From the arrival of American ground troops to Vietnam in early 1965 to the fall of Saigon and the takeover by the North Vietnamese in 1975, Vietnam was America’s longest war. In Vietnam, as American bombing intensified, the people of Japan were remembering their own wartime past, who had themselves experienced heavy bombing, and they began to empathize with the Vietnamese people. Kaikō Takeshi, a novelist and journalist, attempted to understand the overwhelming traumatic events of his past during World War Two and these feelings were extended to all aspects of his Vietnam writing where the present is haunted by history. By examining Kaikō’s first Vietnam novel, Into a Black Sun, I will assert how his novel sets the stage for all his later writing and the touchstone for this novel is his catharsis for his war experience. He explores one of the characteristics found within the sub-genre of Vietnam War literature and writes about horror in a visceral way that uses all five of his senses to describe atrocity. I also explore how Kaikō utilizes these five senses, but primarily his sense of vision in order to comprehend the trauma of being in Vietnam. His experience in Vietnam caused the psychological blackness and darkness of his past to once again creep into his everyday life. I also discuss how Kaikō’s use of food imagery permeates throughout his works and how food has a lot of resonance for Kaikō because it relates to war and a past of starvation.

In Sweden over 60 % of the population live in a city with a population over 5000 inhabitants (Statistiska centralbyrån). The city life is in many ways considered to be a more sustainable lifestyle with shorter transportation routes and possibilities to co-use various systems. The life in the city consists (like anywhere) of eating food, drinking beverages, usage of hygiene products and clothes, usage of energy for laptops, phones and lights, transportation to work, schools and various appointments. Together all of it somehow fulfil our basic needs. These basic needs are generally not supplied by the cities we live in. We depend on the hinterlands either within Sweden or outside of Sweden. The hinterlands consist of all sorts of resources from water to fertile soil to minerals. Today and through history these resources and the value of them are put into the cities. Often done so at the cost of the environment and the people living there. At the cost of the environment and people, the lack of providing resources for the nation in general and cities in particular is the reason this thesis focus on "How could we review what a sustainable lifestyle is and instead create a more metabolic system between cities and the hinterland?". The question is studied within the setting of the island Oaxen and througout the thesis the author explores different perspectives and themes of it.

Volume Holographic Data Storage Systems (HDSS) has been of interest for almost seven decades, and are now considered as a viable option for Write Once Read Many (WORM) cold data storage applications. Thanks to the Bragg selectivity of thick volume holograms, HDSS stores several hundreds of holograms on top of each other, called multiplexed data pages, by which data recording density can be substantially increased compared to surface recordings. On the other hand, signal intensity upon reconstruction of such multiplexed data pages inversely scales with number of multiplexing squared. Therefore, longer detection time and/or a high power laser along with a large dynamic range material is needed to make HDSS a truly viable "fast and high density" option for WORM applications. Historically, the trade-off between data density and data rate is well recognized. The challenge has been partially solved by continuous efforts such as improvement of materials, optical architectures, opto-mechanical systems and signal processing [1,2]. In this dissertation, we provide an additional pathway for HDSS to further increase both data density and transfer rates which is Cavities Enhancement Techniques for HDSS, to overcome the fundamental tradeoff. Key ideas are: recycling light with cavity to enhance data rate, and increasing number of multiplexing by combining cavity-eigenmode multiplexing, a subset of orthogonal phasecode multiplexing, with angular multiplexing. Based on this idea, we design and demonstrate Cavity-enhanced HDSS in such a way that we increase data rate and/or data density by at least factor of 2 while taking advantage of previous improvements as they are, or only with the minimum amount of modifications. In Section 1, we review history of HDSS and summarize the latest research results of HDSS and requirements on modern optical data storage systems as they relate to our solutions. In Section 2, theory of volume holography is reviewed by emphasizing understanding of angular and orthogonal phase code multiplexing. In Section 3 the theory of cavity enhanced reference arms is presented. We discuss how cavities provide a coherent boost to the beam power, which can be used in recording to alleviate source power requirements and/or increase the data recording rate and demonstrate the enhancement experimentally. Beyond basic enhancement, cavities also enable orthogonal phase code multiplexing via cavity eigenmodes. In Section 4, we experimentally demonstrate angular and orthogonal phase code hybrid multiplexing to overcome the limitation of the maximum number of multiplexing imposed by the geometrical constraints of angular multiplexing. In Section 5, novel aspects of the research are discussed in conjunction with the application of the technology for commercial use. Conclusions and future research direction are addressed in Section 6.

No description available.

