Nous avons étudié les réponses à la contrainte hydrique du système biologique formé par l'association plante hôte – communautés de champignons ectomycorhiziens (ECM) en prenant comme espèces modèles deux chênes méditerranéens correspondant à des types biologiques contrastées décidu (Quercus pubescens) et sempervirent (Q. ilex). Nous avonstesté l'hypothèse selon laquelle les interactions fonctionnelles entre plantes hôtes et communautés associées pourraient être régulées par le niveau de ressource hydrique. A l'aide d'une expérimentation réalisée en conditions contrôlées, nos résultats ont montré que Q. pubescens réduisait davantage sa production que Q. ilex en réponse au déficit hydrique. La colonisation racinaire par les champignons ECM a varié selon les deux chênes et la disponibilité de l'eau. La longueur des racines colonisées était positivement corrélée à la croissance des plantes et à l'immobilisation des nutriments chez l'espèce décidue Q.pubescens mais pas chez Q. ilex. In natura, nous avons testé les traits de communautés ectomycorhiziennes dans un gradient environnemental de trois forêts de Q. ilex. Sur chaque site, le taux de colonisation racinaire et la richesse des espèces ECM ont diminué avec l'horizon échantillonné alors que parallèlement les ECM de la famille dominante Russulaceae augmentaient. Sur tous les sites, le type d'exploration dit «contact» était dominant, particulièrement dans le site sec. La composition des espèces a varié considérablement d'un site à l'autre avec un nombre élevé d'espèces rares, à l'échelle locale et à l'échelle régionale. Dans les trois sites, l'application d'une perturbation de sol de faible dimension a induit uneréponse forte de la communauté ECM. La diversité spécifique et la richesse ont diminué après la perturbation avec la disparition de la plupart des espèces de Russulaceae, de Cantharellaceae et de Clavulinaceae. Les types d'exploration contact ont fortement diminué alors que les types courte distance ont répondu positivement à la perturbation. Une mosaïque d'espèces stress-tolérantes comprenant plusieurs espèces des genres Sebacina sp et Helvellasp, ont dominé les communautés après la perturbation. Ces travaux apportent des éléments de compréhension du fonctionnement et de la réponse du système chênes méditerranéens - communautés ECM face à la contrainte climatique, les expérimentations in natura permettant d'affiner notre connaissance des stratégies écologiques de recolonisation ectomycorhizienneaprès perturbation. / The effect of drought had been investigated on the biological system -host plantectomycorrhizal community ECM- using different approaches. In a first part, we evaluated the drought-resistance of Quercus species and their associated ECM fungi, comparing the responses of two oak species differing in their leaf habitat, Q. pubescens vs Q. ilex (deciduous vs evergreen) in a controlled experiment. Our results showed that Q. pubescens reduced more its production than Q. ilex according to drought treatments. The total length of colonized fine roots was positively correlated with plant growth and nutrient immobilization in Q. pubescens but not in Q. ilex. In a second part, we investigated ECM community traits in three Q. ilex forests across an environmental gradient. At each site, both ectomycorrhizal colonization rate and species richness decreased with increasing soil depth, while the dominant family Russulaceae increased in abundance with increasing soil depth. At all sites, contact exploration type strongly dominated, with the highest abundance in the driest site. Species composition varied significantly across sites with high number of rare species at local and regional scales. At all sites, the application of an experimental soil disturbance provoked strong responses of the ECM community. Species richness and diversity decreased after disturbance with disappearance of numerous species of Russulaceae, Cantharellaceae and Clavulinaceae. The relative abundance of contact exploration types decreased after the disturbance whereas the opposite pattern was observed for short distance exploration type. A mosaic of stress-tolerance species of Sebacina sp and Helvella sp, dominated after disturbance. These studies provide an understanding of the functioning and the responses of the system Mediterranean oaks – ECM communities facing climatic constraints. In natura experiments provide us insights on our understanding of ecological strategies of ectomycorrhizal fungi after disturbance.

