The failure of identity in The Confidence-Man has confounded readers since its publication. To some critics, Melville's titular character has seemed to leave his readers in a hopelessness without access to confidence, identity, trust, ethical relationality, and, finally, without anything to say. I argue, however, that Melville's text does not leave us without hope. My argument, consequently, is inextricably bound to a reading of Melville's text as deeply engaged with the concepts it inherits from Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, an inheritance woefully under-examined by those critics who would leave Melville's text in the mire of hopelessness. In examining how these two texts bind themselves together while simultaneously cutting against each other, my reading finds in The Confidence-Man an alternative way of responsibly living, one that eschews the fatal task of shoring up either our confidence or our embarrassment in favor of an inauthentic redeployment of identity that laughs at both the embarrassment in our confidence and the confidence in our embarrassment.

A perceived opposition between 'culture' and 'nature', presented as a dominant, biased and antagonistic relationship, is engrained in the language of Western culture. This opposition is reflected in, and adversely influences, our treatment of the ecosphere. I argue that through the study of literature, we can deconstruct this opposition and that such an ‘ecocritical’ operation is imperative if we are to avoid environmental catastrophe. I examine the way language influences our relationship with the world and trace the historical conception of ‘nature’ and its influence on the English language. The whale is, for many people, an important symbol of the natural world, and human interaction with these animals is an indication of our attitudes to the natural world in general. By focusing on whale texts (including older narratives, whaling books, novels and other whale-related texts), I explore the portrayal of whales and the natural world. Lastly, I suggest that Schopenhaurean thought, which has affinities in Moby-Dick, offers a cogent approach to ecocritically reading literature.

<p>In 1942, Algerian writer Albert Camus published a philosophical essay called The Myth of Sisyphus along with a fictional counterpart, The Stranger, wherein he presumed the human condition to be an absurd one. This, Camus claimed, was the result of the absence of a god, and consequently of any meaning beyond life itself. Without a god, without an entity greater than man, man has no higher purpose than himself and he himself is inevitably transient. As such, man, so long as he lives, is cursed with the inability to create or partake in anything lasting. The absurd is life without a tomorrow, a life of futility. As one of the main precursors of this view of life and of the human experience, Camus mentioned Herman Melville and Captain Ahab’s chase for the white whale - Moby Dick.</p><p>Now, as will be indicated in the following, the most common critical position holds that the white whale of Moby-Dick, Melville’s magnum opus, is to be interpreted as a symbol of God, and thus Ahab’s chase is tragic by virtue of its impossibility for success. As such, the tragedy is entailed by the futility vis-à-vis its impermanence. However, the ambiguity of Moby-Dick allows for the possibility of several alternative interpretations as to the role of the whale: for instance that of the devil, evil incarnate or merely a "dumb brute". As such, Ahab’s quest might as well be the pursuit of a creature which understands nothing of vengeance, thus rendering his objective equally, if not more fruitless, than the pursuit of a god.</p>

In 1942, Algerian writer Albert Camus published a philosophical essay called The Myth of Sisyphus along with a fictional counterpart, The Stranger, wherein he presumed the human condition to be an absurd one. This, Camus claimed, was the result of the absence of a god, and consequently of any meaning beyond life itself. Without a god, without an entity greater than man, man has no higher purpose than himself and he himself is inevitably transient. As such, man, so long as he lives, is cursed with the inability to create or partake in anything lasting. The absurd is life without a tomorrow, a life of futility. As one of the main precursors of this view of life and of the human experience, Camus mentioned Herman Melville and Captain Ahab’s chase for the white whale - Moby Dick. Now, as will be indicated in the following, the most common critical position holds that the white whale of Moby-Dick, Melville’s magnum opus, is to be interpreted as a symbol of God, and thus Ahab’s chase is tragic by virtue of its impossibility for success. As such, the tragedy is entailed by the futility vis-à-vis its impermanence. However, the ambiguity of Moby-Dick allows for the possibility of several alternative interpretations as to the role of the whale: for instance that of the devil, evil incarnate or merely a "dumb brute". As such, Ahab’s quest might as well be the pursuit of a creature which understands nothing of vengeance, thus rendering his objective equally, if not more fruitless, than the pursuit of a god.

