The grounded theory of this dissertation is that 'the dancing body makes sense of place'. This theory is investigated through hermeneutic praxis based on the theoretical perspective of phenomenology. In exploring how the dancing body experiences place, it is the processes that underlie and give form to dance that capture my attention. 'The dancing body makes sense of place' is a phrase that liberates the description and consideration of the non-verbal processes that underlie the dance/place interface. The phrase offers the possibility of communicating coexisting processes. Interpreted as 'the dancing body makes (sense of place)', the phrase suggests that the development of a 'sense of place' is an outcome of the action of dance. Whilst interpreted as 'the dancing body makes sense of (place)', the phrase implies the understanding of 'place' through dance. The hermeneutic praxis described in this dissertation, is comprised of memory retrieval sessions which allude to how the 'dancing body' experiences space, place and sense of place. During praxis, it emerges that the dancing body infers 'sense of place' through spheres of experience, that may be described as the; 'propriosphere, kinesphere, near-sphere', and 'far-sphere'. Praxis also reveals that the 'dancing body''s' relationship to place in integral in the development of a sense of belonging / Master of Arts (Hons)

This thesis investigates theoretical propositions of Beck (1996), Epstein (1987), and Young (1999) that suggest maladaptive schemas operating as deep unconscious cognitions are intrinsically linked to the psychological health and wellbeing of the individual. To date, research on psychological health has mainly used self-report measures that focus on conscious processes. The primary aim of this thesis was to explore particular maladaptive schemas that purportedly operate unconsciously and to examine their relationship with self-reported psychological dysfunction. Bruhn�s (1990a) Cognitive Perceptual Theory of early childhood memories was employed as a vehicle to access schemas deemed outside of conscious awareness. These unconscious schemas were investigated in conjunction with current self-reported maladaptive schemas in Study 1 and psychological symptoms in Study 2. The participants in Study 1 comprised 249 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 198 women and 50 men with a mean age of 22 years who were asked to write down four early childhood memories. The first two memories were spontaneous in order to reveal the most pressing underlying schemas. The next two early memories requested were relating to mother and to father, to gain schema information about relationship dynamics. The participants then filled out the short-form of Young�s (1998) Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S). Independent raters coded the memories for Young�s (1994) Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations categories of �Perceptions of Others�, �Perceptions of the Self�, �Perception of Environment�, and �Degree of Interpersonal Contact�, and �Individual Distinctiveness�. Polyserial correlations indicated that there were significant relationships between maladaptive schemas represented in early memories and self-reported maladaptive schemas. However, the lack of maladaptive schemas in memories being linked to the same maladaptive schemas that were being self-reported, suggested that the schemas represented in memories were tapping into a different source of information than conscious self-reports. A Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was performed with the sample divided into three groups (low, medium and high YSQ-S scorers). The results showed that maladaptive schemas identified in early memories that corresponded to Young�s (1990) �Disconnection and Rejection� domain and, Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations theme of �Perceiving the Environment as Unsafe�, were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported maladaptive schemas. These variables also differentiated people in the high group from those in the low group at a greater rate than chance (33 percent). Fifty�six percent of people were correctly allocated to the high group on the basis of representations of these particular schemas in their memories. When only the low and high groups were analysed, using individual schemas rather than domains, �Mistrust/Abuse�, �Social Isolation�, �Emotional Deprivation� and �Subjugation� schemas in the first analysis and �Perceptions of the Environment as Unsafe� in the second analysis were found to be significant predictors. These predictors correctly classified 70 percent of cross-validated cases in the high groups in both analyses. For Study 2, the participants comprised 278 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 65 men and 206 women with a mean age of 22 years who provided accounts of four early childhood memories as in Study 1. They also completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1993). As with Study 1, the accounts of the completed early childhood memories were coded by independent raters who examined the memories for Young�s (1994) Maladaptive Schemas and Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations categories. Additionally, following each memory, the participants rated their memories using Hermans and Hermans-Jansen�s (1995) list of Affect Terms. The sample was divided into three groups on the basis of the General Severity Index [GSI] scores (low, medium and high scorers) that were derived from the BSI (Derogatis, 1993). A Discriminant Function Analysis showed that maladaptive schemas identified in the memories that corresponded to Young�s (1990) �Disconnection and Rejection� domain were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported psychological symptoms (Derogatis, 1993). Fifty percent of people (which is greater than the chance rate of 33 percent) were correctly predicted as belonging to the high group on the basis of representations of schemas from this domain. In another DFA analysis that used individual schemas instead of domains, �Abandonment� and �Insufficient Self-Control�, together with �Perceiving the Environment to be safe� and �Negative Affect�, were found to be significant predictors that correctly allocated 58 percent of people into the high GSI group. Further analysis using only the low and high groups resulted in 83 percent of people in the high group being correctly identified on the basis of representations of �Abandonment�, �Insufficient Self-Control� and �Perceiving the Environment to be safe�. These results endorse the relevance of the relationships among an underlying sense of abandonment and insufficient self-control with high levels of psychological symptoms of distress. Taken together, the findings from both studies support the theoretical proposition that schemas residing outside of conscious awareness can have a pervasive link with psychological health and wellbeing. A particularly important discovery was that a relatively small number of schemas centered around perceptions of �Disconnection and Rejection� from others, that were operating unconsciously, were significantly linked to people in both studies who reported a wide range of psychological difficulties. It was concluded that investigating object relations, affect, and Young�s (1990) maladaptive schemas in early memories, is an efficient and possibly essential method of gaining information that may otherwise not be obtained from self-report measures exclusively. Consequently, in therapy, maladaptive schemas associated with disconnection and rejection represented in clients� early childhood memories can be viewed as very important unconscious schemas to examine. This is especially necessary given that these schemas may not be consciously accessed or easily articulated by clients, and yet seem to be intrinsically linked to a range of conscious psychological difficulties.