Dès le IIIe millénaire av. J.-C., l'ornementation d'objets en or se développe parallèlement au contrôle de la production dite de prestige et à travers des échanges et des contacts au sein de la Méditerranée orientale.L'emploi de procédés complexes, tels que la soudure et la décoration à chaud, facilite la fabrication et le rendu plastique d'oeuvres composites. Ma thèse vise à la reconstitution des techniques de décoration fine de filigrane et de granulation, utilisées par les artisans à l'âge du Bronze, au Levant nord et en Crête particulièrement. Cette étude s'est essentiellement fondée sur l'observation macro- et microscopique des objets et sur l'expérimentation pour définir des critères d'identification des procédés techniques et caractériser le savoir-faire des artisans. Ainsi, les chaînes opératoires ont pu être reconstituées, les gestes spécifiés et des « mains » reconnues.La démarche a également conduit à appréhender le travail à l'atelier, l'aménagement de son espace et l'outillage nécessaire au spécialiste du filigrane et de la granulation pour produire des pièces uniques ou en série, former ses apprentis à des compétences techniques spécifiques et transmettre son savoir-faire sur de longues distances. Les orfèvres-bijoutiers ont eu un rôle majeur dans la diffusion des savoirs en Méditerranée orientale, ce qui a entraîné la création d'objets hybrides aux influences artistiques levantines, crétoises, égyptiennes, mycéennes... Mais l'étude technique a aussi montré que l'apparition des techniques de filigrane et de granulation au Levant nord et en Crête pouvait résulter d'une création locale, indépendante ou stimulée. / Goldwork decoration has been developed since the 3rt millenium BC, sumultaneously with the control over the production of prestigious items, and through exchange networks and contacts within the Eastern Mediterranean.The use of complex processes such as the soldering and decoration using heat facilitate the production and enable the plasticity of composite items. My dissertation aims to reconstruct the techniques of fine decoration as filigree and granulation that were employed throughout the Bronze Age by craftsmen namely in Northern Levant and Crete. This study has been essentially based on macro- and microscopic examination of artifacts and experimental golden works I made in order to define the identification evidences of the technical processes, and the characterization of the craftsmen's know-how. In addition, the chaînes opératoires might be also reconstruct in order to specify the movement of the body and recognize « the hands ».On the other hand, the technical approach has lead me to explore the workshop's organization : how was it fitted out the work space and what were the tools of the filigree and granulation the experts has used to produce unique or similar items, to train apprenties to specific qualities, and expand their know-how through different places of the Eastern Mediterranean ? Gold worker-jeweller had a major rôle in the spreading of knowledge in that connected region, which has provoked the creation of hybrid objects with artistic influences such as Levantine, Minoan, Egyptian, and Mycenaean... The analyse has also insight into the importance of discussing the possibility of local creation, independently or by external stimulation, about the apparition of filigree and granulation techniques in Northern Levant and Crete.

Le but de notre thèse est de fournir un panorama littéraire méditerranéen en abordant les oeuvres des écrivains qui vivent la migration et l’interculturalité. Dans la première partie de notre étude nous explorons le concept d’appartenance à ’espace méditerranéen à partir d’un point de vue philosophique. À l’aide des penseurs des XIXe et XXe siècles, nous mettons en avant d’abord la spécificité de la Méditerranée « matrice de civilisations », puis la littérature méditerranéenne migrante. Nous évoquons également l’état actuel des échanges entre pays méditerranéens sur le plan culturel ainsi que géopolitique et social avec une attention particulière aux phénomènes liés à la migration clandestine qui se traduit, au large de nos côtes, par d’innombrables massacres. Notre étude sur les oeuvres de Pasolini et de De Luca, précurseurs dans l’observation de ces mouvements migratoires, illustre de façon significative nos propos. Dans la deuxième partie de notre thèse, nous nous appuyons sur deux modèles de littératures de la migration : francophone et italophone. Dans l’univers francophone nous traitons de la naissance de la littérature migrante maghrébine suite à la colonisation puis à la décolonisation française. Nous analysons la naissance du roman au Maghreb, qui coïncide avec le besoin de raconter l’invasion, l’influence de la langue française et la migration. À propos de l’Italie littéraire de la migration nous voyons qu’elle est liée à la migration en provenance des pays de l’Est européen – comme