“Resisting the Vortex” examines the tenuous role of the abject in Melville’s early writings. While much psychoanalytic criticism on Melville and his works is driven by Freudian and Lacanian analyses, my study explores the role(s) of women, particularly that of the mother, through the lens of Kristeva’s theory of abjection. I suggest that Melville’s depiction of the abject evolves and becomes more apparent as his writing career progresses. I include Typee, Mardi, Moby-Dick and Pierre in my analysis since these texts demonstrate the evolution of Melville’s relationship to the abject mother. I argue that throughout each of these works, the female (and some of the male native characters as well) are depicted in terms that are similar to Kristeva’s concept of the idealized chora and the abject mother. While the male protagonists of Melville’s early works are drawn to women who seem to embody the chora (the energies and drives that are regulated by the mother’s body), they recoil from women who are abject and seem to threaten their sense of identity. Although man must reject/abject the mother in order to maintain a sense of autonomous identity, he still longs to recreate the symbiotic relationship he once had with the mother as an infant. He seeks the language of the mother’s body – that of the semiotic, which issues from the chora, – in an effort to return to the safe haven of the womb. This tension between maintaining a sense of identity that is separate from the mother while simultaneously longing to return to the mother, is evident in each of Melville’s aforementioned works to varying degrees. However, it is in Pierre, a work that chronicles a young man’s attempt to escape the suffocating influence of his mother, that the threat of the abject becomes the central theme of one of Melville’s novels. Ultimately, man should strive to balance his need for an autonomous identity with the realization that he may never fully “escape” the mother’s presence in his life. Unfortunately, Melville’s leading men fail to recognize this paradox and the consequences are dire.

