Volume Holographic Data Storage Systems (HDSS) has been of interest for almost seven decades, and are now considered as a viable option for Write Once Read Many (WORM) cold data storage applications. Thanks to the Bragg selectivity of thick volume holograms, HDSS stores several hundreds of holograms on top of each other, called multiplexed data pages, by which data recording density can be substantially increased compared to surface recordings. On the other hand, signal intensity upon reconstruction of such multiplexed data pages inversely scales with number of multiplexing squared. Therefore, longer detection time and/or a high power laser along with a large dynamic range material is needed to make HDSS a truly viable "fast and high density" option for WORM applications. Historically, the trade-off between data density and data rate is well recognized. The challenge has been partially solved by continuous efforts such as improvement of materials, optical architectures, opto-mechanical systems and signal processing [1,2]. In this dissertation, we provide an additional pathway for HDSS to further increase both data density and transfer rates which is Cavities Enhancement Techniques for HDSS, to overcome the fundamental tradeoff. Key ideas are: recycling light with cavity to enhance data rate, and increasing number of multiplexing by combining cavity-eigenmode multiplexing, a subset of orthogonal phasecode multiplexing, with angular multiplexing. Based on this idea, we design and demonstrate Cavity-enhanced HDSS in such a way that we increase data rate and/or data density by at least factor of 2 while taking advantage of previous improvements as they are, or only with the minimum amount of modifications. In Section 1, we review history of HDSS and summarize the latest research results of HDSS and requirements on modern optical data storage systems as they relate to our solutions. In Section 2, theory of volume holography is reviewed by emphasizing understanding of angular and orthogonal phase code multiplexing. In Section 3 the theory of cavity enhanced reference arms is presented. We discuss how cavities provide a coherent boost to the beam power, which can be used in recording to alleviate source power requirements and/or increase the data recording rate and demonstrate the enhancement experimentally. Beyond basic enhancement, cavities also enable orthogonal phase code multiplexing via cavity eigenmodes. In Section 4, we experimentally demonstrate angular and orthogonal phase code hybrid multiplexing to overcome the limitation of the maximum number of multiplexing imposed by the geometrical constraints of angular multiplexing. In Section 5, novel aspects of the research are discussed in conjunction with the application of the technology for commercial use. Conclusions and future research direction are addressed in Section 6.

Previously, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated enhanced recording speeds by using a resonant optical cavity to semi-passively increase the reference beam power while recording image bearing holograms. In addition to enhancing the reference beam power the cavity supports the orthogonal reference beam families of its eigenmodes, which can be used as a degree of freedom to multiplex data pages and increase storage densities for volume Holographic Data Storage Systems (HDSS). While keeping the increased recording speed of a cavity enhanced reference arm, image bearing holograms are multiplexed by orthogonal phase code multiplexing via Hermite-Gaussian eigenmodes in a Fe: LiNbO3 medium with a 532 nm laser at two Bragg angles for expedited recording of four multiplexed holograms. We experimentally confirmed write rates are enhanced by an average factor of 1.1, and page crosstalk is about 2.5%. This hybrid multiplexing opens up a pathway to increase storage density while minimizing modifications to current angular multiplexing HDSS.

