Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-28T10:25:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vitor da Matta Vivolo.pdf: 20931566 bytes, checksum: ed0cc27b6bd567e94009c3f1926509b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-28T10:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vitor da Matta Vivolo.pdf: 20931566 bytes, checksum: ed0cc27b6bd567e94009c3f1926509b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work aims to investigate Gastão Cruls (1888-1959), an author of medical short stories and novels in the first half of the 20th century. Through a study of his biography, gathered from documents of his family’s personal collection and his works – specially Coivara (1920), A Amazonia Mysteriosa (1925), Elsa e Helena (1927), Vertigem (1934) e De Pai a Filho (1954) – we aim to reveal polyphonic dimensions of discourse between his historical subject, his fictional work and his own historical period. Our approach is essentially Bakhtinian which allows Gastão Cruls to be a great historiographic object of study considering that he composes a historical personality as the member of an extensive spectrum of social relationships and practices. Metaphorically, we could draw a comparison between him and an intersection point: intertwined with a remarkable visibility in Brazilian intellectual elite, also intersected by plethora of multiple interests and interdisciplinary actor in publishing segments. We observed that the overlapping of his personal, historical and fictitious spheres revealed historical features of the medical training during Rio de Janeiro’s Belle Époque: doctors and patient’s daily routines, human suffering in clinical conditions according to Medicine of his time, the national discussions concerning the future of Brazil and even the inception of psychoanalysis into Brazilian Medicine. Those are the kind of historical issues discussed in his fictitious works / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar Gastão Cruls (1888-1959), autor de contos e romances de teor médico na primeira metade do século XX. Através de sua vida, por nós rastreada por documentos de seu acervo familiar pessoal, e suas obras - especialmente Coivara (1920), A Amazonia Mysteriosa (1925), Elsa e Helena (1927), Vertigem (1934) e De Pai a Filho (1954) - procurarmos revelar dimensões discursivas polifônicas entre sujeito histórico, sua obra fictícia e seu próprio tempo. Nossa abordagem é essencialmente bakhtiniana, tornando Gastão Cruls uma ótima possibilidade de objeto historiográfico, pois compõe uma personalidade histórica que era membro de um largo espectro de convívio e de atuação. Metaforicamente, podemos adotar sua comparação a um ponto de intersecção: perpassado por correntes de destaque notável na elite intelectual brasileira, também cruzado por uma gama de interesses múltiplos e atuante interdisciplinar em segmentos de publicação. Pudemos observar que a sobreposição de tais âmbitos pessoais, históricos e fictícios, nos relevaram questões históricas referentes à formação médica na Belle Époque carioca, o quotidiano de doutores e pacientes, o sofrimento humano nas condições clínicas segundo a medicina da época, as discussões nacionais concernentes ao futuro do país e a até mesmo a entrada da psicanálise na medicina brasileira. São tais as questões históricas discutidas em suas obras fictícias

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Revised and extended version of the author's doctoral thesis. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

This dissertation addresses the history of antibiotic use in British and US food production between 1950 and 2013. Introduced to agriculture in the 1950s, antibiotics underpinned the 20th-century revolution in Western food production. However, from the late 1950s onwards, controversies over antibiotic resistance, residues and animal welfare began to tarnish antibiotics' image. By mapping both the enthusiasm and the controversies surrounding antibiotic use, this dissertation shows how distinct civic epistemologies of risk influenced consumers', producers' and officials' attitudes towards antibiotics. These differing risk perceptions did not emerge by chance: in Britain, popular animal welfare concerns fused with new scenarios of antibiotic resistance and drove reform. Following 1969, Britain pioneered antibiotic resistance regulation by banning certain feed antibiotics. However, subsequent reforms were only partially implemented, and total antibiotic consumption failed to sink. Meanwhile, scandals and public pressure forced the American FDA to install the first comprehensive monitoring program for antibiotic residues. However, differing public priorities and industrial opposition meant that the FDA failed to convince Congress of resistance-inspired bans. The transatlantic regulatory gap has since widened: following the BSE crisis, the EU phased out growth-promoting antibiotic feeds in 2006. The US proclaimed only a voluntary and partial ban of antibiotic feeds in December 2013. In the face of contemporary warnings about failing antibiotics, the dissertation shows how one group of substances acquired different meanings for different communities. It also reveals that the dilemma of antibiotic regulation is hardly new. Despite knowing about antibiotic allergies and resistance since the 1940s, no country has managed to solve the dilemma of preserving antibiotics' economic benefits whilst containing their medical risks. Historically, effective antibiotic regulation emerged only when differing perceptions of antibiotics were broken down either by sustained regulatory reform or large crises.