No description available.

Yes / Despite more than two centuries of almost uninterrupted surveys and studies of Algerian lichenology, the history and lichen diversity of Algeria are still poorly understood. During the preparation of a forthcoming checklist of Algerian lichens it was considered necessary to provide the present historical overview of lichenological exploration of the country from 1799 to 2013, supported by a reasonably comprehensive annotated bibliography of 171 titles.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is well-known as a destructive pest of fruit worldwide. Various control methods have been used against this insect. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is used as an important and successful technological method for controlling or eradicating this pest in many countries. A key factor to successfully apply SIT is dependent on the availability of efficient and economical rearing methods. Artificial insect diets with low cost bulking agents have been of interest to many researchers. The present study investigated the use of locally available maize meal as a bulking agent in such diets. Maize meal is used for human consumption (in South Africa) and contains small amounts of protein. This makes the reduction of imported torula yeast as an ingredient of the diet and source of protein possible, thereby reducing the cost of the diet. The larval development of the Medfly reared on artificial diets was studied in small and large-scale tests. The effect of the diets on larval production was evaluated using pupal recovery, pupal weight, flight ability, sex ratio, fecundity and egg fertility. The results of the small-scale tests showed that the diet containing maize meal could be used to produce Medfly more economically than the standard Krige diet used by the ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Research Institute at Stellenbosch. However, in large-scale tests the ingredients quantities of the diets used were not the same as those of small scale-tests. The cost of the modified larval diet was not reduced in large-scale tests. This was ascribed to the number of eggs used in the tests to produce one million of fruit flies. The maize meal with reduced number of eggs require more diet to produce one million flies therefore, making it more expensive and less viable. When similar amounts of eggs were used, the diet appears to be a suitable alternative as the result obtained was almost similar to those of the Krige diet. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Mediterreens vrugtevlieg ("Medfly"), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is wêreldwyd 'n skadelike plaag. Die steriele insek tegniek (SIT) het in baie lande 'n belangrike en suksesvolle manier geword om die plaag te beheer en uit te roei. Die belangrikste voorvereiste vir die suksesvolle toepassing van SIT is die beskikbaarheid van doeltreffende en ekonomiese teelmetodes. Meeste navorsers is geïntereseerd in kunsmatige diëte met 'n goedkoop vulstof. Hierdie studie is ontwerp om die gebruik van plaaslik beskikbare mieliemeel as vulstof te ondersoek. In Suid-Afrika word dit vir menslike gebruik aangewend en bevat klein hoeveelhede proteïene wat 'n vermindering van die ingevoerde torula gis moontlik kan maak, en sodoende die koste van die dieët kan verminder. Die ontwikkeling van Medfly larwes op kunsmatige diëte is bestudeer In kleinskaalse en grootskaalse eksperimente. Die invloed van die diëte op larwale produksie is evalueer deur gebruik te maak van van papie-ontwikkeling, papie-gewig, vliegvermoë, geslagsverhouding, volwasse voortplantingsvermoë en eiervrugbaarheid. Die resultate van die kleinskaalse toetse het aangetoon dat die mieliemeel dieët gebruik kan word om Medfly meer ekonomies as met die standaard Krige dieët, wat in die ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij navorsings instituut by Stellenbosch gebruik word, te teel. By die grootskaalse toetse was die koste nie laer nie. Dit word toegeskryf aan die aantal eiers wat gebruik is om 'n miljoen vlieë te produseer. Die mieliemeel dieët met 'n verminderde aantal eiers benodig meer dieët om 'n miljoen vlieë te produseer, wat dit duurder en minder lewensvatbaar maak. Wanneer soortgelyke hoeveelhede eiers gebruik was, het dit geblyk dat die dieët 'n opsie is, want die resultaat was soortgelyk aan dié van die Krige dieët.