El proyecto consistirá en implementar funcionalidades fotónicas avanzadas sobre silicio tales como conmutación ultra rápida o la realización de puertas lógicas todo ópticas. Para ello se emplearán efectos no lineales del silicio basados en el efecto Kerr, producido por el coeficiente no lineal de tercer orden chi(3) .Los dispositivos deberán funcionar al menos a 40Gbps para que sean competitivos con los dispositivos actuales de última generación. También deberán ser compatibles con tecnología CMOS, lo cual es crucial para que la fabricación se pueda realizar a gran escala a precios competitivos. / Matres Abril, J. (2014). Ultrafast, CMOS compatible, integrated all optical switching [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37984 / TESIS

Processing of high-speed data using optical signals is a promising approach for tackling the bandwidth and speed challenges of today's electronics. Realization of complex optical signal processing functionalities seems more possible than any time before, thanks to the recent achievements in silicon photonics towards large-scale photonic integration. In this Ph.D. work, a novel thermal reconfiguration technology is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for silicon photonics that is compact, low-loss, low-power, fast, with a large tuning-range. These properties are all required for large-scale optical signal processing and had not been simultaneously achieved in a single device technology prior to this work. This device technology is applied to a new class of resonator-based devices for reconfigurable nonlinear optical signal processing. For the first time, we have demonstrated the possibility of resonance wavelength tuning of individual resonances and their coupling coefficients. Using this new device concept, we have demonstrated tunable wavelength-conversion through four-wave mixing in a resonator-based silicon device for the first time.

Copper vapour laser (CVL) pumped high repetition rate narrow bandwidth dye laser is an important source of tunable radiation. It finds numerous applications in spectroscopic investigations and selective material processing like atomic vapour laser isotope separation (AVLIS). Being wavelength selective in these applications stability of the output wavelength and bandwidth are extremely important. The stability of these parameters depend upon the refractive index fluctuation of the dye medium, due to pump beam induced temperature gradients, dye solution flow, and mechanical stability of optical components. Precise measurement of wavelength and bandwidth of a dye laser and control over parameters governing the variations are important for any stable dye laser system. In this thesis, details of investigations carried out on a Rhodamine 6G dye laser for obtaining stable wavelength and output power are presented. Parameters that affect the stability were identified, monitored and put on close loop control to achieve the desired stability. Pump beam i.e. CVL optical power, dye flow rate and dye solution temperature are mainly these parameters. CVL power is mainly a function of input electrical power and pressure of the buffer gas inside the tube. To monitor and regulate these parameters, different sensors and actuators were selected and interfaced with a master slave topology based data acquisition and control system. The DAQ and control system is designed around a micro controller card based on advanced CPU P80552 and has on chip 8 channel 10 bit multiplexed analog input, 16 TTL digital inputs and 16 digital outputs. It works as slave and PC as master. Following closed loops were designed and incorporated to maintain a stable output: a. Average output of CVL was maintained constant by regulating the electric input power through closed loop control. b. The buffer gas pressure was monitored with a semiconductor pressure sensor and was regulated using pulse width modulation. c. Temperature of the dye solution was monitored with PT100 and was controlled using proportional controller. d. Flow rate of dye solution was controlled using a variable frequency drive (VFD) for the dye circulation pump. e. The dye laser wavelength was monitored by using a high resolution spectrograph and pixel position of the peak from CCD image obtained from spectrograph is used for feedback correction using a pico motor. In the present work with application of the above-mentioned input power and pressure loops, a stable output of CVL, is achieved. Variations in power and pulse width of CVL are got limited to within 2%, from 10% when CVL system was working unregulated. This control system does the line regulations and corrects the input electrical power if variations in discharge current occur due to pressure variation. Every dye cell has limits on flow rate because of its geometry. With flow and temperature control dye cell was characterized to work with lower linewidth. VFD (variable frequency drive) is used for flow regulation. Finally active control on set wavelength was also achieved with resolution of 0.01nm accuracy. Measurement of wavelength was done with 0.3 m, 0.054 nm resolution spectrograph. Closed loop pico motor with 30 nm per step linear resolution was used for wavelength control. The thesis is organized in four chapters. First chapter presents a brief introduction to high repetition rate CVL pumped dye laser, operation of a CVL and parameters affecting the dye laser stability and their control schemes. Literature survey in this chapter is focused on different control mechanisms used with such lasers. Second chapter describes the laser system and interfacing of data acquisition system used for experimental setup. Closed loop controls for different parameters are described in this chapter. It also describes the software algorithms developed for this work. Third chapter presents experimental results and analysis with discussion on performance of the control loops. Finally the conclusion is given and few suggestions are made for further work.