l’Albanie – mais concerne tout particulièrement des auteurs migrants en provenance du Maghreb. Ces deux exemples de littérature migrante témoignent de la transformation de l’Italie, à l’origine pays d’émigration, en un pays d’accueil. La troisième partie de notre étude se concentre essentiellement sur l’exemple italien. Nous évoquons d’abord l’apparition d’oeuvres créées par les fils des migrants, puis nous rendons compte de la perception de l’image du migrant, à travers l’oeuvre d’écrivains sensibles à la question de la migration. Nous terminons par l’étude de l’oeuvre de Carmine Abate, pour signifier l’apparition d’une génération d’écrivains migrants engagés, qui donne, selon nous, une vision concrète du phénomène récent de la migration auquel est confrontée l’Italie. En définitive, notre itinéraire de recherche entend présenter un état actuel de l’espace méditerranéen, à travers, notamment, une unité de mesure : l’écriture migrante. / The purpose of our thesis is to supply a Mediterranean and literary overview with the writers who experience migration and interculturality. In the first part of our study, we will explore the concept of belonging to the Mediterranean area using a philosophical point of view. With the help of the 19th and 20th centuries’ thinkers, we will first define the Mediterranean area as a “matrix of the civilization” and then, the Mediterranean and migrant literature. We also deal with the actual state of the Mediterranean cultural, geopolitical and social exchanges that perpetuate between the countries of the area; which must be considered in terms of clandestine migration and several conflicts. A study on Pasolini and De Luca, as pioneers writers and experts of the migratory movement, highlights the said concept. In the second part of the thesis, we will take a look at two examples of the migrant literature: a French one and an Italian one. In the French universe we will deal with the birth of a North African migrant literature after the French colonization and decolonization. We explore the arrival of the North African writing, a phenomenon that collides with the need of talking about the invasion, the francophone countries and the migration. The Italian migrant literature is linked with the migration from East Europe – like Albania – and above all, North Africa. These examples testify to the transformation of Italy from emigration country to host country. The third part of the thesis focuses on the Italian example. We will talk about the appearance of a migrant literature by writers who are the sons of migrants; then, we will explore how the migrant is seen thanks to writers aware of the migration phenomenon. We will end our study with Carmine Abate’s work, to point out the arrival of a generation full of committed migrant writers and their visions of the question. To sum up, our study’s path tries to show the actual state of the Mediterranean area with a special measurement unit: the migrant literature.

In Cyprus that experienced British imperial rule from 1878 until 1960, Greek and Turkish nationalism developed at different historical periods and at different paces. Relations between Turkish Cypriots and the British on the one hand, and Greek Cypriots and the British on the other, were asymmetrical. During the colonial era in Cyprus, the Muslim community had undergone an enormous change in terms of national/ethnic identity and class characteristics. Turkish Cypriot nationalism developed belatedly as a militant nationalist and anti-Enosis movement. Against this background this thesis explores the relationship between the emergence of the Turkish national identity and the British colonial rule because the latter set out the international, political, social and ideological context wherein the Turkish national identity was shaped. In particular this thesis focusing on the period between the two World Wars (1923-1939) when the transformation of the Muslims of Cyprus into Turkish Cypriots occurred, examines the extent to which the British rule affected the process of development of Turkish nationalism on Cyprus. This thesis discusses educational and administrative policies implemented by the British rule that had an impact on the politics of the Muslim community of Cyprus. The development of Turkish Cypriot national identity is also placed in the broader international context of the Eastern Mediterranean, with due attention being paid to the role of both Turkey and Italy. The impact of the Kemalist reforms on Cyprus and the resultant division of Turkish Cypriots into two conflicting groups of Kemalists and traditionalists is presented, and British fears of Italian expansionism under Mussolini are also examined. The final conclusion is that while a Turkish Cypriot identity would inevitably have developed, the divisive way it developed was a result of the imperial policies the British rule implemented during the period in question.