Scholarship on late antique cities has largely conceptualized them as singular entities, either decaying or transitioning as Roman imperial power and economic structures shifted. Improved archaeological data from urban sites, accompanied by a number of broad synthetic studies, now allow for fresh exploration of the details of urbanism in this transformative era. This study examines the ways that a select group of public buildings were used and reused in the Mediterranean West between 300 and 600 CE. This examination is primarily carried out through the collection of a broad catalogue of archaeological evidence (supplemented with epigraphic and literary testimony) for the constructions, work projects, abandonments and reuses of key public monuments across the Western Mediterranean region—principally Italy, southern Gaul, Spain, and North Africa west of Cyrenaica. This broad survey is augmented with case studies on select cities. Such an analysis of the late antique histories of baths, aqueducts, and spectacle buildings (theaters, amphitheaters, and circuses) shows that each of the building types had a distinct history and that public monuments were not a unitary group. It also reveals unexpectedly few regional trends, suggesting that these histories were broadly common across the West. Further, this study shows that each building type was reused differently, both in terms of purposes and chronology. Finally, by considering economic, technological, cultural and legal factors affecting patterns of use, abandonment and reuse, this study establishes that the primary cause for the transformations to public building was largely a change in euergetistic practices in late antiquity. Cities with access to imperial or other governmental patronage used and maintained their public monuments longer than those without. Together these observations demonstrate the complexities of urban change in this period and prove that the idea of a single pattern of decline in late antique cities is no longer tenable.

Introduction: The presence of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) becomes more common with advancing age. The literature shows the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the mental health of the elderly, but few studies have been conducted in Western countries. In addition, studies conducted in non-Mediterranean regions generally do not take into account the peculiarities of food, which do not always meet all the Mediterranean characteristics. Objective: (i) to describe the adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern, considering two points of view: including only foods characteristic of the original standard Mediterranean diet and including foods with non-Mediterranean characteristics (ii) to verify the association between the adherence to the two Mediterranean Dietary Patterns (MDP) and CMD in the elderly. Methods: cross-sectional population-based study; Data from the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo were used. The presence of CMD was identified through the Self Reporting Questionnaire-20. The MDP was constructed using the Mediterranean Diet Score (calculated from data from two 24-hour dietary recall), considering two points of view: Mediterranean pattern origin-like (MPOL), which included only foods from the original Mediterranean diet; Mediterranean pattern including foods with non-Mediterranean characteristics (MPNM), which included foods submitted to procedures that diverge from the original dietary pattern. The other variables were identified through a previously structured questionnaire. The association between TMC and adherence to MPOL and MPNM was investigated through logistic regression models. The covariates for the adjustment were selected for biological plausibility. A significance level of 5% (p <0.05) was considered for final statistical tests. All data analyses were performed using Stata software (version 14). To accomplish the objectives of the present research, two manuscripts were elaborated. The aims of the 1st manuscript were: (i) describe the degree of adherence to this dietary pattern by elders from São Paulo-SP-Brazil; (ii) to identify modifications made in the form of intake of the different components of the original MDP, investigating associations with demographic and socioeconomic variables. The aims of the 2nd manuscript were: (i) To evaluate the association between the adherence to the MDP with the presence of mental disorders in these elders; (ii) To investigate these associations taking into account the two different points of view of MDP. Results: The 1st manuscript showed a moderate adherence to the two views of MDP. The greater adherence to the two proposed dietary patterns was characterized by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, nuts, cereals, legumes and greater proportion between monounsaturated and saturated lipids and, as well as lower consumption of meat and dairy products. MPOL and MPNM were associated with formal