Three groups of goldfish were prepared; naive, avoidance-conditioned and pseudo-conditioned animals. Five pseudo-conditioned fish were avoidance trained later and found to have no measurable acquisition of the avoidance conditioning paradigm. Several protein fractions were found to have significantly different rates of synthesis when compared across groups. The possible involvement of these proteins in the memory storage process was discussed.

The present experiment was an attempt to study to joint effects of stimulus component meaningfulness, positional cues, and overlearning upon cue selection in recall and, additionally, to test the stimulus component independence hypothesis advanced by Wichawut and Martin (1970).

The purpose of the present study is to determine if music is effective in increasing the learning and retention of meaningful, verbal material with emotionally disturbed children of normal intelligence.

In general, the objective of the present study was to incorporate some of the new psycho-biological approaches, with the theories propagating their use, in studying the phenomena of long-term memory in the goldfish.

The recent finding of memory enhancement using either cognitive mnemonic or standard hypnotic interviews (Geiselman et al., 1985) suggests the possibility of additive forensic utility when these methods are combined. The present crime-analogue study compared waking and hypnotic cognitive mnemonics to investigate this and potential problems previously unaddressed. Recall and recognition accuracy and confidence were measured for low and high density stimuli in a videotaped murder, including central, peripheral, and facial detail. The effect of misleading information given after stimulus presentation was also examined.

An initial survey of the history of the psychology of memory indicated that while research interest has been intense, remarkably little insight has been gained into the nature of human memory. While a number of methodological and empirical difficulties in the investigation of memory are identified, it is concluded that the bulk of research has been insufficiently directed towards memory for real-world events. It is suggested that as a consequence, this has led to sterile debates on issues which are of dubious significance. In a bid to circumnavigate these problems, the thesis attempts to investigate the 'psychological' aspects of memory. More specifically, these comprise the higher order memory processes which are required to manage and support social perception and memory. These include any aspects of social affect and cognition which are conceptually-driven and based on extra-stimulus information (for example, inferences, attributions, beliefs, motives, desires, stereotypes, contextual knowledge). Three memory frameworks are reviewed - Schematic (Bartlett 1932), Headed Record (Morton, Hammersley, and Bekerian 1981, 1985) and Multiple Entry (Johnson 1983) - each of which is capable of generating accounts of memory for real-world events. The provision of this theoretical context was aimed at (a) interpreting the data from the Experiments, and (b) assessing which of the three appears to be of the greatest utility. In addition, a selective review of some of the ways social psychologists have characterized social cognition is included, with the aims of: (a) highlighting the need for such cognition to be active, constructive, and inferential, and (b) to articulate further the requirements for which the three memory frameworks under consideration must account. Since the aspects of memory under review in this thesis are principally those which are not objectively present in the stimulus, but instead constructed by the subject, a potential source of inaccuracy exists for the perception and memory of real-world events. Accordingly, in addition to their theoretical significance, the data were assessed in the light of their potential practical ramifications for the reliability of witness testimony. Experiments 1 to 4 examine the action of racial prejudice on memory for a real-world event. After establishing that a racial stereotype exists in Experiment 1, Experiment 2 examined its potential influence on subjects' memory for a verbal, eyewitness account of an event, while Experiments 3 and 4 assessed its influence on the subjects' own eyewitness accounts for the same, visually presented event. It is concluded that memory could be significantly influenced by higher order processes which are driven by stereotypical expectations. However, the effects were only observed under certain conditions and it is suggested that the influence of racial prejudice is not as pervasive as has often been claimed. Experiment 5 not only investigated the impact of extra-stimulus information on subjects' memory for a real-world event but also attempted to isolate the locus of its influence in information processing. By employing a between groups design which provided subjects with contextual information concerning a central character's occupation (variously: prior to the event, immediately after the event, or immediately before the recognition test a week later), it was hoped to isolate the locus and/or loci of its action. It is concluded from this study that the extra-stimulus information influenced memory only (a) where it was introduced adjacent to encoding the stimulus, and (b) where sufficient time for rehearsal had been permitted. Experiments 6 and 7 used real-world stimulus material taken from football matches played between England and Scotland, and, Celtic and Rangers, respectively. In both cases, the experimental interest was to attempt to define the locus or loci of higher order activity in information processing, by examini.

No description available.