This thesis explores the early phases of marketing activity in Britain by investigating the supply-chains through which imports arrived during the Roman period. The study adopts a cross-disciplinary approach which draws on archaeological evidence, as few written records survive from this era. The investigation commences with a review of the structure of the Roman economy, after which the characteristic features of a traditional supply-chain are presented and the rôles and relationships of its key members examined. The empirical evidence relating to cross-channel exchange in the Romano-British period (c. 120 BC-AD 410) is reviewed by means of four product-based case studies; two of which relate to amphorae-borne commodities (olive-oil and wine) and two involve types of ceramic pottery (samian ware and Rhenish-beakers). The contribution of this thesis is to combine methodologies from apparently disparate fields such as archaeology and marketing to enable new questions to be asked of existing data to enhance understanding in each discipline. In addition to using archaeological evidence to trace the evolution of marketing practices in the Romano-British period, the reciprocal aim of the study was to explore ways in which archaeologists may be able to utilize economic and marketing models to offer new insights into their own subject area. Supply-chain analysis forms the central focus of this thesis. Its main insight is to recognize that through their contacts with clients in both Britain and Gaul, Romano-British and Gallo-Roman merchants must inevitably have gained asymmetric knowledge of market conditions in each location, thus enabling them through their choice of cargoes to control the vital ‘choke-point’ of the channel-crossing. In addition to the principal theme of supply-chain analysis, the inclusion of economic and marketing models such as industrial location criteria (Weber, 1929; Ohlin, 1933) and product-cycle analysis (Vernon, 1966; Wells, 1968) all represent new applications of business theories to the archaeological domain and add to the uniqueness of this research.

A partir da análise de Um Filme Falado (2003), de Manoel de Oliveira, são discutidas questões relacionadas à historiografia, à narrativa histórica por meio do cinema, bem como à crítica do orientalismo, eurocentrismo, relacionado-as à historiografia lusa e à do Mediterrâneo. São levados em conta aspectos de outras obras do realizador português, em especial Non, ou a vã glória de mandar (1990). Para a interpretação da película são consideradas obras da historiografia e de análise fílmica, bem como da crítica ao orientalismo, promovendo um diálogo com a historiografia em especial aquela que aborda o Mediterrâneo, Portugal, observando aspectos da história ibérica moderna, as relações do Ocidente com o Oriente árabe islâmico, além de levar em conta aspectos historiográficos como os lugares de memória. / Beginning with the film analysis of A Talking Picture (2003), by Manoel de Oliveira, here are discussed several questions regarding historiography, historical narrative through cinema, as well as the critics of Orientalism, Eurocentrism, connecting them with Portuguese and Mediterranean historiographies. I take in consideration aspects of other works by the Portuguese director, especially No or the vain glory of command (1990). To proceed about the film interpretation are considered works from historiography and film analysis, as well as from the critic of Orientalism, promoting a dialogue with historiography especially the one that approaches the Mediterranean Sea, Portugal, observing aspects from Iberian history, the relations of West and Islamic East, and also considering historiographical aspects as places of memory.

Estimation of age is a crucial step for the identification of unknown individuals. Age is commonly assessed through macroscopic analytical methods based on the gross-examination of age degenerative changes in the skeleton. The choice of the methods relies on the taphonomic condition of the human remains and/or the skeletal element that is available. In cases of very fragmented bones, microscopic techniques remain one of the few approaches to estimate age. Thus, many histological age estimation methods have been developed for different bones and on different samples in the last forty years. Numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence bone remodelling rates and have shown to affect the accuracy of histological aging methods. The present study investigates rib thin-sections from two Mediterranean samples, aiming to explore the applicability and reliability of histological methods in estimating age within these samples. Standard ribs were obtained from males and females (N = 88, Mean age = 60, SD = 17.90) from two samples, Cretans (Greece) and Greek- Cypriots (Republic of Cyprus). The costal elements were processed histologically according to standard protocols and thirteen raw and composite histomorphometric parameters (frequency number of intact and fragmentary osteons, total osteons, osteon population densities - including OPD(I) and OPD(F) - cortical area, total area, endosteal area, relative cortical area, osteon area, osteon perimeter and osteon circularity) were assessed. Intra- and inter-observer errors were examined. Due to the fragmented nature of the costal elements, sampling error was calculated as a means to explore whether the histological variables vary among six different topographical locations along the rib length. A validation study was carried out by applying four existing histological age prediction equations on the entire dataset and on the sub-datasets (sex and samples separately) in order to verify whether population-specific formulae are required for the Mediterranean samples. The relationship between the histological variables and age, as well as sex and samples, was determined through several statistical tests. Lastly, simple and multiple regression analyses were performed testing all possible combinations of variables. The best models ii were finally selected according to prediction power and goodness of fit indicators. The results from intra- and inter-observer errors indicated that most of the histological parameters achieved high levels of repeatability. The preliminary outcome from the sampling error pilot study suggested low variability among the six thin-sections from each rib. According to the validation study, three of the four age prediction equations resulted in high underestimation of age, indicating that population-specific formulae are needed to provide more accurate age estimates. Most of the histological variables showed a statistically significant correlation with age with some differences observed by sex and by sample. Forty-one models were generated concluding that osteon densities along with rib and osteon measurements formulae produced the most accurate results. The best model generated from the entire dataset included OPD and osteon circularity with a standard error of the estimate of 10.45 years. When sex and samples were separated, the best model selected included OPD and osteon perimeter producing a standard error of the estimate of 8 years for Cypriots. This research demonstrates that quantitative bone histology is a feasible method to estimate age on the Mediterranean samples obtaining errors rates that are in accordance with macroscopic ageing techniques. Inter-population variation in remodeling rates is suggested; however, the inclusion of other bones presenting different remodelling dynamics (such as femora) is recommended to further explore this hypothesis. This study contributes to the creation of population-specific standards for Cretans and Cypriots.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide numerous services to their plant symbionts. Understanding the effects of climate change on AMF, and the resulting plant responses, is a crucial factor in predicting ecosystem responses on a global scale. We used a manipulative climate change experiment embedded within a natural climate gradient in Oregon and Washington to examine how the effects of future climate change on AMF-plant symbioses are mediated by soil water availability, soil nutrient availability, and vegetation dynamics. Using structural equation modeling, we found that the direct effect of increasing temperatures was to decrease AMF colonization. Indirect effects of temperature, mediated through other variables, canceled each other out. However, future shifts in these relationships could either exacerbate or mitigate the negative direct effect of temperature. As ecosystems in Mediterranean climates experience more intense droughts and heavier rains, decreases in AMF colonization could have substantial consequences for plant communities and ecosystem function.

This dissertation is an attempt to describe and analyse the history of the relationship between the imperial centre and a minor peripheral area, but also the first step towards a more complete understanding of the history of the areas of Kozani, Serfice, and Velvendos during the 18th century, on the basis of both Ottoman and Greek primary sources, in an attempt to replace the old and, rather obsolete, nationalist narratives prevalent in the writings of the local amateur historians. Through the examination of the tax-farming system, on the one hand, and the timar system, on the other, in the areas under study, this dissertation addresses the developments that occurred at a local level in a period of Ottoman history marked by great changes and experimentation with new fiscal practices. It is also the aim of this dissertation to prove that the centre was represented locally by the local magnates and notables, who, by serving the interests of the absentee Istanbul-based élite, acted as representatives of the centre in their localities, and formed factions which vied for supremacy and served their respective interests at a local level. Thus, it supports the idea that the centre made the local notables, for as long as local notables made the centre in their given society and locality.

My thesis traces developments in the early imperial dress of the emperors and empresses as depicted in art from Diocletian’s reign to Justinian II’s; my analysis includes examples ranging in size from large monuments to small coins. Two theses have been written on the later period but none on the earlier one when the most change occurred. I demonstrate that the emperor’s dress differed from other forms of elite male dress because several symbols of rule, such as the purple cloak and sceptre were associated with it. During this time period, the emperor wore three types of dress: military costume consisting of a cuirass and cloak; civic dress consisting of such garments as a purple cloak called a chlamys, a tunic and jewelled slippers; and ceremonial dress consisting of several types of togas and an under-tunic. The empress' dress consisted of several forms of Roman dress, the chlamys and tunic, and finally bridal dress. In my analyses, I first place the items in their historical context, describe the dress portrayed, and finally analyse how they are used in each work of art. I also provide information on such subjects as the history of imperial purple and the types of crowns.