The present study investigated whether encoding manipulations which were supposed to make source monitoring of critical lures difficult could alter the levels of false recall for peoples names used as lures in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott list learning paradigm. The results demonstrated that most of manipulations used in the present experiments failed to increase the levels of false recall for the critical lures that were peoples names as it is assumed that, at the same time, the manipulations attenuated semantic encoding around the critical lures, and consequently lowered their activation levels, which is assumed to be essential to obtain high false recall of critical lures. On the other hand, manipulations which resulted in keeping participants from realizing the nature of the list organization, at least, hindered the decrease of false recall level. The question of why false recall for peoples names is rarely elicited in general was discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-112). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

As semiconductor device scaling is reaching the 45 nm node, the need for novel device concept, architecture and new materials has never been so pressing as today. Flash memories, the driving force of semiconductor memory market in recent years, also face the same or maybe more severe challenges to meet the demands for high-density, low-cost, low-power, high-speed, better endurance and longer retention time. As traditional continuous floating gate flash struggles to balance the trade-off between high speed and retention requirement, nanocrystal (NC) floating gate flash has attracted more and more interest recently due to its advantages over traditional flash memories in many areas such as better device scaling, lower power consumption and improved charge retention. However, there are still two major challenges remaining for embedded NC synthesis: the deposition method and the size and distribution control. Nowadays using bio-nano techniques such as DNA, virus or protein for NC synthesis and assembly has become a hot topic and feasible for actual electronic device fabrication. In this dissertation a new method for NC deposition wherein a colloidal suspension of commercially-available NCs was organized using a self-assembled chaperonin array. The chaperonin array was applied as a scaffold to mediate NCs into an assembly with uniform spatial distribution on Si wafers. By using this method, we demonstrated that colloidal PbSe and Co NCs in suspension can self-assemble into ordered arrays with a high density of up to 10¹²cm⁻². MOSCAP and MOSFET memory devices were successfully fabricated with the chaperonin protein mediated NCs, showing promising memory functions such as a large charge storage capacity, long retention time and good endurance. The charge storage capacity with respect to material work function, NC size and density was explored. In addition to NC engineering, the tunnel barrier was engineered by replacing traditional SiO₂ by high-k material HfO₂, giving a higher write/erase speed with a reduced effective oxide thickness (EOT). Suggestions for future research in this direction are presented in the last part of this work. / text