education and age, respectively. From the 2nd manuscript, we identified that moderate and high adherence to MPOL, compared to low adherence, was associated with a lower prevalence of CMD, after adjustment for gender, age, body mass index, number of chronic diseases, per capita household income, physical activity and smoking status. The presence of CMD was not associated with MPNM adherence. Additionally, the presence of CMD was different between gender, physical activity and number of referred chronic diseases. Main conclusions (from the two manuscripts): the protective effect of MDP on CMD in elderly was observed only when the particularities of this diet were fulfilled. Other factors, associated to lifestyle, showed to be important to improve the associations with CMD. The results support the importance of programs that encourage the maintenance of healthy eating habits among the elderly. / Introdução: A presença de Transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) torna-se mais frequente com o avançar da idade. A literatura evidencia os efeitos benéficos da Dieta mediterrânea sobre a saúde mental do idoso, porém poucos estudos foram realizados em países ocidentais. Ademais, os estudos realizados em regiões não mediterrâneas geralmente não levam em consideração as peculiaridades dos alimentos, que nem sempre atendem a todas as características mediterrâneas. Objetivos: (i) descrever a adesão ao padrão da dieta mediterrânea considerando dois pontos de vista: incluindo apenas alimentos característicos do original padrão da dieta mediterrânea e incluindo alimentos com características não mediterrâneas (ii) verificar a associação entre a adesão aos dois padrões da dieta mediterrânea (PDM) construídos e TMC em idosos. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional; foram utilizados dados do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo 2015 (ISA-Capital). A presença de TMC foi identificada através do Self Reporting Questionnaire-20. O PDM foi construído através do Escore da dieta mediterrânea (calculado com base em dois recordatórios alimentares de 24h), considerando dois pontos de vista: Padrão mediterrâneo similar ao original (PMSO) - com a inclusão de apenas alimentos originais da dieta mediterrânea; Padrão mediterrâneo com características não mediterrâneas (PMNM) - com a inclusão de alimentos que foram submetidos a procedimentos que divergem do padrão mediterrâneo original. As demais variáveis foram identificadas por meio de um questionário previamente estruturado. A associação entre TMC e a adesão ao PMSO e PMNM foi investigada por meio de modelos de regressão logística. As covariáveis para o ajuste foram selecionadas por plausibilidade biológica. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05) para os testes estatísticos finais. Todas as análises de dados foram realizadas utilizando o software Stata (versão 14). Para atender os objetivos da presente pesquisa, foram elaborados dois manuscritos. O manuscrito 1 teve como objetivos (i) descrever o grau de adesão ao PMD por idosos de São Paulo-SP-Brasil; (ii) construir dois pontos de vista do PMD, de acordo com as modificações frequentes na forma de ingestão dos diferentes componentes desse padrão dietético, investigando associações com variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas. O manuscrito 2 teve como objetivos: (i) avaliar a associação entre a aderência ao PMD e transtornos mentais comuns nesses idosos; (ii) investigar essas associações levando em consideração as duas visões construídas para esse padrão. Resultados: No manuscrito 1 foi encontrada uma adesão moderada pelos idosos às duas visões do PMD. A maior adesão a ambas as visões do PMD foi caracterizada pela ingestão mais elevada de vegetais, frutas, oleaginosas, cereais, leguminosas e maior proporção de lipídios monoinsaturados e saturados, além de um menor consumo de carne e laticínios. O PMSO e o PMNM apresentaram associação com escolaridade e idade, respectivamente. No Manuscrito 2, identificou-se que as adesões moderada e alta ao PMSO, em comparação a uma baixa adesão, foram associadas a uma menor prevalência de TMC, após ajuste para sexo, idade, índice de massa corporal, número de doenças crônicas, renda domiciliar per capita, atividade física e tabagismo. Por sua vez, a presença de TMC não mostrou associação significativa com nenhum grau de adesão ao PMNM. Adicionalmente, a presença de TMC foi significativamente diferente entre os gêneros, a atividade física e o número de doenças crônicas referidas. Conclusões principais (a partir de ambos os manuscritos): o efeito protetor de uma maior adesão ao PDM sobre os TMC em idosos foi observado apenas quando as particularidades originais desse padrão foram atendidas. Outros fatores, associados ao estilo de vida, mostraram-se importantes para melhorar as associações com TMC. Os resultados encontrados reforçam a importância de programas que incentivem a manutenção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre idosos.

