ --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Pharmacological actions of individual herbs --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Fructus Lycii --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Semen Cuscuta --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Fructus Rubi --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Semen Plantaginis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3.5 --- Fructus Schisandrae --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- The relationship between the liver and kidney --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of study --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Preparation of Aqueous Extraction of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan (WZ) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- WZ extracts from raw materials (WZ-e) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- WZ extracts from commercial available ready-to-use powders (WZ-p) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Extraction Yield for WZ-e --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- In vitro Total Antioxidant Capacity of Aqueous Extracts of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan and its Components --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Total Antioxidants: Trolox Equavalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Objectives --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Reagents --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Instruments --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Total Antioxidnats: Trolox Equavalent Antioxidnat Capacity (TEAC) --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Antioxidnat Capacity of Trolox --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Antioxidant capacity of WZ-e formula --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Antioxidant capacity of WZ-p formula --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- The total antioxidant capacity of WZ-e and its simplified formulae --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- The total antioxidant capacity of WZ-p and its simplified formulae --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Synergetic effect of WZ-e and its simplified formulae --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Orthogonal analysis of WZ-e and its simplified formulae on TEAC assay --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Simplified Formulae of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan in vitro --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- In vitro antioxidant --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Antioxidant effect of Catechins --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- MTT assay --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Objectives --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Reagents --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Methods --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- MTT Cytotoxicity Assay --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The effect of WZ-e formula on HepG2 cells --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The effect of hydrogen peroxide on HepG2 cells --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The effect of menadione on HepG2 cells --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- The effect of catechin on HepG2 cells --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- The effect of WZ-e and its simplified formulae against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicty on HepG2 cells --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- The effect of WZ-e and its simplified formulae against menadione-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- The effect of WZ-p on HepG2 cells --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.8 --- The effect of WZ-p and its simplified formulae against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.9 --- The effect of WZ-p and its simplified formulae against menadione-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Effect of Aqueous Extract of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan on Menadione-induced Oxidative Damage in Mouse Liver --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Materials --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Reagents --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Apparatus --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Methods --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Animal treatments --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Collection of samples --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- Marker enzyme measurement (ALT) --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Dose-dependent effect of WZ-e on menadione hepatotoxicity --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Dose-dependent effect of WZ-e on menadione hepatotoxicity as illustrated by histopathological observations --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Analyzing he effect of WZ-e and its simplified formulae on menadione-induced hepatotoxicity by Orthogonal Analysis89 --- p.89 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.91 / Conclusion --- p.93 / References --- p.95