Ces travaux portent sur l'insertion de résonateurs en anneau de silicium dans des boucles d’oscillateurs optoélectroniques (OEO) pour la génération de signaux micro-ondes à faible bruit de phase et constituent une contribution à la future intégration complète des systèmes OEO en photonique silicium. L'orientation de l'application qui a été explorée a été d'évaluer la performance de ces systèmes pour la détection de variations d’indice optique en volume. Deux configurations différentes de résonateurs en anneau de silicium à base d'OEO ont été proposées et démontrées : des OEO à base de résonateurs en anneau silicium millimétriques et des OEO accordables à base d’anneaux plus compacts et d'un schéma spécifique de réinjection de porteuse optique.Dans la première approche, le signal optique est utilisé comme porteuse optique, qui est modulée par un modulateur d'intensité qui produit un ensemble de deux bandes latérales dans le domaine optique, tandis que le résonateur en anneau génère un peigne optique qui agit comme un filtre optique, transposant son intervalle spectral libre (ISL) dans le domaine micro-onde. Par le battement des deux raies optiques adjacentes dans un photodétecteur, l’information est ainsi traduite dans le domaine RF. La contribution de notre travail a été de démontrer que la réalisation de résonateurs millimétriques (environ 6mm) en photonique silicium était une approche viable et intéressante pour la réalisation directe d'OEO. Dans les configurations étudiées, les résonateurs en anneau SOI ont été optimisés pour satisfaire la cible requise d'un ISL d’environ 15 GHz et un facteur de qualité optique supérieur à 10^5. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont démontré la viabilité et la stabilité de l'approche proposée, tandis qu’un niveau de bruit de phase de -100dBc/Hz à un décalage de 100 kHz par rapport à la porteuse et une capacité de détection du système d’environ 3,72 GHz/RIU ont été quantifiés pour une variation de l'indice de réfraction comprise entre 1,572 et 1,688, en bon accord avec les résultats des simulations.En complément de cette première étape, nous avons abordé la question très importante de l'accordabilité de la fréquence du signal hyperfréquence généré. À cette fin, nous avons proposé, conçu, puis développé et testé une configuration d’OEO originale, basée sur l'utilisation d'une seule bande de modulation et d'un mécanisme de réinjection de la porteuse optique du laser de la boucle. Dans ce schéma, le signal oscillant est créé par le battement entre le faisceau laser et une bande latérale unique du signal de modulation sélectionnée par un résonateur en anneau. Dans l'implémentation que nous avons réalisée, un résonateur photonique SOI avec un ISL de 77 GHz et un facteur de qualité optique à 8,1×10^4 a été utilisé. En modifiant la fréquence du laser tout en conservant une longueur d'onde de résonance du résonateur fixe, une accordabilité de 5,8 GHz à 18,2 GHz a été démontrée, qui est seulement limitée par le fonctionnement de l'amplificateur RF utilisé dans les expériences réalisées. Parallèlement, un niveau de bruit de phase de -115 dBc/Hz à une fréquence de décalage de 1 MHz a été obtenu pour tous les signaux générés, démontrant la possibilité de créer des fréquences d'oscillation élevées avec le même niveau de bruit de phase. Nous avons ensuite appliqué cette approche à la détection de l'indice de réfraction en volume et démontré une sensibilité de détection de 94350 GHz/RIU et une limite de détection d'indice de 10^-8 RIU. Au-delà de ces résultats expérimentaux, l'apport de cette seconde approche apporte une solution simple et flexible au problème de la génération de signaux hyperfréquences à fréquences variables à la demande, et ouvre des perspectives d'application très riches.Tous les résultats de la thèse contribuent à la question de l'intégration des OEO sur puces silicium et permettent