In the last decade, the adoption of technologies in corn crop provided a significant productivity and yield increase in Sergipe State, Brazil. In this state, soils classified as Inceptisols are very adequate for corn cropping. The only limitation presented by those soils is the low levels of available P for plants. Fertilization to increase soil P level through rock phosphates should be considered in order to increase P response to annual P fertilization in the row, which is related to the crop requirement. On the other hand, direct application of rock phosphates in soils which have pH (H2O) above 5,5 and a high calcium content, like those above mentioned, has not been recommended because they could slow down the dissolution of rock phosphates. A strip split plot in a complete randomized blocks design with four replications experiment, was set up in order to study the agronomic effectiveness of Bayóvar and Itafós rock phosphates applied for soil P correction in an Inceptisol with pH 6,0 and high calcium content. Rock phosphates and triple superphosphate, used as a reference source, were broadcasted in the main plots and incorporated by disk plowing. A main plot without soil P correction also was included in the study. In the subplots annual P application at rates of 0, 60 e 120 kg.ha-1 as triple superphosphate were accomplished in the planting rows. Corn was grown in the raining seasons of 2011 and 2012. Yield and P leaf content indicated that less P from annual application was needed in treatments corrected by those sources with higher P solubility. Mehlich-1 and mixed resin method removed more soil P from rock phosphates plots than the reference TSP plot. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of Bayóvar and Itafós rock phosphates were 77,19% and 45,66%, respectively, calculated based on two years. / Na última década, a modernização da tecnologia de cultivo do milho no Estado de Sergipe proporcionou significativos aumentos de produção e produtividade. Neste sentido, as áreas de Cambissolos vêm se destacando por serem muito adequadas a esta cultura, apresentando limitações somente quanto aos níveis de P. Uma das formas para contornar a baixa disponibilidade deste nutriente no solo pode ser a realização de uma adubação corretiva através de fontes fosfatadas alternativas de baixo custo e/ou solubilidade. Esta prática visa elevar o teor de P disponível no solo com a finalidade de propiciar uma melhor resposta da cultura às doses de P aplicadas no sulco de plantio. Desta forma, foi conduzido um experimento de dois anos para avaliar a eficiência agronômica dos fosfatos de Bayovar e Itafós, como fontes corretivas de P, em um Cambissolo Háplico Ta Eutrófico vertissólico, de elevado teor de cálcio trocável e pH em torno de 6. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas em faixas, e quatro repetições. As parcelas consistiam das adubações corretivas realizadas no primeiro ano com as fontes Fosfato Natural Reativo de Bayóvar, Fosfato de Rocha Itafós e superfosfato triplo (fonte de referência), na dose de 200 kg ha-1 de P2O5, e um tratamento sem correção. As subparcelas foram compostas pelos três níveis de adubação de manutenção, no sulco de plantio, aplicados anualmente através de superfosfato triplo, nas doses de 0, 60 e 120 kg.ha-1 de P2O5. No período avaliado, a produtividade de grãos e o teor de P na folha do milho indicaram menores necessidades de reposição de P para as plantas, conforme maior era a solubilidade da fonte corretiva aplicada ao solo. Com relação à determinação de P disponível no solo, tanto Mehlich-1 quanto a Resina de Troca Iônica removeram mais P do solo dos tratamentos em que os fosfatos naturais foram aplicados. O índice de eficiência agronômica médio dos fosfatos para os dois anos foi de 77,19 % e 45,66 % para o Bayóvar e Itafós, respectivamente.

Diffuse Phosphor (P)-Austräge aus der Landwirtschaft tragen zur Gewässereutrophierung bei. Der Phosphorsättigungsgrad (DPS) ist ein etablierter Parameter, um das P-Austragsrisiko aus Böden zu erfassen. Ein bodentypunabhängiger Ansatz, der die Abschätzung des DPS durch eine einfache Standardmethode wasserlöslichen P (WSP) ermöglicht (WSP-DPS-Ansatz), wurde an europäischen Böden entwickelt. In der Dissertation wurde dieser Ansatz erstmalig: i) an tropischen Böden getestet und ii) dazu verwendet P-Austragsrisiken von Boden-P-Monitoringdaten und von landwirtschaftlichen Institutionen empfohlenen P-Gehalten abzuleiten. Neben dem DPS wurde der Einfluss der in Brasilien gängigen anorganischen Oberflächendüngung auf das Austragsrisiko mittels Laboranalysen und Feldstudien erfasst. Die Bodentypunabhängigkeit des WSP-DPS-Ansatzes wurde für Böden Brasiliens bestätigt. Infrarotspektroskopische Analysen lieferten eine Erklärung für relativ niedrige gelöste P-Konzentrationen im Oberflächenabfluss von Oxisols. Pedotransferfunktionen zwischen WSP und Methoden, die in Brasilien und Deutschland zur Abschätzung pflanzenverfügbaren P verwendet werden, ermöglichten die Berechnung von DPS-Werten aus Monitoringdaten. Erste DPS-Karten zeigten relative geringe Austragsrisiken für das Untersuchungsgebiet in Brasilien und hohe Risiken für Deutschland, die teilweise durch unterschiedliche empfohlene Boden-P-Gehalte erklärbar waren. Um mit einer einfachen und kosteneffizienten Methode sowohl die landwirtschaftliche Produktion als auch den Gewässerschutz zu berücksichtigen, wurden die Wasser- und CaCl2-Methode zur Abschätzung von pflanzenverfügbarem P mit dem WSP-DPS-Ansatz kombiniert. Dieser Ansatz könnte helfen die Herausforderungen zu lösen mit denen die Menschheit in den nächsten Jahrzehnten bezüglich P in der Landwirtschaft konfrontiert sein wird: Einer effizienten Nutzung der limitierten Ressource P und dem Schutz der Gewässer vor diffusen P-Einträgen. / Diffuse phosphorus (P) losses from agriculture contribute to the eutrophication of surface waters. The degree of P saturation (DPS) is an established parameter for assessing the risk of P loss from agricultural soils. A soil type-independent approach for estimating the DPS by a simple standard method of water-soluble phosphorus (WSP; the WSP-DPS approach) was developed on European soils. In the thesis, the WSP-DPS approach was for the first time: i) tested on tropical soils and ii) used to derive P loss risks from soil P monitoring data and from recommended soil P levels by agricultural institutions. In addition to DPS, laboratory analyses and field studies were combined to assess the risk of P loss associated with the superficial application of inorganic fertilizer, which is commonly used in Brazil. The soil type-independency of the WSP-DPS approach was confirmed for soils of Brazil. Infrared spectroscopic analyses provided an explanation for the relatively low dissolved P concentrations in the surface runoff of Oxisols. Pedotransfer functions were determined between WSP and methods used to estimate plant-available P in Brazil and Germany and allowed for the transformation of soil P monitoring data into DPS values. The first DPS maps revealed relatively low P loss risks for the investigation area in Brazil and high risks for Germany. This difference was partly explainable by the recommended soil P levels in the two countries. To consider both agricultural production and the protection of surface waters in soil P management with a simple and cost-effective method, the soil test methods of using water and CaCl2 to estimate plant-available P and the WSP-DPS approach were combined. This approach could help to solve the challenges humanity faces regarding P in agriculture in the coming decades: An efficient use of the limited resource P and the protection of surface waters from diffuse P losses.