in English The thesis analyzes memorandum of association and by-laws of a joint-stock company, from both general point of view as well as from the point of their required particular informations. The part concerning general point of view describes and evaluates memorandum of association as document incorporating a joint-stock company, it is described what role is performed by this document throught the whole process of incorporation of a joint-stock stock company and what role is assigned to this document after the company has been established. The part concerning general point of view then covers the by-laws as a document which is a basic norm for functioning of a particular joint-stock company. The functions of a by-laws in relation to the chosen subjects are described and evaluated. The two general parts are connected through the tract about the relation between a memorandum of association and by- laws, where the relation is evaluated and the role and significance of the two documents is compared. The other part of the thesis concerns itself with particular required informations, every one of the information describes and evalutes relevant legal regulation which is confronted with the opinions contained in the scientific literature, in the court decisions and my opinions. Eeach required...

Freedom of contract and its limitations in incorporating juridical acts of capital companies Abstract The thesis on subject of Freedom of contract and its limitations in incorporating juridical acts of capital companies s is divided into two parts, general and special part. General part of this thesis focuses mainly on general limitations of freedom of contract in contract law. Freedom of contract is one of the primary principles of private law. Generally, the manifestation of freedom of contract on the constitutional level is the principle that allows to deviate from a statute with a juridical act unless it is forbidden by law. This core rule of freedom of contract in private law is stated in the provision sec. 1 (2) of Civil Code: "Unless expressly prohibited by a statute, persons can stipulate rights and duties by way of exclusion from a statute". In this provision we can also find the main limitations of freedom of contract: explicit prohibition in a statute, prohibition of stipulations contrary to good morals, public order or the law concerning the status of persons, including the right to protection of personality rights. Due to the main principles of private law (the principle of the autonomy of will and freedom of contract) private legal rules are generally considered to be directory. The legislator...

Le droit des sociétés est marqué par un phénomène de "contractualisation", lequel témoigne de la multiplication de l'aménagement des rapports entre associés, qu'il concerne les modalités de direction de la société ou l'exercice de leurs prérogatives et obligations. Ces aménagements peuvent revêtir deux formes : l'une statutaire, l'autre extrastatutaire. L'étude du statutaire et de l'extrastatutaire en droit des sociétés se consacre donc à la comparaison de ces deux formes d'aménagement et propose d'identifier leurs deux traits caractéristiques : une finalité commune et un caractère distinct.Les actes statutaires et extrastatutaires partagent une finalité commune : ils concourent à la réalisation de l'opération sociétaire. Parmi tous les actes relatifs à la société, ils se caractérisent par leur but qui est de permettre à leurs signataires de satisfaire leurs intérêts spécifiques par le truchement de l'intérêt social, à savoir par la réalisation d'une entreprise commune en vue de l'enrichissement collectif des associés. Cette finalité commune exerce alors une influence sur leur régime juridique car les actes statutaires comme ceux extrastatutaires sont soumis aux règles du droit des sociétés. Cette influence se mesure surtout à l'égard des actes sociétaires extrastatutaires, lesquels sont tenus de respecter l'ordre public sociétaire, sont soumis à la lex societatis en droit international privé et relèvent de la compétence des tribunaux de commerce dans les sociétés commerciales. Même s'ils partagent une finalité commune qui permet leur rattachement à la catégorie des conventions sociétaires, les actes statutaires et ceux extrastatutaires n'en demeurent pas moins distincts. Classiquement, ces deux types d'actes sont distingués en considération d'un critère formel, à savoir selon leur localisation dans le document dénommé statuts ou à l'extérieur de celui-ci, mais celui-ci ne permet pas de saisir l'essence de cette distinction. Plus fondamentalement, il doit être distingué entre les aménagements du statut d'associé, applicable à toute personne ayant la qualité d'associé, et ceux extérieurs au statut, lesquels ne sont que l'expression des engagements personnels des associés et applicables à leurs seuls signataires. Le caractère statutaire d'une stipulation emporte alors deux conséquences spécifiques. Parce que le statut d'associé a vocation à s'appliquer à tout associé de manière identique, il peut être modifié à la majorité. Cette règle doit cependant être appliquée en tenant compte des situations de conflit d'intérêts susceptibles de se présenter lors de la création de différentes catégories d'associé ou de l'octroi d'avantages particuliers. Parce que le statut d'associé a vocation à s'appliquer à tout associé présent et à venir, seules les stipulations statutaires s'appliquent à l'acquéreur de titres sociaux. / Corporate law is characterized by a trend of "contracting", which reflects the multiplication of the systems of relationship between partners, whether this involves the management rules of a company or the application of their rights and obligations. These systems can take two shapes: statutory or non-statutory. The study of statutory and non-statutory in corporate law is devoted to comparing these two forms and identifying their two key features: a common purpose and a distinct nature.Statutory and non-statutory acts share a joint purpose : they contribute to the accomplishment of the corporation. Among all acts in connection with a company, they are characterized by their purpose which aim to enable their signatories to meet their specific interests through the interest of the corporation, i.e. through a joint enterprise targeting the joint enrichment of the partners. This common purpose influences their legal regime because both statutory as well as non-statutory acts are subject to corporate law. This influence can be mainly felt towards non-statutory acts, which have to comply with the corporate public order, are governed by the lex societatis in international private law and fall under the competence of commercial courts in business corporations. Even though they share a common purpose which makes them fall under the category of corporate agreements, statutory and non-statutory acts remain distinct. Traditionally, these two sorts of acts can be distinguished by applying a formal criteria, namely whether they can be found in the document named articles of associations or outside of those, but this criteria doesn't express the essence of this distinction. More fundamentally, one has to distinguish between the adjustments of the partners' statutes, which apply to any partner, and those outside the statutes, which only represent the personal commitment of the partners and only apply to the signatories. The statutory nature of a clause triggers two specific consequences. Since the partner statute is meant to apply equally to all partners, it can be modified with a majority vote. However, this rule must take into account potential conflicts of interest which can arise when creating different categories of partners or when granting special benefits. Since the status of partner is destined to apply to all present and future partners, only statutory clauses apply to the purchaser of ownership shares.