Le bâti traditionnel dans le bassin méditerranéen, avec son riche parcours historique, reflète les nécessités socioculturelles pour lesquelles il a été construit. Les besoins environnementaux interagissent et se superposent en déterminant, en milieu urbain, des solutions typologiques et constructives récurrentes. Les solutions architecturales du bâtiment historique méditerranéen présentent des qualités formelles, structurelles et fonctionnelles remarquables et, grâce à la capacité d'adaptation au contexte climatique local, elles garantissent également un bon niveau de confort environnemental interne. De nos jours, la nécessité de réduire les consommations d’énergie dans le domaine de la construction entraîne le développement de la recherche vers des solutions innovantes qui combinent l’expérimentation sur les nouveaux matériaux et technologies, et la réappropriation des connaissances et des principes de construction de l’architecture « traditionnelle » en milieu dense. Porté par ces thématiques, étendues aux interactions entre les éléments du bâti et l’ensemble des facteurs qui participent à la détermination du confort intérieur des usagers dans les bâtiments traditionnels en région méditerranéenne, notre questionnement de base est parti des interrogations suivantes : pouvons-nous récupérer des savoir-faire techniques perdus ou oubliés pour répondre aux problématiques actuelles de réduction de consommation énergétique des bâtiments ? Comment réinterpréter certains aspects caractéristiques des bâtiments traditionnels avec les technologies et matériaux contemporains ? Quels outils de conception sont à mettre en place? Nous voulions ainsi reconstruire un modèle d'architecture traditionnelle en se concentrant sur une ville en particulier, Palerme, pour sa capacité à illustrer, à travers ses phases historiques, l'évolution d'une métropole méditerranéenne; sur tous les sous-systèmes (ville, bâtiment, composant constructif), nous retrouvons l’idée de transmission, avec des qualités implicites de permanence, d’héritage, de répétition et de durabilité. Ce choix nous permet, également, de cerner notre champ de recherche sans se perdre dans la multitude de variables possibles. En s’appuyant sur des recherches scientifiques actuelles et passées, et sur des calculs numériques réalisés, nous essaierons d’évaluer les performances énergétiques de cette architecture qui est souvent considérée comme une forme empirique d’architecture « bioclimatique ».La connaissance du comportement thermique de ce bâti représente une phase préparatoire fondamentale afin de proposer des outils de conception pour la modélisation et l’évaluation thermique de systèmes technologiques innovants, capables de réinterpréter certains aspects de l’architecture traditionnelle avec la mise en place de matériaux ou techniques contemporains / With its rich history, the traditional building in the Mediterranean Basin reflects the socio-cultural needs for which it was built: environmental needs interact and overlap, determining cyclic typological and constructive solutions in urban areas. The architectural solutions of the historic Mediterranean building have remarkable formal, structural and functional qualities and, thanks to their ability to adapt to the local climate context, they also guarantee a good level of internal environmental comfort. The need to reduce energy consumption in the construction field leads today towards the research of innovative solutions that combine experimentation on new materials and technologies and the re-appropriation of knowledge and principles of ‘traditional’ architecture in a dense environment.Moving from these considerations, and taking into account the interactions between the elements of the frame and all the factors involved in determining the internal user’s comfort in traditional buildings in the Mediterranean Region, we asked the following questions: can we recover lost or forgotten technical know-how to answer the current problems of reduction of buildings energy consumption? How to reinterpret certain peculiar aspects of traditional buildings with contemporary technologies and materials? What design tools are needed? We wanted to reconstruct a model of traditional architecture by focusing on a particular city, Palermo, due to its ability to illustrate the evolution of a Mediterranean metropolis through its historical phases; in all subsystems - city, building, component - we find the idea of transmission with implicit qualities of permanence, inheritance, repetition and durability. This choice also allows us to define our field of research without getting lost in the multitude of possible variables. Based on past and current scientific research, along with numerical calculations, we will try to evaluate the energy performance of this architecture, often considered as an empirical form of ‘bioclimatic’ architecture.The knowledge of the thermal behaviour of this building represents a pivotal preparatory phase in order to propose design tools for the modelling and thermal evaluation of innovative technological systems, capable of reinterpreting certain aspects of traditional architecture with the introduction of materials or contemporary techniques

The aim of this thesis is to examine, analyse and discuss the ways in which the European Union is structuring its relations with its neighbours in the Mediterranean region, in regards of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, its Third Basket which is dealing with the socio-cultural cooperation and human affairs, and the initiative of the intercultural dialogue. In this thesis, it is shown that the human dimension of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership has experienced an increase in related debates, activities and initiatives within the post-9/11 world order. To organise the intercultural relations and the civil society input in the process, the Anna Lindh Euro-Mediterranean Foundation for the Dialogue between Cultures was established in 2005. It is observed that within the framework of this renewed significance of the Third Basket and the notion of intercultural dialogue, there exist clear problems regarding the issues of the politicisation and securitisation of the process, the representation of cultural entities and the participation of civil society organisations. To conclude, it is suggested that the independence of the Euro-Mediterranean Foundation regarding the issues of funding and civil society participation need to be enhanced extensively as within the current situation the political actors and the governments of the partner countries have strict control over the functioning of the intercultural dialogue which is initiated as a solely non-governmental institution that would regulate the cultural relations in the region.