Les nouvelles approches de technologies mémoires permettront une intégration dite back-end, où les cellules élémentaires de stockage seront fabriquées lors des dernières étapes de réalisation à grande échelle du circuit. Ces approches innovantes sont souvent basées sur l'utilisation de matériaux actifs présentant deux états de résistance distincts. Le passage d'un état à l'autre est contrôlé en courant ou en tension donnant lieu à une caractéristique I-V hystérétique. Nos mémoires résistives sont composées d'argent en métal électrochimiquement actif et de sulfure amorphe agissant comme électrolyte. Leur fonctionnement repose sur la formation réversible et la dissolution d'un filament conducteur. Le potentiel d'application de ces nouveaux dispositifs n'est pas limité aux mémoires ultra-haute densité mais aussi aux circuits embarqués. En empilant ces mémoires dans la troisième dimension au niveau des interconnections des circuits logiques CMOS, de nouvelles architectures hybrides et innovantes deviennent possibles. Il serait alors envisageable d'exploiter un fonctionnement à basse énergie, à haute vitesse d'écriture/lecture et de haute performance telles que l'endurance et la rétention. Dans cette thèse, en se concentrant sur les aspects de la technologie de mémoire en vue de développer de nouvelles architectures, l'introduction d'une fonctionnalité non-volatile au niveau logique est démontrée par trois circuits hybrides: commutateurs de routage non volatiles dans un Field Programmable Gate Arrays, un 6T-SRAM non volatile, et les neurones stochastiques pour un réseau neuronal. Pour améliorer les solutions existantes, les limitations de la performances des dispositifs mémoires sont identifiés et résolus avec des nouveaux empilements ou en fournissant des défauts de circuits tolérants. / Novel approaches in the field of memory technology should enable backend integration, where individual storage nodes will be fabricated during the last fabrication steps of the VLSI circuit. In this case, memory operation is often based upon the use of active materials with resistive switching properties. A topology of resistive memory consists of silver as electrochemically active metal and amorphous sulfide acting as electrolyte and relies on the reversible formation and dissolution of a conductive filament. The application potential of these new memories is not limited to stand-alone (ultra-high density), but is also suitable for embedded applications. By stacking these memories in the third dimension at the interconnection level of CMOS logic, new ultra-scalable hybrid architectures becomes possible which exploit low energy operation, fast write/read access and high performance with respect to endurance and retention. In this thesis, focusing on memory technology aspects in view of developing new architectures, the introduction of non-volatile functionality at the logic level is demonstrated through three hybrid (CMOS logic ReRAM devices) circuits: nonvolatile routing switches in a Field Programmable Gate Array, nonvolatile 6T-SRAMs, and stochastic neurons of an hardware neural network. To be competitive or even improve existing solutions, limitations on the memory devices performances are identified and solved by stack engineering of CBRAM devices or providing faults tolerant circuits.

No description available.

Debatten om bortträngda minnen och hur vi inkodar traumatiska minnen har pågått sedan 80-talet. Forskningen på området är splittrad och ofta hörs bara extrema röster. Studier i andra länder har undersökt hur psykologer och psykologstudenter förhåller sig till ämnet men det saknas forskning i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie var att genom en kvantitativ tvärsnittsdesign med en digital enkät undersöka svenska psykologers och psykologstudenters uppfattning av bortträngda minnen. Ett bekvämlighetsurval användes. 201 personer deltog, varav 38% (n=77) studenter, 6% (n=13) PTP-psykologer och 55% (n=111) legitimerade psykologer. Deltagarna var mellan 20 och 79 år gamla. Könsfördelningen var följande: 79% (n=159) kvinnor, 19% (n=39) män och 1% (n=3) ickebinära/annat. T-tester, en envägs-Anovor, två mixed-ANOVA genomfördes för att analysera skillnader i svar beroende på teoretisk inriktning, mängd erfarenhet av arbete med trauma respektive student eller psykolog. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av psykologer och psykologstudenter ansåg att minnen av traumatiska händelser kan vara otillgängliga under en längre tid. Uppfattningen påverkades inte av teoretisk inriktning eller utbildningsnivå. Däremot påverkades den av mängden erfarenhet av att arbeta med trauma. Vidare visade resultaten att deltagarna uppfattar minnen av traumatiska händelser annorlunda jämfört med andra minnen. Samtidigt är ämnet komplicerat och det kan vara problematiskt att uttala sig om med hjälp av en enkät. Studien visar att delade åsikter finns även inom den svenska psykologkåren och att debatten om bortträngda minnen fortlever. Slutsatser av resultatet diskuteras. / The debate regarding repressed memories and how memory of trauma is encoded has been active since the 80’s. The research is divided, and it is often the extreme views that takes up space in the debate. Research regarding psychologist and psychology students opinions on the subject has been conducted but research on Swedish psychologists opinions is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine Swedish psychologists and psychology students opinions using a quantitative cross-sectional design with a digital survey. A convenience selection was used. 201 people participated in the study, 38% (n=77) psychology students, 6% (n=3) psychologists in training and 55% (n=111) psychologists. The participants were between 20 and 79 years of age. The gender distribution was as follows: 79% (n=159) women, 19% (n=39) men and 1% (n=3) non binary/other. T-tests, one-way ANOVA as well as two mixed ANOVA were used to analyze depending on theoretical orientation, amount of experience working with trauma and whether the participant were a student or psychologist. The result showed that a majority of psychologists and psychology students believed that memories of traumatic events can be inaccessible for long periods of time. This opinion was not influenced by theoretical orientation or level of education. It was, however, influenced by the amount of experience the participants had working with trauma. Furthermore, the results showed that participants perceive memories of traumatic events differently compared to other memories. However, the topic is complex and difficult to examine using only a survey. The study shows that there are divided opinions within the Swedish psychology profession and that the debate continues. Conclusions of the results are discussed.

