A safety study was then carried out in VIVO III normal pregnant mice. The most commonly used single herb, Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome, at relevant clinical doses was administered orally to the pregnant animals at different or throughout gestational periods, beneficial and adverse effects on both mothers and offspring were studied. At higher clinical dosage, significant decreased maternal weight, fetal/neonatal growth and weight; and significant increased incidences of fetal resorption, congenital caudal regression and hip dysplasia were recorded . Bone CT examination and skeleton staining confirmed congenital skeleton abnormality, including shoulder joint dislocation, congenital absence of ulna and distal digits, oligodactyly, long bone shortening, congenital hip dislocation and caudal regression In vitro whole embryo culture confirmed that Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome induced abnormal limb development during early development. Molecular study suggested the effects of Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome on Tbx suppression for early limb development. / For more than 3,000 years of history, Traditional Chinese Medicine has been used in pregnant women. Nowadays, it is principally applied in Mainland China but has become more and more widely used worldwide to promote both mothers ' and fetuses ' health and treat common pregnancy disorders. / Over 3,000 publications were identified and selected to assess Chinese medicines for pregnancy, including their indications, contraindications, formulae , individual medicines, regimes, effectiveness , efficacy, safety, adverse effects and toxicity. Amongst all clinical applications, threatened miscarriage was the most common clinical indication. Shou Tai Pill, containing 4 major herbal medicines Chinese Dodder Seed, Chinese Taxillus Twig, Donkey-hide Glue, and Himalayan Teasel Root, was the most commonly used formula in preventing miscarriage and promoting pregnancy. The top 10 most frequently prescribed single herbal medicines in wide variety of formulas were identified. The average clinical dose for each medicine ranged from 6g to 28g daily, however the dosage of Chinese medicines was not significantly correlated with its overall efficacy. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of the medicines were selected for meta-analysis. The results showed Chinese medicines in combination with other pharmaceuticals were more effective to improve the clinical outcomes of threatened miscarriages than other pharmaceuticals. No specific safety problem was reported, but potential adverse and toxic effects on reproductive system by certain medicines were identified from other publications. / To date, no data are available to provide an overview of Chinese medicines in pregnancy. In the first part of this study, the clinical applications, and therapeutic effects and safety of Chinese medicines for pregnancy were reviewed and studied. In the second part of this study, the safety of most commonly used Chinese medicine during pregnancy was studied in pregnancy animal models, in vivo and in vitro. / Li, Lu. / Adviser: Wang Chi Chiu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 299-330). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Cho Chi Shing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references. / Acknowledgements --- p.I / Table of Contents --- p.II / Abbreviations --- p.VII / Aim and Scope of This Dissertation --- p.X / Abstract --- p.XII / Chapter Chapter One --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- An Overview of the Immune System --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Humoral antibody immune responses --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Cell-mediated immune responses --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Immunomodulation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- An Overview of the Anti-tumour Strategies --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Immunological defense mechanisms against tumours --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- T and B lymphocytes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- The monocytes/macrophages --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Non-specific killer cells --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Adoptive immunotherapy against tumours --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Induction of tumour cell differentiation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Traditional Chinese Medicines as Potential Immunomodulators and Anti-tumour Agents --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- General Properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Materials and Methods --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Astragalus membranaceus --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Buffers, culture media and chemicals" --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cell lines --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction and fractionation of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Characterization of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- In vivo drug treatment --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Isolation and preparation of cells --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Assays for the immunomodulatory activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Assays for the immunorestorative properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Assays for the anti-tumour activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter Three --- "Extraction, Fractionation and Characterization of Bioactive Components from Astragalus membranaceus" --- p.49 / Introduction --- p.49 / Results --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Lack of Cytotoxicity of A.M. to Mouse Splenocytes --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Mitogenic Effect of A.M. Fractions on Mouse Splenocytes --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- AP and AI Fractions Did Not Exhibit Lectin-like Activity --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5 --- Heat Stability of AP and AI Fractions --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chemical Destruction of the Mitogenic Activity of AI by Sodium Periodate But Not by Acetic Acid Treatment --- p.53 / Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter Four --- The Immunomodulatory Activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.63 / Introduction --- p.63 / Results --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on the Specific and Nonspecific Immunity --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Mitogenic effect of AI on mouse splenocytes in vivo --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte sub-populations --- p.66 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Co-mitogenic effect of AI on mouse splenocytes in vitro --- p.66 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Enhancement of the mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro by oral administration of AI --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Mitogenic and co-mitogenic effects of AI on human cord blood lymphocytes in vitro --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Primary humoral immune response to SRBC in AI-treated mice --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.7 --- Effect of AI on interleukin-2 production --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.8 --- Effect of AI on interleukin-2 receptor expression on mouse splenocytes --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1.9 --- Immunopotentiating effects of AI on macrophage functions --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.9.1 --- Effect of AI on the cytostatic activity of macrophages in vitro --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.9.2 --- In vivo migration and phagocytic activity of macrophages in AI-treated mice --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.9.3 --- Cytostatic activity of macrophages in AI-treated mice --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1.9.4 --- Effect of AI on the Fc receptor expression on mouse resident peritoneal exudate cells --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Immunorestorative Properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in aging mice --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in tumour-bearing mice --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in cyclophosphamide- treated mice --- p.73 / Discussion --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter Five --- The Anti-tumour Activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.94 / Introduction --- p.94 / Results --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1 --- Lack of Direct Cytotoxicity of AI to Murine and Human Tumour Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- Cytostatic Effect of AI on Various Murine and Human Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of AI on the Growth of Transplantable Tumour Cells In Vivo --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of AI on TNF Production in Tumour-bearing Mice --- p.97 / Chapter 5.5 --- In Vitro Induction of Lymphokine-activated Killer Cell Activity by AI --- p.98 / Chapter 5.6 --- Tumour Cell Differentiation-inducing Activity of AI --- p.99 / Discussion --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter Six --- General Discussion and Future Perspectives --- p.120 / References --- p.130