Status and distribution of the Mediterranean monk seal in the northeastern Mediterranean were studied between October 2003 and December 2005. In total, 7 research cruises and 8 research visits were carried out to the region in the study period. The study was generally focused on two regions. First region was mainly around the Cilicia basin in the northeastern Mediterranean where a known Mediterranean monk seal colony (the Cilician colony) inhabits. Second region was around the Gulf of iskenderun where the population status of the monk seals was unknown.In the northeastern Mediterranean, all monk seal caves especially those used for breeding have been checked for whelping and monitored during the study period. In total, 7 pups were found including one death pup in the study period. Observations of the breeding behavior of the species indicated that, whelping also takes place in 2 new caves in addition to the 39 caves already reported for the study area in the earlier studies. Increase in the number of breeding caves showed that the breeding sites of the species has been expanded within the last 5 years. The Cilician colony size was estimated as 30 individuals in 2005. Identification catalog for each individual in the Cilician colony was prepared. Finally, population viability analysis (PVA) for the Cilician monk seal colony was carried out by evaluating the vital parameters of the species, which have been collected since 1994. This analysis was carried out for both pre-conservation phase and the post-conservation phase. In post conservation phase, the survival and fecundity rate of the Cilician colony was found as 0.976 and 0.169 respectively whereas these values were estimated as 0.902 and 0.200 respectively in pre-conservation phase. It was found that there is a 26.9% risk that the monk seal colony abundance will fall below the existing level (30 individuals) at least once during the next 20 years and there is also 0.2% risk that the monk seal colony abundance will fall below 12 at least once during the next 20 years. The risk was found as 21.7% by evaluating the status of the colony in preconservation phase. It was the first PVA study for this species, in which all the parameters used in the analysis were based on the study population, instead of the congeneric Hawaiian Monk Seal. Prior to this study, although monk seals have been frequently sighted by local people in the region, status of the Mediterranean monk seals and presence of the suitable habitats for the species in the Gulf of iskenderun was unknown. Therefore, population status of the Mediterranean monk seal in the Gulf of iskenderun and suitable habitats were investigated. In total, 30 caves were discovered and 7 of them were classified suitable for the Mediterranean monk seal. In addition, a monk seal information network was established in the region in order to gain information about the species especially when the individuals are sighted (alive, injured or death). In total, 51 sighting reports were obtained from local people via the Mediterranean monk seal information network during the study period. Since there are sampling difficulties due to critical status of the Mediterranean monk seal, alternative sampling techniques were investigated in order to find answers to questions related to the monk seal colony inhabiting in the northeastern Mediterranean. For identification of the individuals, comparison of the individuals and monitoring the individuals, 3D model construction technique from photographs was tested as an alternative photoidentification technique for the Mediterranean monk seal. It was found that at least 100 reference points were needed to construct the 3D model of the monk seal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This diploma paper analyses the Barcelona process and the Union for the Mediterranean. It aims to answer the question wether the Union for the Mediterranean is the continuation of the Barcelona process and to show the relations, similarities and differences. It is divided into three chapters. The first chapter characterizes the Mediterranean region and its importance for European Union. The second chapter describes the emergence and progress of Barcelona process. It also evaluates the Barcelona process. The third chapter is about the Union for the Mediterranean, its progress and its actual problems.