Fear memories are necessary to initiate anticipatory fear responses when we are confronted with cues that predict an impending threat. However, when a cue no longer predicts threat, an extinction memory is formed that actively inhibits the expression of the fear memory. Failure to acquire, consolidate, or recall extinction memories causes fear memory expression (i.e., fear responding) in the absence of threat, which is a hallmark characteristic of most anxiety-related disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Of further importance, these disorders occur approximately twice as often in women than men, which is thought to partially rely on sex hormone mediated differences in fear extinction. Moreover, deficits in extinction memory processing can also hinder the success of extinction-based exposure therapy, which is commonly used to treat these disorders. Thus, a better understanding of the factors determining the quality of extinction memories is of utmost importance. The present thesis focuses on three of these factors including the female sex hormone 17β-estradiol (E2), fear extinction timing, and the noradrenergic arousal system. To examine the role of E2 (Manuscript 1; low E2 levels or high E2 levels) and fear extinction timing (Manuscript 2; either immediately or delayed after the initial fear memory formation), we used a special differential fear conditioning procedure that allowed us to separately assess fear memories and extinction memories via peripheral arousal responses (measured via skin conductance responses [SCR]) and, most importantly, via central neurophysiological indicators (measured via electroencephalography [EEG]). Concerning EEG parameters, we were especially interested in neural oscillations (especially in the theta and gamma range). To further advance the understanding of the neurophysiological foundations of both memory systems, we also aimed at disentangling oscillatory and non-oscillatory brain activity (Manuscript 2). Moreover, the crucial role of the noradrenergic arousal system for the quality of extinction memories is highlighted in a review of relevant rodent and human studies (Manuscript 3). By using the described multi-methodological approach, we were able to demonstrate for the first time that peripheral arousal as well as fear-related theta oscillations are sensitive to E2. This was indicated by less fear responding (attenuated peripheral arousal and attenuated theta oscillations) during the recall of fear and extinction memories under high peripheral E2 levels (Manuscript 1). Concerning the role of fear extinction timing, we demonstrate that delayed extinction is advantageous over immediate extinction in reducing peripheral arousal during the recall of the extinction memory (Manuscript 2). Additionally, by disentangling oscillatory and non-oscillatory brain activity, we demonstrate for the first time that oscillatory and non-oscillatory brain activity is sensitive to fear expression. Moreover, by reviewing different rodent and human studies, we highlight the important role of noradrenergic arousal for the recall of extinction memories and, importantly, provide a detailed mechanistic framework of how extinction deficits might be caused after immediate extinction (Manuscript 3). In sum, the present thesis underscores the important role of E2, fear extinction timing, and the noradrenergic system for the recall quality of fear memories and extinction memories in humans.

Traditional theories of vision assume that object segregation occurs before access to object memories. Yet, behavioral evidence shows that familiar configuration is a prior for segregation, and electrophysiological experiments demonstrate these memories are accessed rapidly. A behavioral index of the speed of access is lacking, however. Here we asked how quickly behavior is influenced by object memories that are accessed in the course of object segregation. We investigated whether access to object memories on the groundside of a border can slow behavior during a rapid categorization task. Participants viewed two silhouettes that depicted a real-world and a novel object. Their task was to saccade toward the real-world object as quickly as possible. Half of the nontarget novel objects were ambiguous in that a portion of a real-world object was suggested, but not consciously perceived, on the groundside of their borders. The rest of the nontargets were unambiguous. We tested whether saccadic reaction times were perturbed by the real-world objects suggested on the groundside of ambiguous novel silhouettes. In Experiments 1 and 2, saccadic reaction times were slowed when nontargets were ambiguous rather than unambiguous. Experiment 2 set an upper limit of 190 ms on the time required for object memories in grounds to influence behavior. Experiment 3 ruled out factors that could have produced longer latencies other than access to object memories. These results provide the first behavioral index of how quickly memories of objects suggested in grounds can influence behavior, placing the upper limit at 190 ms.

Humans have an innate tendency to attach themselves to objects on their cultural landscape. After a natural disaster like Hurricane Katrina, people seem to hold on to objects left behind by the disaster. This paper examines several of the concepts and reasons as to why attachments may have formed to objects left on New Orleans' landscape after Hurricane Katrina. I explored human reactions after a natural disaster, and discussed how memories, collective and individual, often lead to personal attachment to objects. In an attempt to get a better understanding of this phenomenon, 250 surveys were distributed to residents in the New Orleans metro area. The surveys were used as a tool to discover if attachments were formed and if so, what led to the attachment. The results from the survey revealed that 38% of the people surveyed formed an attachment to an object left by Hurricane Katrina.