This project focuses on African American and Afro- Hispanic literature and folklore. Specifically, I employ Fernando Ortiz’s theory of transculturation. Ortiz makes the case that a new Afro- Cuban identity is created with the intermingling of African, Spanish and native inhabitants of Cuba. Using Ortiz’s critical framework as the foundation of my study, I undertake a new critique of Zora Neale Hurston’s portrayal of African American identity. Analyzing Hurston’s work through the model of transculturation, I examine the parallel between her work and that of Lydia Cabrera, a Cuban ethnographer whose work represents Afro-Cuban identity as a transcultural one. Establishing this comparison, I reflect on the similarities and differences among their strategies of representing Transculturation in African- based identities. I look at their works from a womanist lens to analyze how their female anthropologist status influenced their folkloric portrayals and how they enacted a political agenda that emphasized female agency. I also analyze the oral aesthetic of their texts; in my opinion, Hurston and Cabrera reproductions of the spoken are ways to represent transcultural dialogue. Finally I compare their ethnographic studies of the African- based spiritual systems of Santeria and Voodoo.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-250). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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L'objet principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les postures du refus de plusieurs écrivains contemporains envers l'écriture, le texte et le livre et leur propension à la négation. Après Rimbaud et Kafka, touchés par des pulsions négatives, des écrivains contemporains ont amplifié leur mal et ont choisi d'être radicalement absents du panthéon littéraire à un moment particulier de leur parcours artistique. De leur négation se dégagent de troublantes formes d'absence et des agraphies irrévocables encore non élucidées par l'histoire de la littérature. Ces écrivains négatifs sont des bartlebys, comme les désigne Enrique Vila-Matas dans Bartleby et compagnie. La figure de Bartleby, issue de la nouvelle de Herman Melville, symbolise une alliance d'oubli, de refus, de parfaite renonciation et d'absence, une attirance vers le néant dont l'expression rejoint celle des écrivains négatifs. En effet, le scribe Bartleby se refuse à écrire. Il répond à chaque sollicitation « I would prefer not to» ; il s'emmure peu à peu comme si, par une écriture niée et refusée à la fois, l'univers se dérobait devant lui jusqu'au néant. Installé dans l'évidence du silence et de la tentation de l'oubli, apathique et indifférent, Bartleby sombre dans le labyrinthe de sa propre négation. Il meurt silencieux à la fin de la nouvelle. Avec ce Bartleby étudié, nous le verrons, par Agamben, Deleuze, Blanchot, etc., s'édifie la pertinence d'un mythe fondateur des écrivains négatifs contemporains. À partir de la figure de Melville, interprétée comme une réflexion sur l'écriture, notre analyse évalue les raisons de leur congé de la littérature, la qualité de leur silence, la force troublante de leur immobilité, car les bartlebys accèdent à une sorte de « vérité » dans la négation de l'écriture. Leur volonté de ne plus écrire est d'autant plus remarquable que les bartlebys contemporains sont des écrivains avant tout et non des écrivains ratés. Leurs publications ou leur expérience littéraire leur a valu éloge ou reconnaissance de leurs pairs. Le processus créatif et les stratégies de l'écriture leur sont familiers. Tout comme Bartleby, ils ont cessé d'écrire ou ont délaissé, aidés de leur refus et de leur volonté d'absence, les valeurs propres à l'écriture et la littérature leur apparaît comme un repoussoir. Nous analyserons une partie significative de l'oeuvre de l'écrivain catalan Enrique Vila-Matas, qui a permis dans ses ouvrages de suivre les traces des bartlebys dans la littérature contemporaine occidentale. Cette exploration nous amènera à considérer un effet-bartleby dans cette même littérature contemporaine. Dans l'approche théorique de notre thèse, nous identifierons tout d'abord la dimension esthétique de ces écrivains du refus, sortes de fantômes de la littérature contemporaine. D'une part, nous cernerons selon quels critères ils prolongent l'ombre du Bartleby a scrivener de Melville. D'autre part, nous chercherons comment les bartlebys invoquent un imaginaire tourné vers l'inspiration et ayant renoncé aux formes. Nous nous risquerons en premier lieu sur le versant d'une écriture intrinsèquement porteuse d'espérance, puis nous aborderons le manque d'issues constaté par les bartlebys, ainsi que le caractère d'échec qu'ils confèrent à l'écriture face à la vie. Nous considérerons ensuite les raisons propres à la littérature dans le mouvement de sa négation. L'histoire littéraire montre en effet la constitution d'un processus interne de dévalorisation qui semble le moteur des thèmes et le ressort narratif de la littérature contemporaine. Cette dévalorisation est porteuse de tensions négatives intenses dont nous analyserons les répercussions sur le renoncement des écrivains négatifs. Corollairement, l'évolution de la fonction d'auteur vers une image et un rôle éloignés dans la représentation met également à mal une certaine éthique de la création en littérature. Au centre des pulsions négatives, nous entendons distinguer particulièrement les formes de l'absence propres à plusieurs écrivains négatifs. Elles montrent les ressorts multiples de la négation et se situent au-delà des limites admises de la littérature; leur expression n'est pas sans implication sur la littérature et nous chercherons dans leur matérialisation l'énigme de l'effacement des écrivains négatifs. Enfin, nous montrerons où s'élaborent leurs modes de confrontation (avec l'écriture, avec soi-même, avec le monde, avec l'institution littéraire, etc.) et comment ils indiquent aussi la nécessité d'une écriture préoccupée de sens afin de remédier à leur propre déchirement. Ce faisant, nous traiterons des carences de l'écriture et des tourments de ces créateurs littéraires. Nous nous attacherons particulièrement à comprendre les motivations du silence de l'écrivain suisse Robert Walser. Son silence de vingt-trois ans dans un asile, son étonnante spécificité littéraire, son rapport littéraire au vécu, l'utilisation de la glose comme ressort narratif, sa conception littéraire de la promenade, la création de son territoire du crayon et l'écriture dissimulée de ses microgrammes constituent un espace de négation particulièrement riche et stable, une forme novatrice de la clandestinité et du renoncement à la littérature. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Bartleby, Herman Melville, Enrique Vila-Matas, Robert Walser, écriture, négation, Littérature contemporaine, Dévalorisation, Refus, Absence, Silence.

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