Scientific and technical translation has always played a pivotal role in disseminating knowledge. Today, the domain of science and technology is the main area of translation work. Nevertheless, there is still a discrepancy between the growing need for high-quality technical translations and the short supply of competent technical translators to produce them, a situation which may be due in part to the recent neglect of the equivalence concept in the theoretical/descriptive and applied branches of translation studies (TS). This thesis sets out to redefine, reassess, and reinstate equivalence as a useflul concept in TS by adopting an approach based on the English-German language pair and on one specific text genre and type. The investigation of equivalence as a qualitative complete-text-in-context-based concept is embedded in an equivalence-relevant methodology based on two methodological pillars, the first being a theoretically sound translation comparison and the second a highly refined translation corpus. Within this methodological framework, equivalence-relevant features are investigated and described at the syntactic, lexical-semantic, terminological-phraseological and overall textual levels. These levels are hierarchically interrelated in descending and ascending order and may be conditioned by pragmatic aspects, viz., domain knowledge and register considerations. The comparison is made using a high-quality corpus selected on the basis of a threefold set of selection criteria, with a special emphasis on the qualitative criteria. This helps us generate well-underpinned intersubjectifiable regularities in the form of potential equivalents established in the TT for ST equivalence-relevant features and enables us to obtain meaningful generalizations. Both regularities and generalizations should be capable of implementation in the applied branches of TS and, at the same time, help dynamize and intersubjectify the complex concept of equivalence. So, hopefully, this thesis will also contribute toward creating a link between the methodological, theoretical/descriptive and applied branches of TS to their mutual benefit.

This thesis deals with the problems of Literary translation nameLy: subjectivity in the interpretation of the original message, the question of stylistic faithfulness and flexibility as regards the form of the original text I and the extreme notion of the impossibility of an adequate translation. It also approaches the problem of equivalence and that of translation units which are raised by the translation process itself and are therefore reLevant to the probLems of literary translation. The beginning of the thesis entitled 'A Brief and General Review of Translation Theory' gives a brief account of the history of. translation theory. It also considers the ambiguity of the process of translation and presents a brief description of the different types of translation. The first chapter, is devoted to the problem of equivalence. Equivalence is approached in terms of. the dichotomy sty1lstic vs. communicative equivalence. This bipartite division is investigated to see whether it can be applied in the transLatioh process. The second chapter is devoted to the problem of translation units. Special emphasis is put on the difficulty of defining translation units because of the subjective nature of the translation process. A possible solution to this problem is suggested. - The third chapter deals with the question of subjectivity in the interpretation of the meaning of a source language literary text. Special emphasis is put on the relationship between the meaning of the source language text and the author's concepts which condition it. Such relationship is investigated in order to see whether it can help the translator to avoid a speculative and subjective interpretation of the original message. The fourth chapter discusses the questiorr of faithfulness and flexibility as regards the form of a source language literary text. In this study, the translator's dynamic role in reading the original text is highlighted. The consequence of such dynamic role, as regards faithfulness and unfaithfulness to the form of the original version, is analysed. The fifth chapter considers the extreme notion of the impossibility of an adequate translation'. The quality of a literary translation is assessed not in terms of its identity to the stylistic effect of the original text but in terms of its approximate correspondence to it. Such criterion is suggested as an appropriate means of assessing the adequacy of a literary translation and consequently the extreme notion of the impossibility of an adequate translation' is found to be irrelevant. - A comparison between the original English version of Gibran KahliL Gibran's The Prophet and its two Arabic translations is given as an illustration to most of the views and suggestions made in this study.

In several models of long-term memory it is assumed, either explicitly or implicitly, that different meanings of homonyms and even different senses of nonhomonyms have separate representations in long-term memory. While evidence has accrued, particularly from studies employing lexical decision tasks, to suggest that homonyms are multiply represented in semantic memory, claims for multiple representation of homonyms in episodic memory have tended to be made on a purely post hoc basis. The aim of the present research was to determine the manner in which homonyms are represented in episodic memory. A series of experiments were conducted in which either one or two meanings of homonyms were encoded at input. Retention of the homonyms or their biasing nouns was tested in a variety of retrieval contexts. The results obtained were consistent with a conceptualisation of episodic memory in which successive encodings of the same item are represented within the same memory trace which was established on the first occurrence of the item. When to different meanings of a homonym are encoded at input the encoded meanings will be represented within a single memory trace, with each different meaning being represented by an independent set of encoded semantic features. The generality of the framework for episodic memory which is developed is demonstrated through its interpretive application to a wide range of episodic memory phenomena.