d'anticiper diverses applications dans le domaine des communications et des capteurs. / This work focuses on the insertion of silicon ring resonators into the loops of optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) for the generation of low phase noise microwave signals and is a contribution to the future full integration of OEO systems on single silicon chips. The application orientation that was explored was to evaluate the performance of these systems for bulk optical index detection. Two different configurations of silicon ring resonators based OEO have been proposed and demonstrated: OEO based on millimeter-long silicon ring resonators and tunable OEO based on more compact silicon ring resonators and a specific optical carrier reinjection scheme.In the first approach, the optical signal is used as an optical carrier, which is modulated by an intensity modulator that produces a set of sidebands in the optical domain, while the ring resonator generates an optical comb that acts as an optical filter, translating its Free Spectral Range (FSR) into the microwave domain. By the beating of two adjacent optical comb lines in a photodetector, the optical spectral lines are then translated into the RF domain. The contribution of our work has been to demonstrate that the realization of millimeter resonators (about 6mm) in silicon photonics was a viable and interesting approach for the direct realization of OEO. In the investigated configurations, SOI ring resonators were optimized to satisfy the required target of a FSR of around 15GHz and an optical quality factor above 10^5. The demonstrated experimental results showed the viability and the stability of the proposed approach, while phase noise level of -100dBc/Hz at an offset of 100 kHz from carrier was obtained and sensing capability of the studied system was quantified to around 3.72 GHz/RIU for a refractive index variation in the range of 1.572 to 1.688, in good agreement with simulation results.In a complementary direction to this first step, we addressed the very important issue of the tunability of the frequency of the microwave signal generated. To this end, we proposed, designed, and then developed and tested an original OEO configuration based on the use of a single modulation band and a mechanism for reinjection of the optical carrier from the loop laser. In this scheme, the oscillation signal is created under the beating between the laser light beam and a single modulation signal sideband selected by an add-drop ring resonator working as an effective optical bandpass filter. In the implementation we have carried out, a SOI photonic resonator with a FSR of 77 GHz and an optical quality factor at 8.1×10^4 was used. By changing the laser frequency while keeping a fixed resonator resonance wavelength, a tunability from 5.8GHz to 18.2GHz was demonstrated, being only limited by the working operation of the RF amplifier used in the carried out experiments. Meanwhile, a phase noise level of -115 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset frequency was obtained for all generated signals, showing the possibility of creating high oscillation frequencies with the same phase noise level. We then applied this approach for bulk refractive index sensing application and demonstrated a sensing sensitivity of 94350GHz/RIU and an index limit of detection of 10^-8 RIU by considering a signal resolution of 1MHz. Beyond these experimental results, the contribution of this second approach provides a simple and flexible solution to the problem of generating microwave signals with variable frequencies on demand, and opens up very rich application perspectives.All the results of the thesis contribute to the question of the integration of OEOs on silicon chips and make it possible to anticipate various applications in the field of communications and sensors.

No description available.