朱少佳. / "2009年9月". / "2009 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-85). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhu Shaojia. / 致謝辭 --- p.i / 中文摘要 --- p.iii / 英文搞要 --- p.v / 中英名詞對照表 --- p.viii / 目錄 --- p.ix / 表目錄 --- p.xii / 圖表目錄 --- p.xiv / Chapter 第壹章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 功能性消化不良的歷史源流與進展 --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- FD流行病學硏究 --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- FD帶來的經濟負擔與健康影響 --- p.2 / Chapter 3 --- FD診斷標準的發展 --- p.2 / Chapter 甲 --- Colin-Jones診斷標準 --- p.2 / Chapter 乙 --- 羅馬I診斷標準 --- p.2 / Chapter 丙 --- 羅馬II診斷標準 --- p.3 / Chapter 丁 --- 羅馬III診斷標準 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二節 --- FD的病理生理學硏究 --- p.5 / Chapter 1 --- 胃酸分泌量異常 --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- 胃動力障礙 --- p.6 / Chapter 甲 --- 胃排空延遲 --- p.6 / Chapter 乙 --- 近端胃受容性及收縮異常 --- p.6 / Chapter 丙 --- 遠端胃部與十二指腸活動異常 --- p.7 / Chapter 丁 --- 胃電節律紊亂 --- p.7 / Chapter 3 --- 胃感覺異常 --- p.8 / Chapter 4 --- 感染與發炎 --- p.8 / Chapter 甲 --- 幽門螺旋菌 --- p.8 / Chapter 乙 --- 急性細菌性胃腸炎 --- p.9 / Chapter 第三節 --- 中醫學對FD的認識 --- p.9 / Chapter 第四節 --- FD的飲食及生活習慣建議 --- p.11 / Chapter 第五節 --- 可能影響FD的因素 --- p.14 / Chapter 1 --- 年齡 --- p.11 / Chapter 2 --- 性 别 --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- 社會經濟狀況或失業 --- p.11 / Chapter 4 --- 教育程度 --- p.12 / Chapter 5 --- 輪班 --- p.12 / Chapter 6 --- 精神心理狀態 --- p.12 / Chapter 7 --- 飲食生活習慣 --- p.12 / Chapter 第六節 --- FD的治療 --- p.14 / Chapter 1 --- FD西醫藥的治療 --- p.14 / Chapter 2 --- FD中醫藥的治療 --- p.15 / Chapter 第七節 --- 硏究目的 --- p.17 / Chapter 第貳章 --- 硏究問卷與方法 --- p.17 / Chapter 第一節 --- 定義 --- p.17 / Chapter 1 --- 嚴重消化不良症狀定義 --- p.17 / Chapter 2 --- 工作、生活、飲食習慣定義 --- p.17 / Chapter 3 --- 可能影響FD的因素、相關因素、較強相關因素定義 --- p.17 / Chapter 4 --- 公立專科門診FD病人、社區未經檢查FD病人、健康人定義… --- p.17 / Chapter 第二節 --- 問卷 --- p.18 / Chapter 1 --- 功能性消化不良與有關因素問卷 --- p.19 / Chapter 2 --- 中醫胃病症狀觀察表格 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三節 --- 調查方法 --- p.19 / Chapter 1 --- 電話訪問調查 --- p.20 / Chapter 2 --- 公立專科門診病人調查 --- p.21 / Chapter 甲 --- 病例入選標準 --- p.22 / Chapter 乙 --- 病例排除標準 --- p.22 / Chapter 3 --- 統計學分析方法 --- p.22 / Chapter 第叁章 --- 結果 --- p.24 / Chapter 第一節 --- 電話訪問調查 --- p.24 / Chapter 1 --- 香港FD人口患病率 --- p.24 / Chapter 2 --- FD相關因素調查 --- p.25 / Chapter 甲 --- FD羅馬II診斷標準的相關因素調查 --- p.26 / Chapter 乙 --- FD羅馬III診斷標準的相關因素調查 --- p.33 / Chapter 丙 --- FD羅馬II與FD羅馬III診斷標準相關因素比較 --- p.39 / Chapter 丁 --- 嚴重消化不良症狀的相關因素 --- p.40 / Chapter 第二節 --- 公立專科門診病人調查 --- p.48 / Chapter 1 --- FD病人中醫辨證分型分析 --- p.57 / Chapter 2 --- FD西醫分型分佈規律 --- p.60 / Chapter 3 --- FD病人的幽門螺旋菌感染分佈 --- p.61 / Chapter 4 --- 社區未經檢查FD病人與公立專科門診FD病人比較 --- p.62 / Chapter 5 --- 公立專科門診FD病人、社區未經檢查FD病人與健康人比較 --- p.65 / Chapter 第肆章 --- 總結及討論 --- p.67 / 參考文獻 --- p.75 / 附錄 --- p.86 / 附錄甲：功能性消化不良與相關因素問卷 --- p.87 / 附錄乙：中醫胃病症狀觀察表格 --- p.98 / 附錄丙：電話調查問卷 --- p.104 / 附錄丁 ：病人資料及同意書 --- p.120 / 附錄戊：因素變數列表 --- p.124 / 附錄己：100例FD病人舌象、脈象及其他特徵性症狀記錄…… --- p.128

沈成豪. / "2007年8月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(leaves 57-65). / "2007 nian 8 yue". / Abstract also in English. / Shen Chenghao. / Lun wen (Zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 57-65). / 目錄 --- p.2 / 表格目錄 --- p.5 / 感謝 --- p.6 / 摘要 --- p.7 / Abstract --- p.8 / 目的 --- p.9 / Chapter 一. --- 背景 --- p.9 / Chapter 1. --- 消化不良的槪念 --- p.9 / Chapter 2. --- 功能性消化不良流行病學資料 --- p.11 / Chapter 3. --- 功能性消化不良的醫療開支以及相關的經濟損失 --- p.12 / Chapter 4. --- 功能性消化不良的病理 --- p.13 / Chapter 5. --- 功能性消化不良的藥物治療 --- p.16 / Chapter 二. --- 中醫藥與功能性消化不良 --- p.17 / Chapter 三. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫硏究文獻回顧 --- p.20 / Chapter 1. --- 功能性消化不良與中醫證型的相關硏究 --- p.20 / Chapter 2. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫臨床辨證規律 --- p.20 / Chapter 3. --- 中醫脾胃病專家對功能性消化不良的見解 --- p.25 / Chapter 4. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫診療標準 --- p.26 / Chapter 5. --- 小結 --- p.27 / 臥床資料 --- p.28 / Chapter 一. --- 病例選擇標準 --- p.28 / Chapter 1. --- 功能性消化不良的西醫診斷標準 --- p.28 / Chapter 2. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫證候診斷標準 --- p.28 / Chapter 二. --- 硏究對象 --- p.31 / Chapter 1. --- 病例來源 --- p.31 / Chapter 2. --- 病例入選標準 --- p.31 / Chapter 3. --- 病例排除標準 --- p.31 / Chapter 三. --- 觀察方法 --- p.32 / Chapter 四. --- 數據處理 --- p.32 / Chapter 五. --- 統計學處理 --- p.33 / 結果 --- p.34 / Chapter 一. --- 一般流行病學資料 --- p.34 / Chapter 二. --- 功能性消化不良亞型的分布 --- p.36 / Chapter 三. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫證型分類硏究 --- p.37 / Chapter 1. --- 功能性消化不良中醫證型分布 --- p.37 / Chapter 2. --- 性別與中醫證型分布的關係 --- p.38 / Chapter 3. --- 年齢與中醫證型分布的關係 --- p.40 / Chapter 4. --- 病程與中醫證型分布的關係 --- p.42 / Chapter 5. --- 功能性消化不良的亞型與中醫證型硏究 --- p.44 / Chapter 四. --- 功能性消化不良的症狀分析 --- p.46 / Chapter 1. --- 胃脘部症狀分析 --- p.46 / Chapter 2. --- 胃脘其他症狀分析 --- p.47 / 討論 --- p.48 / 結論 --- p.55 / 展望及日後工作 --- p.56 / 參考文獻 --- p.57 / 附錄一：中醫胃病症狀觀察表格 --- p.66 / 附錄二：功能性消化不良中醫證候硏究病人同意書 --- p.73