Mainstream non-volatile memory technology dominated by the planar Flash transistor with continuous floating-gate has been historically improved in density and performance primarily by means of process scaling, but is currently faced with significant hindrances to its future scaling due to fundamental constraints of electrostatics and reliability. This dissertation is based on exploring two pathways for circumventing scaling limitations of the state-of-the-art Flash memory technology. The first part of the dissertation is based on demonstrating a vertical Flash memory transistor with nanocrystal floating-gate, while the second part is based on developing fundamental understanding of the operation of Phase Change Memory. A vertical Flash transistor can allow the theoretical minimum cell area and a nanocrystal floating-gate on the sidewalls is shown to allow a thinner gate-stack further conducive to scaling while still providing good reliability. Subsequently, the application of a technique of protein-mediated assembly of preformed nanocrystals to the sidewalls of the vertical Flash transistor is also demonstrated and characterized. This technique of ordering pre-formed nanocrystals is beneficial towards achieving reproducible nanocrystal size uniformity and ordering especially in a highly scaled vertical Flash cell, rendering it more amenable to scaling and manufacturability. In both forms, the vertical Flash memory cell is shown to have good electrical characteristics and reliability for the viability of this cell design and implementation. In the remaining part of this dissertation, studies are undertaken towards developing fundamental understanding of the operational characteristics of Phase Change Memory (PCM) technology that is expected to replace floating-gate Flash technology based on its potential for scaling. First, a phenomenon of improving figures of merit of the PCM cell with operational cycles is electrically characterized. Based on the electrical characterization and published material characterization data, a physical model of an evolving "active region" of the cell is proposed to explain the improvement of the cell parameters with operational cycles. Then, basic understanding is developed on early and erratic retention failure in a statistically significant number of cells in a large array and, electrical characterization and physical modeling is used to explain the mechanism behind the early retention failure.

Οι μνήμες αποτελούν την κύρια ανησυχία σε αρχιτεκτονικές χαμηλής κατανάλωσης και υψηλών ταχυτήτων. Σε έναν επεξεργαστή SOC (System on chip)περιορίζουν τις περισσότερες φορές την ταχύτητα και αποτελούν το κύριο μέρος της κατανάλωσης ενέργειας.Διάφορες τεχνικές έχουν προταθεί για τη μείωση της ισχύος σε κρυφές μνήμες. Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται τεχνικές μείωσης της δυναμικής ισχύος με μείωση της παράλληλης διακοπτικής δραστηριότητας. Οι τεχνικές αυτές αναπτύχθηκαν στη κρυφή μνήμη του Cellsim εξομοιωτή, βασισμένο στη λογική του Unisim εξομοιωτή, ενώ όλα τα ενεργειακά αποτελέσματα εξήχθησαν με το εργαλείο Cacti. Η εφαρμογή των συγκεκριμένων τεχνικών επέφερε σημαντικές μειώσεις στην κατανάλωση της δυναμικής ισχύος της κρυφής μνήμης για όλα τα μετροπρογράμματα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. / Memories are the main concern in low power and high speed architecture. In a Soc (System on chip) processor memories most of the time limit the speed and become the main part of power consumption. Various techniques have been proposed for power reduction in cache memories. In this thesis are presented different power reduction techniques by reducing parallel switching activity. These techniques were developped in the cache memory of Cellsim emulator, based on the logic of Unisim emulator, while all power results were extracted with the Cacti tool. The application of the specified techniques brought serious reductions in power consumption of cache memory for all the benchmarks that were used.

This study considered Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved. This essay focuses on Paul D and his journey to recover his manhood since he had been deprived of it as a slave. I have examined Paul D’s character through the lens of masculinity studies that are framed by issues of ethnicity and race. The essay also considers Beloved’s effect on Paul D and how she helped him release his repressed memories. In turn, Paul D helps the love of his life, Sethe, to heal and she too releases her repressed memories.  Finally, the essay claims that Paul D went through many stages in his lifetime; most importantly he was a slave, who becomes a free man and develops into an agent for healing.

This paper examines the phenomenon flashbacks, often named the Proust phenomenon, through the lens of experience design. The research question is Can flashbacks be triggered through experience design? It would then be possible to call flashbacks memories recycled memories. To answer the question former studies were researched, mainly from the standpoint of cognitive psychology. The thesis discusses how different senses produce flashbacks and how they can be used as triggers. The difference between the connection of sight, sound, touch, taste and smell to experiences and flashbacks are examined, especially the extraordinary connection between flashbacks and the olfactory sense. This topic can not be completed without looking into Marcel Proust‘s texts in À la recherche du temps perdu and his poetic description on how flashbacks work. Through the lens of Proust, flashbacks are discussed as narratives and the thesis looks into the significance of the memories as a building block for our sense of ourselves. Several Icelandic storytellers are interviewed about their memories. Through their interviews the storytelling aspect of sharing memories becomes prominent, leading to a discussion on the social aspect of memory sharing. The thesis ends with a study in triggering flashbacks through an experience. An exhibition presenting memories of others through sensory stimuli is used to see the effects of memory sharing through appealing to our senses.

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