RésuméLa diffraction et la diffusion de rayons X sont utilisées dans de nombreux domaines de la physique, de la médecine et de la technologie. Des faisceaux de haute brillance sont néanmoins requis pour améliorer les performances de ces techniques. L’utilisation de la diffusion Compton d’un laser sur un faisceau d’électrons présente un grand intérêt pour la production de rayons X. Ce processus permet l’emploi d’un anneau de stockage d’électrons compacts et d’un résonateur optique pour accroître la puissance laser. Avec un tel système, un taux de collision laser-électron supérieur au méga Hertz est envisageable permettant d’atteindre un flux de rayons X de l’ordre de 10¹³ photons/s. Dans le premier chapitre, je décris les motivations pour le développement d’une source de rayons X basée sur la diffusion Compton et utilisant un résonateur optique. Je détermine aussi les performances que l’on peut attendre de ce type de sources ainsi que l’état de l’art actuel dans ce domaine. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je décris le comportement et les propriétés des résonateurs optiques en régime impulsionnel. J’introduis la notion de phase CEP (‘carrier envelope phase’) et je montre la nécessité de contrôler à la fois la fréquence de répétition de l’oscillateur laser et cette phase CEP. Le chapitre 3 est consacré aux oscillateurs fibrés à blocage de mode. Je montre les performances du laser que j’ai construit en utilisant le phénomène de rotation de polarisation non-linéaire.La méthode d’asservissement laser-résonateur optique ‘tilt locking’ est introduite au chapitre 4. Je décris tout d’abord les études de simulations et le montage expérimental qui ont permis de tester la méthode en régime impulsionnel. Je donne ensuite les résultats expérimentaux qui démontrent la faisabilité de la méthode ‘tilt locking’ en régime impulsionnel. J’effectue aussi une comparaison expérimentale des performances de la méthode ‘tilt locking’ avec la méthode classique ‘Pound-Drever-Hall’. Je termine le chapitre en indiquant une difficulté expérimentale de la méthode pour générer plusieurs signaux d’erreurs.Je décris la conception du système optique de la machine Compton TTX de l’université Tsinghua dans le chapitre 5. Les performances attendues pour cette machine sont des flux de rayons X compris entre 10¹º et 10¹³ photons/s. / X-ray diffraction and scattering, X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography are widely used in the life sciences, material science, and medical diagnosis. High-quality and high-brightness X-rays are a strong requirement to improve applications. Inverse Compton scattering (ICS) X-ray source has attracted great interests worldwide lately. To significantly enhance the average X-ray photon flux, a compact electron storage-ring combined with a high finesse optical enhancement cavity (OEC) can be utilized. In such a system, the collision rate between the electron beam and the laser pulse is greatly increased to the MHz range, enabling a photon flux up to 10¹³ph/s.In the first chapter, I describe the motivation behind the development of OEC based on ICS X-ray source. The characteristics of this kind of X-ray source are summarized, compared to those of the conventional low-repetition-rate Terawatt laser system based on ICS X-ray source. The latest progress and research status of OEC based on ICS X-ray source are presented. Pulsed-laser injected high-finesse OEC stacking theory and properties are discussed in Chapter 2. Not only does the OEC based on ICS X-ray source require the laser pulse repetition rate to be matched to the free spectral range (FSR) of the cavity, where both also have to match the electron storage-ring circulation frequency. In addition, we have to match the phase shift of the laser repetition rate to the phase offset introduced by the dispersion of the cavity mirrors, since our cavity finesse design value is quite high. The stacking theory is analyzed in the frequency domain. Cavity properties, including cavity mirror dispersion, finesse, and FSR, are discussed in detail. A laser frequency comb and OEC coupling is analyzed also. The laser source development is presented in Chapter 3. We constructed a mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation. The locking model, locking techniques, and the theory, simulations and experimental tests of tilt locking (TL) in the pulsed laser injected high-finesse OEC are discussed in Chapter 4. We succeeded in locking a pulsed laser to a high-finesse cavity with the TL technique. The experimental results show that the TL and the Pound–Drever–Hall techniques have the same performance: stable locking, high sensitivity, and the same power coupling rate for picosecond laser pulse case, while the test results for full spectrum TL locking show that it is uneasy to align the split-photodiode to the beam waist.Based on the above experimental study and tests, we design the OEC system for Tsinghua University X-ray project in Chapter 5. The expected X-ray flux is 10¹º to 10¹³ ph/s. We detail every subsystem requirement.