Li Tin Wai Olive. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-217). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.II / ABSTRACT --- p.III / 中文摘要 --- p.IX / PUBLICATIONS --- p.XIV / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.XV / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XXI / LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.XXIII / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1. --- Cardiovascular disease --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Atherosclerosis --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Cellular and molecular deregulation in early atherosclerosis --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.3.1. --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.3.2. --- Endothelial dysfunction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.3.3. --- Nitric oxide --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.3.4. --- Adhesion molecules and the early events of atherogenesis --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.3.4.1. --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.3.4.2. --- Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.3.4.3. --- Nuclear factor kappa B --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.3.5. --- Summary --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2. --- Nitric oxide in molecular vascular biology --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Nitric oxide synthase --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2.2. --- Endothelial nitric oxide synthase --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2.3. --- Inducible nitric oxide synthase --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2.4. --- Nitric oxide concentration dependent effector pathways --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Nitric oxide and its regulation in vascular events --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3.1. --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3.2. --- Regulation of vascular tone --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.3.3. --- "Regulation of platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation" --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3.4. --- Regulation of endothelial adhesiveness and leukocyte adhesion - Anti-adhesive effect of nitric oxide --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3.5. --- "Regulation of vascular smooth muscle growth, migration and proliferation" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.6. --- Antioxidative effect of nitric oxide --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.7. --- Regulation of endothelial apoptosis --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3.8. --- Nitric oxide and its relationship with other risk factors --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3. --- "Menopause, cardiovascular diseases and Traditional Chinese Medicine" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Traditional Chinese Medicine and menopause --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Dang Gui Buxue Tang --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Danggui --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.3.1. --- Botanic origins --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.3.2. --- Usage --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Huangqi --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.4.1. --- Botanic origins --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.4.2. --- Usage --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Modern scientific research --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.5.1. --- General cardioprotective role --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.5.2. --- Vascular tone modulation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.5.3. --- Haemostasis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.5.4. --- Endothelial cell --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.5.4.1. --- Nitric oxide pathway --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.5.4.1.1. --- Direct alteration of nitric oxide secretion --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.5.4.1.2. --- Alteration of Nitric oxide synthase expression or activity --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.5.4.2. --- Alteration of adhesion molecule expression --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.5.4.3. --- Alteration of adhesion molecule expression as an effect of nitric oxide secretion --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.5.5. --- Antioxidant effect --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.5.6. --- Estrogenicity of DBT --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4. --- Research plan --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Formulation of research hypotheses --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.1.1. --- Hypotheses --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Plan of study --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2.1. --- Dang Gui