An optical cavity comprises a set of mirrors between which light can be reflected a number of times. The selectivity and stability of optical cavities make them extremely useful as frequency references or discri­mi­nators. With light coupled into the cavity, a sample placed inside a cavity will experience a significantly increased interaction length. Hence, they can be used also as amplifiers for sensing purposes. In the field of laser spectroscopy, some of the most sensitive techniques are therefore built upon optical cavities. In this work optical cavities are used to measure properties of gas samples, i.e. absorption, dispersion, and refractivity, with unprecedented precision. The most sensitive detection technique of all, Doppler-broadened noise-immune cavity enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry (Db NICE-OHMS), has in this work been developed to an ultra-sensitive spectroscopic technique with unprecedented detection sensitivity. By identifying limiting factors, realizing new experimental setups, and deter­mining optimal detection conditions, the sensitivity of the technique has been improved several orders of magnitude, from 8 × 10-11 to 9 × 10-14 cm-1. The pressure interval in which NICE-OHMS can be applied has been extended by deri­vation and verification of dispersions equations for so-called Dicke narrowing and speed dependent broadening effects. The theoretical description of NICE-OHMS has been expanded through the development of a formalism that can be applied to the situations when the cavity absorption cannot be considered to be small, which has expanded the dynamic range of the technique. In order to enable analysis of a large number of molecules at their most sensitive transitions (mainly their funda­mental CH vibrational transitions) NICE-OHMS instrumentation has also been developed for measurements in the mid-infrared (MIR) region. While it has been difficult to realize this in the past due to a lack of optical modulators in the MIR range, the system has been based on an optical para­metric oscillator, which can be modulated in the near-infrared (NIR) range. As the index of refraction can be related to density, it is possible to retrieve gas density from measurements of the index of refraction. Two such instru­men­tations have been realized. The first one is based on a laser locked to a measure­ment cavity whose frequency is measured by compassion with an optical frequency comb. The second one is based on two lasers locked to a dual-cavity (i.e. one reference and one measurement cavity). By these methods changes in gas density down to 1 × 10-9 kg/m3 can be detected. All instrumentations presented in this work have pushed forward the limits of what previously has been considered measurable. The knowledge acquired will be of great use for future ultrasensitive cavity-based detection methods.

X-ray diffraction and scattering, X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography are widely used in the life sciences, material science, and medical diagnosis. High-quality and high-brightness X-rays are a strong requirement to improve applications. Inverse Compton scattering (ICS) X-ray source has attracted great interests worldwide lately. To significantly enhance the average X-ray photon flux, a compact electron storage-ring combined with a high finesse optical enhancement cavity (OEC) can be utilized. In such a system, the collision rate between the electron beam and the laser pulse is greatly increased to the MHz range, enabling a photon flux up to 10¹³ph/s.In the first chapter, I describe the motivation behind the development of OEC based on ICS X-ray source. The characteristics of this kind of X-ray source are summarized, compared to those of the conventional low-repetition-rate Terawatt laser system based on ICS X-ray source. The latest progress and research status of OEC based on ICS X-ray source are presented. Pulsed-laser injected high-finesse OEC stacking theory and properties are discussed in Chapter 2. Not only does the OEC based on ICS X-ray source require the laser pulse repetition rate to be matched to the free spectral range (FSR) of the cavity, where both also have to match the electron storage-ring circulation frequency. In addition, we have to match the phase shift of the laser repetition rate to the phase offset introduced by the dispersion of the cavity mirrors, since our cavity finesse design value is quite high. The stacking theory is analyzed in the frequency domain. Cavity properties, including cavity mirror dispersion, finesse, and FSR, are discussed in detail. A laser frequency comb and OEC coupling is analyzed also. The laser source development is presented in Chapter 3. We constructed a mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation. The locking model, locking techniques, and the theory, simulations and experimental tests of tilt locking (TL) in the pulsed laser injected high-finesse OEC are discussed in Chapter 4. We succeeded in locking a pulsed laser to a high-finesse cavity with the TL technique. The experimental results show that the TL and the Pound-Drever-Hall techniques have the same performance: stable locking, high sensitivity, and the same power coupling rate for picosecond laser pulse case, while the test results for full spectrum TL locking show that it is uneasy to align the split-photodiode to the beam waist.Based on the above experimental study and tests, we design the OEC system for Tsinghua University X-ray project in Chapter 5. The expected X-ray flux is 10¹º to 10¹³ ph/s. We detail every subsystem requirement.