Buxue Tang extraction and standardization of content --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2.2. --- Cell model development --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2.3. --- Experimental studies --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.2.4. --- eNOS activity determination - the nitric oxide metabolite assay --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.2.5. --- Endotoxin contamination in DBT --- p.57 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Sample size and statistical analysis --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1. --- Dang Gui Buxue Tang extraction and content standardization --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Plant materials --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- DBT authentication --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- DBT processing prior to extraction --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- DBT extraction --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1.5. --- Quantitative standardization of DBT markers by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.5.1. --- DBT markers: standard preparation --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.5.2. --- Sample preparation --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.5.3. --- Quantitative analysis of DBT constituents by HPLC --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.6. --- DBT polysaccharide standardization --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1.6.1. --- Glucose standard preparation --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1.6.2. --- Sample preparation --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1.6.3. --- Quantitative determination of polysaccharide by Phenol-Sulfuric acid colorimetric assay --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1.7. --- DBT endotoxin contamination determination --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.7.1. --- "Positive, negative and inhibition controls" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.7.2. --- Qualitative determination of sample endotoxin --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2. --- Cell culture --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Characterization of cultured cells --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Passage --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3. --- DBT treatment --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Solvent system of DBT treatment --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Dosage and duration of DBT treatment --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Positive and negative controls --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4. --- MTT-based cytotoxicity assay --- p.75 / Chapter 3.5. --- Reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Sample preparation --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.1.1. --- Total RNA isolation --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.1.2. --- DNase treatment --- p.77 / Chapter 3.5.1.3. --- RNAethanol precipitation --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.1.4. --- Complementary DNA synthesis --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Polymerase chain reaction --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.2.1. --- Polymerase chain reaction conditions --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.2.2. --- Primers --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Visualization of the PCR products --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.3.1. --- Gel electrophoresis --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.3.2. --- Gel Doc software --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5.3.3. --- Densitometry --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5.4. --- Real time RT-PCR --- p.82 / Chapter 3.6. --- Quantitative Immunocytochemical studies --- p.84 / Chapter 3.6.1. --- Coverslip preparation --- p.84 / Chapter 3.6.2. --- Sample preparation --- p.84 / Chapter 3.6.3. --- Immunocytochemical staining preparation --- p.85 / Chapter 3.6.3.1. --- "Immunocytochemical staining for vWF, α-actin, iNOS, ICAM-1, NF-kB using DAKO catalyzed signal amplification (CSA) system (anti-mouse)" --- p.86 / Chapter 3.6.3.2. --- Immunocytochemical staining for eNOS using Santa Cruz immunoCruz staining system (anti-goat) --- p.87 / Chapter 3.6.4. --- Counterstaining and mounting --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.5. --- Result interpretation --- p.89 / Chapter 3.6.5.1. --- Microscopy and digital image capture --- p.89 / Chapter 3.6.5.2. --- Determination of Image (file) Energy --- p.89 / Chapter 3.7. --- Total Nitrite/Nitrate quantitative colorimetric assay --- p.90 / Chapter 3.7.1. --- Sample preparation --- p.90 / Chapter 3.7.2. --- Total Nitrite/Nitrate quantitative colorimetric assay --- p.91 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- RESULTS --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1. --- Dang Gui Buxue Tang extraction and standardization of content --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- DBT extraction - general data --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- DBT polysaccharide standardization --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- DBT marker standardization --- p.101 / Chapter 4.1.4. --- DBT endotoxin contamination determination --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2. --- Cell model development --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Endothelial morphology --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Immunocytochemistiy --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- MTT cytotoxicity assay --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3. --- Study 1 --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Immunocytochemistry (Hypothesis 1) --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- RT-PCR (Hypothesis 1) --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Real time RT-PCR (Hypothesis 1) --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- Immunocytochemistry (Hypothesis 2) --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.5. --- RT-PCR (Hypothesis 2) --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3.6. --- Total Nitrite/Nitrate quantitative colorimetric assay --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4. --- Study 2 --- p.133 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Immunocytochemistry --- p.133 / Chapter 4.5. --- Study 3 --- p.138 / Chapter 4.5.1. --- Immunocytochemistry --- p.138 / Chapter 4.5.2. --- RT-PCR --- p.141 / Chapter 4.5.3. --- Real time RT-PCR --- p.145 / Chapter 4.6. --- Endotoxin contamination in DBT --- p.149 / Chapter 4.6.1. --- Effects of endotoxin on eNOS --- p.149 / Chapter 4.6.2. --- Immunocytochemistry on immunostained endothelial cells --- p.151 / Chapter 4.6.3. --- Effects of endotoxin on iNOS --- p.153 / Chapter 4.6.4. --- Effect of endotoxin on NF-kB --- p.157 / Chapter 4.6.5. --- Effects of endotoxin on ICAM-1 --- p.160 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.165 / Chapter 5.1. --- DBT extraction and standardization of content --- p.165 / Chapter 5.1.1. --- Optimal DBT extraction conditions --- p.165 / Chapter 5.1.2. --- Evidence to support formulae usage --- p.166 / Chapter 5.1.3. --- Limitation of the methodology used --- p.166 / Chapter 5.2. --- Cell model development --- p.167 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Choice of DBT concentration range in the study --- p.167 / Chapter 5.2.1.1. --- Choice of concentration range in consideration of endotoxin contamination --- p.167 / Chapter 5.2.1.2. --- Choice of concentration range in consideration of DBT's cytotoxicity effects --- p.168 / Chapter 5.2.1.3. --- Choice of concentration range in consideration of prevous studies --- p.168 / Chapter 5.3. --- Study 1 --- p.169 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Action of DBT on eNOS expression --- p.169 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Action of DBT on iNOS expression --- p.170 / Chapter 5.3.3. --- Action of DBT on Nitric oxide metabolite assay --- p.171 / Chapter 5.3.3.1. --- Result interpretation with rejected hypothesis 2 --- p.171 / Chapter 5.3.3.2. --- Assay limitations and improvements --- p.171 / Chapter 5.4. --- Study 2 --- p.172 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Action of DBT on NF-kB expression --- p.172 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- Assay limitations and improvements --- p.173 / Chapter 5.5. --- Study 3 --- p.174 / Chapter 5.5.1. --- Action of DBT on ICAM-1 expression --- p.174 / Chapter 5.6. --- Endotoxin contamination in DBT --- p.175 / Chapter 5.6.1. --- Action of endotoxin contamination in DBT on various markers --- p.175 / Chapter 5.6:2. --- Experimental limitation --- p.176 / Chapter 5.6.3. --- Endotoxin removal --- p.177 / Chapter 5.6.3.1. --- Introduction --- p.177 / Chapter 5.6.3.2. --- Endotoxin removal methodologies suitable for herbal use --- p.179 / Chapter 5.7. --- Action of DBT on angiogenesis stimulation --- p.181 / Chapter 5.7.1. --- Evidence for DBT's proangiogenic effects from various studies --- p.181 / Chapter 5.7.2. --- Influence of endotoxin contamination on angiogenesis stimulation --- p.182 / Chapter 5.7.3. --- Assay limitations and future developments --- p.183 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- GENERAL DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY --- p.186 / Chapter CHAPTER 7. --- REFERENCES --- p.191

Thesis (Ph.D. )--University of Chicago, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-304). Also available on the Internet.

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